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Guru merupakan individu yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pengurusan alam pembelajaran. Pengurusan alam pembelajaran perlu bagi merangsang minat belajar kanak-kanak. Pengurusan alam pembelajaran penting bagi memenuhi masa yang diperuntukkan untuk mengajar dan juga memastikan objektif pembelajaran dan pengajaran tercapai serta menarik perhatian pelajar terhadap sebuah pengajaran. Sekolah Kebangsaan Nanga Temalat di Sarawak menjadi pilihan untuk melaksanakan kajian tentang pengurusan alam pembelajaran yang mana seorang responden adalah seorang guru daripada Sekolah Kebangsaan Nanga Temalat. Pengurusan alam pembelajaran perlu dilakukan sebelum PDP, semasa PDP dan selepas PDP. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa pengurusan alam pembelajaran yang mantap dan efektif adalah merupakan kunci utama dalam keberhasilan suatu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Guru perlu menitikberatkan aspek pengurusan alam pembelajaran supaya minat setiap murid dapat dipupuk dengan lebih berkesan di samping dapat memastikan guru dapat menyampaikan maklumat kepada murid-murid dengan lebih lancar sekaligus guru juga dapat meningkatkan pencapaian setiap murid. Learning Environment Management at Nanga Temalat National School Sarawak Abstract: Teachers are individuals who play an important role in the management of the learning environment. Management of the learning environment is necessary to stimulate children's interest in learning. The management of the learning environment is important to meet the time allotted for teaching and also to ensure that learning and teaching objectives are achieved and attract students' attention to a lesson. Nanga Temalat National School in Sarawak was chosen to carry out a study on the management of the learning environment where one respondent was a teacher from Nanga Temalat National School. Learning environment management needs to be done before PDP, during PDP and after PDP. This study found that the management of a robust and effective learning environment is the main key to the success of teaching and learning. Teachers need to focus on the management aspect of the learning environment so that each student's interest can be nurtured more effectively while also being able to ensure that the teacher can convey information to the students more smoothly and at the same time the teacher can also improve the achievement of each student. Keywords: Learning, Learning Environment Management, SWOT.

Dengue prevention is the best way to prevent dengue outbreaks, as the tagline goes, “prevention is better than cure”. But the challenges lie on sustaining the preventive activity among the community, which commonly only takes place periodically, i.e. when they are dengue outbreaks, with the presence of health officers under the Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) campaign. In this study, a behaviour change model based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and trigger elements derived from the Fogg Behaviour Model (FBM) is proposed to sustain a community in carrying out preventive activities to prevent dengue. Furthermore, the intervention strategy is added to connect the TTM and FBM. In addition, an interview with the community leader, from the community which used to be a hotspot for dengue, and a survey with its residents are performed to give further insights into the development of the proposed model.

The wireless network adapter has now been widely developed. The wireless adapter receives signal strength has several levels. It depends on the signal strength of the device with respect to the wireless signal and access point. The external adapter is used by computers that are not equipped with a wireless network adapter. Usually, internet users use a USB wireless adapter. An external adapter can also amplify signal reception from hotspots. The problem is how users consider using an external wireless adapter or just an onboard wireless adapter when there are many networks interfering with the weak signal strength of the access point. The method is implemented by measuring the value of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The purpose of this study is to compare the received signal strength in conditions where the signal before interference and after experiencing interference (interference). Meanwhile, the measured RSSI value is divided into four floors and with different distances for each floor. Each floor is measured by five distances. The average value of signal strength at a distance of 10 meters is -74 dBm using the onboard wireless adapter and -69 dBm using a USB wireless adapter. The value obtained after the interference is -75 dBm and the USB wireless adapter gets -61 dBm. The reduction of the RSSI value between interference and non-interference is 3%. The onboard wireless adapter is affected by interference while the external wireless adapter is not affected.

Requirements prioritization is an important activity conducted during requirements management phase of requirement engineering. Prioritization of requirements is necessary to include certain features in software while exclude unnecessary requirements. Similarly for developers of software project, prioritization of requirements is also important. Prioritization of small size requirements is easy but difficult process when deal with large size requirements due to time complexity of prioritization technique. AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) is an efficient technique which has been used from several years by many authors. AHP is simple in use and yield accurate results but one of difficulty with AHP is too much comparisons that make is difficult to use for large size requirements. In this research study, an improved AHP technique is designed to diminish number of comparisons and time complexity of AHP with spanning tree based approach. Reducing total comparisons with AHP will make it more suitable to prioritize large size software requirements.

This paper discusses the impact of a local culture-based longitudinal English language reading program on secondary school students’ skill development and confidence. This program named as Your Language My Culture (YLMC) was the brainchild of a team of local university researchers from secondary schools in the state of Terengganu in Malaysia. Its main objective was to help in improving English competency while instilling local culture awareness among Malaysian youth. The underlying premise was that familiarity with cultural elements (in this case local culture) would provide the schema to facilitate learning and communicating in English. Three supplementary reading modules focusing on local culture and content were developed for use among students from Forms One to Three. After three years of exposure to the local content, a survey was carried out among teachers and students to examine the impact on students’ skill development and confidence in using English language. Furthermore, focus group interviews with teachers and students were carried out concomitantly throughout the three-year period. The findings revealed an enhanced understanding regarding the manner in which the module utilization impacted the development of reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in English amongst these students. The responses obtained from the teachers and students alike depicted the students’ skills that were sharpened, attributable mainly to their increased level of confidence.

Violent behaviour is understood as being a social and unilateral action initiated by one party. It is social in nature as it occurs within an interpersonal context and unilateral per se because it involves action taken by one individual against the well-being of another. Judges use strategic discursive strategies to describe the accounts of the crime in their judicial decisions. This research aims to investigate the language used by judges to describe the accounts of rape in selected appellate judgments of sexual violence cases in Malaysia. Specifically, it aims to investigate the discursive strategies adopted by judges to reformulate the description of the crime. The findings revealed that violent, disapproving, sexual, and ambiguous terms were adopted. It was also revealed that the crime is often characterized as a non-coerced and mutually-consented behaviour rather than a criminal act. This results in minimizing the level of violence, the mitigation of offender’s responsibility, and the relegation of victim’s experience to the background. Another significant finding from this study is the issue of judges’ ‘interpretative repertoires’ in describing cases of sexual violence. We recommend for future studies to include a bigger sample size, as well as to study whether different rape categories namely acquaintance rape, incestuous rape, and stranger rape would reveal distinctive terms used for the respective rape types.

The main goal of Agile development method is to reduce risks so that it leads to a more effective and successful information system. Analyzing priorities, identifying risks are, in fact, important activities in all development approaches, including the Agile development. However, some small studies seek to assess risk management on the basis of Agile global software development (GSD) and to provide mitigation measures to address specific risks. This paper aims to propose a new framework. The mechanism of the proposed framework combines conceptual framework of Global Software Development integrated with risk management in a Scrum framework. The strength of this framework is software development in an Agile process model as a technique to solve identified potential risk in an Agile global environment. As a result, this paper shows the application of Risk Mitigation Framework for Agile Global Software Development (RMAG) in a Scrum process model. Several Scrum practices and phases are used to mitigate risks. We setup an experiment to apply the RMAG in an Agile Global Software Development using Scrum. Each phases have different types of the risk and mitigation technique. Scrum practices help to reduce the risk. Scrum practices and Scrum phases are not provided the outsourcing category because Scrum does not cover the software development life cycle. Thus, this paper can be a reference to developers and Agile practitioners to mitigate or reduce the risk.

In applied software engineering, the algorithms for selecting the appropriate test cases are used to perform regression testing. The key objective of this activity is to make sure that modification in the system under test (SUT) has no impact on the overall functioning of the updated software. It is concluded from the literature that the efficacy of the test case selection solely depends on the following metrics, namely, the execution cost of the test case, the lines of the code covered in unit time also known as the code coverage, the ability to capture the potential faults, and the code modifications. Furthermore, it is also observed that the approaches for the regression testing developed so far generated results by focusing on one or two parameters. In this paper, our key objectives are twofold: one is to explore the importance of the role of each metric in detail. The secondary objective is to study the combined effect of these metrics in test case selection task that is capable of achieving more than one objective. In this paper, a detailed and comprehensive review of the work related to regression testing is provided in a very distinct and principled way. This survey will be useful for the researchers contributing to the field of regression testing. It is noteworthy that our systematic literature review (SLR) included the noteworthy work published from 2007 to 2020. Our study observed that about 52 relevant studies focused on all of the four metrics to perform their respective tasks. The results also revealed that about 30% of the different categories of regression test case reported the results using metaheuristic regression test selection (RTS). Similarly, about 31% of the literature reported results using the generic regression test case selection techniques. Most of the researchers focus on the datasets, namely, Software-Artefact Infrastructure Repository (SIR), JodaTime, TreeDataStructure, and Apache Software Foundation. For validation purpose, following parameters were focused, namely, the inclusiveness, precision, recall, and retest-all.

Background: The word “Global Software Development” can be described as the development of software, with development teams spread across different geographical locations. Problem statement: The issues arise when there are gaps in information, workflows or processes, policies and others in the world. Objective: This paper aims to build an understanding of the risk in Global Software Development. Then, to identify category risk in Global Software Development and how Agile can reduce or mitigate their challenges. Method: This review paper using the standard systematic literature review method by Kitchehamm by reviewing and analyzing the relevant state-of -art techniques and approaches in the journal libraries based on the research questions. Results: The findings show that communication in Agile Global Software development is the main risk challenge. Contribution: The contributions of this paper may support the academician to propose and validate an enhanced approach to solve the issues if risk management in Agile GSD environment and assist the practitioners in choosing the most suitable and relevant method based on the requirement of Agile GSD project. This review paper is also focusing on the contribution to the Software Engineering Management and Software Engineering Models and Methods Knowledge Area.

Prioritizing software requirements is important and difficult task during requirements management phase of requirements engineering. To ensure timely delivery of project, software developers have to prioritize functional requirements. The importance of prioritization increases when size of requirements is big. Software for large enterprises like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are more likely to be developed by a team of software developers where large size requirements are distributed in parallel team members. However, requirements are dependent on each other, therefore development of pre-requisite requirements must be carefully timed and should be implemented first. Therefore, assigning importance and priority to some requirements over others is necessary so that requirements can be available on time to developers. This paper proposes a prioritization approach for functional requirements on the basis of their importance during implementation. The design of research method consists of Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) technique based on spanning trees. Through spanning trees, dependent requirements were linked in hierarchical structure and then AHP were applied. As a result of prioritization, requirements were distributed in such a way that dependency among requirements of developers were kept minimum as much as possible so that waiting time of requirements for their pre-requisite were reduced. With reduced effect of dependency in requirements of parallel developers, timely delivery of software projects can be assured.

Malaysia had experienced a warming trend for the past decades. The main contributor of this problem is carbon emissions which caused climate change. Despite the magnitude of the problem, the level of Low Carbon Society (LCS) awareness among Malaysia citizens is unsatisfied. Due to this situation, CarbonFree, a multi-platform application for low carbon education is proposed to curb this severe issue. CarbonFree is inspired by the program of Iskandar Malaysia Eco-Life Challenge (IMELC). Therefore, users can complete the program workbook through CarbonFree. Users are also able to retrieve LCS knowledge from the application. From the perspective of development of CarbonFree, the methodology used is Rational Unified Process (RUP), which including inception, elaboration, construction and transition stages. Furthermore, design and testing of CarbonFree is explained in Software Requirement Specification (SRS), Software Design Document (SDD) and Software Testing Document (STD) accordingly. Based on the user Acceptance Testing that conducted during testing phase, most of the participants agreed that CarbonFree is able to raise LCS awareness among students, teachers and their families as well as to promote knowledge and practice of LCS by providing information to students, teachers and their families which mean that the main purpose of this project is achieved.

Entomological surveillance is used in majority of the countries around the world. The main objective of this process is to monitor, control and prevent the occurrence of a dengue outbreak. In Malaysia, Entomology and Pest Unit (EPU) from the State Health Office is a local division that is responsible for performing the dengue surveillance operations. There exists human-related risks due to the procedures of predicting cryptic breeding sites and upcoming dengue outbreak locations are done manually. This paper discusses the implementation and results of Aedes Entomological Predictive Analytic Dashboard (AePAD) application. The AePAD multi-platform application provides several features especially historical ovitrap data retrieval and visualization to predict the possible cryptic breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes and upcoming dengue outbreak locations prediction using Deep Neural Network (DNN). It is hoped that the application will be able to help the EPU team in performing better prevention and strategic control operations, thus enhancing the existing dengue surveillance systems and minimizing future dengue outbreaks in Malaysia.

Obtaining accurate streamflow predictions can be challenging due to the inherent variabilities and complex nonlinear nature in streamflow generation processes. Support vector regression model is an effective forecasting tool to forecast streamflow as it is able to capture the nonlinearity in the data and attain the global optimum parameters in the forecasted model. However, the efficiency of SVR might be hindered by noise that typically exists in any hydrological time series data through random influences and inaccuracies in recording. Thus, this condition could compromise the quality of input data into SVR. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of forecasting monthly streamflow data using different settings of SVR in two ways. First, we use different variations of wavelet denoising technique using different selections of wavelet decomposition levels and mother wavelets in order to preserve information and reduce distortion of the original time series. For this purpose, we measured the impact of six different wavelets on SVR namely Daubechies of type db3, db4, db5, db6 and db7 with two different levels of decomposition which are level 3 and level 4. There is more information that may contribute to better performance of the model when the decomposition level is increase. Then, the data are applied using radial basis function (RBF) by performing K-fold cross-validation to obtain the optimal parameter for kernel function in forecasting streamflow. We illustrate the methods using the monthly streamflow data observed at Segamat River in the state of Johor. The results demonstrated that SVR based wavelet denoising for 1-month lead time streamflow forecasting of type db5 with level 3 give better results using Gaussian (RBF) kernel function based on K-fold cross-validation compared to regular SVR. This implies that reduced variance in the denoising procedure and obtain optimal parameter in kernel function may improve forecasting accuracy.

Light emitting diode (LED) technology is regarded as an efficient source of energy in supplying photosynthetically active radiation for plants either used as the only source of light or as a supplement in a condition where natural irradiance is inadequate. Although initial cost is high, application of LED is considered cost effective on a long term basis. The growth of plants may vary when they are grown under varying irradiance levels and light spectrum, and therefore, they may respond differently to the varying levels of nutrient availability. A study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) and different regimes of irradiance from LEDs on the growth and physiological characteristics of two cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under a growth chamber condition. Plants continuously grown under the combination of red, blue, far red and white LEDs with the highest irradiance level (266 µmol m-2 s-1) attained the heaviest fresh weight yield; 39% higher than those with the lowest fresh weight, which were grown under red and blue LEDs (126 µmol m-2 s-1). The leaf yield of lettuce has increased with the addition of N. Increasing N supply through foliar application of 7.5 g urea L-1 increased the yield by 38% over the plant grown without additional N. Variations in irradiance and N levels markedly affected major nutrient contents in leaves but not leaf net photosynthesis.

Master teachers are the exemplary models of the Indonesian teaching profession. Their main role is to assist the government in effectively attending to the needs of the global workforce that demands young and skilled human capital. In the process, they are expected to demonstrate effective pedagogical practices. This study examines the teaching and classroom management strategies of Indonesian vocational English master teachers and the effects on the students. Using a qualitative approach, this study involved three selected master teachers. Data were collected through 18 sessions of observations, 45 hours of video-recordings, and interviews with 34 students. The results demonstrated that, in terms of teaching strategies, the master teachers used a wide variety of teaching techniques, focused on speaking skills, and combined various teaching sources and aids. In terms of classroom management strategies, they facilitated group work, organised seating arrangement in a traditional way, and emphasised classroom discipline. The strategies used by the MTs were also positively perceived by the students as they had a better understanding of the lesson, an enjoyable learning experience, improved their speaking skills, shared knowledge with their friends, and enjoyed better mutual respect. The findings of this study can be used by stakeholders as a platform to enhance learning of English language in the vocational context in Indonesia. Keywords: master teachers; teaching strategies; classroom management strategies; English classrooms; Indonesian vocational schools DOI: http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2016-2203-07

Many operators are provided with the mutation testing tool. However, with many of the mutants tested it will produce many that are identified so that it requires a lot of time to repair the source code. The purpose of this study is to find the priority pathway for repairing mutants so that it is more effective when many mutants are detected on mutation testing. Mutation testing tools as material for evaluation of mutation operators are MUJAVA and PIT. The method used for evaluation is the dependency metric by including the evaluation of mutant similarities in the frequency and level of use of mutants. The results of the MUJAVA operator mutant test show that there is a priority path for mutant repair on mutation testing. The path starts from the first group improvement (AOIU, AOIS, ROR), the second group (COI, ASRS, JSD), and the third group (AORB, COR, LOI, JSI). Based on the number of followers of mutant operators, the efficiency level is 33%. The dependency value in PIT has a comprehensive value. The results show that the improved source code starts with the math mutator.

Research on data analytics is entering a new challenge where huge data need to be processed in a timely manner. However, there are issues to computational resources when some data are redundant, inconsistent, noisy, and incomplete. It is imperative to reduce data size in order to overcome some issues specifically redundant and incomplete data. Thus, some redundant data or incomplete data need to be removed. In this paper, we would like to present the data reduction approaches using Rough set theory based on similarity class between the two objects and an enhanced tolerance relation when the data is incomplete/imprecise. The data structured with complete and incomplete information systems are discussed. Comparative analysis and experiment result between the proposed approaches to based-line approaches in terms of reduction rate and accuracy are presented. We found that, the proposed approaches are more favorable with high reduction rate for complete information systems and high accuracy for incomplete information systems.

Requirements prioritization shows significant role during effective implementation of requirements. Prioritization of requirements is not easy process particularly when requirements are large in size. The current methods of prioritization face limitations as the current prioritization techniques for functional requirements rely on the responses of stakeholders instead of prioritizing requirements on the basis of internal dependencies of one requirement on other requirements. Moreover, there is need to classify requirements on the basis of their importance i.e. how much they are needed for other requirements or dependent on other requirements. Requirements are first represented with spanning trees and then prioritized. Suggested spanning tree based approach is evaluated on requirements of ODOO ERP. Requirements are assigned to four developers. Time estimation with and without prioritization are calculated. The difference in time estimation with prioritization and without prioritization shows the significance of prioritization of functional requirements.

Requirements prioritization is ranking of software requirements in particular order. Prioritize requirements are easy to manage and implement while un-prioritized requirements are costly and consume much time as total estimation time of project can exceed. Because all requirements are depended on each other so total estimation time exceed when requirements wait for pre-requisite requirements. Priority of requirement also increases when other requirements wait for it but assigning low priority to needed requirements will delaying the project. Iteration model is software engineering (SE) process model in which all requirements are not developed at one time but are developed in phases. Only sufficient information or sub-requirements of particular user requirement (UR) can be needed for other user requirements (URs) so by implementing only the sufficient requirements in first phase will reduce waiting time. Hence total estimation time of the project will also reduce. In this research work, iteration model approach is used during prioritization to reduce total estimation time of project and to assure timely delivery of project. From the results it is concluded that not all sub-requirements of particular UR get same priority, but there are only few requirements that are important and should be given more priority.

To manage and organize large data is imperative in order to formulate the data analysis and data processing efficiency. Therefore, this paper investigates the set of sorting techniques to observe which technique to provide better efficiency. Five types of sorting techniques of static data structure, Bubble, Insertion, Selection with O(n2) complexity and Merge, Quick with O(n log n) complexity have been used and tested on four groups between (100–30000) of dataset. To validate the performance of sorting techniques, three performance metrics which are time complexity, execution time and size of dataset were used. All experimental setups were accomplished using simple linear regression. The experimental results illustrate that Quick sort is more efficiency than other sorting and Selection sort is more efficient than Bubble and Insertion in large data size using array. In addition, Bubble, Insertion and Selection have good performance for small data size using array thus, sorting technique with behaviour O(n log n) is more efficient than sorting technique with behaviour O(n2) using array.

Requirements prioritization is very vital and difficult phase during requirement management phase of software engineering. Prioritization of small size requirements is not big issue and many techniques are suggested by researchers and available to prioritize small set of requirements but issues arise when we consider large set of software requirements. In this study, an approach is presented to reduce number of comparisons during prioritizing large requirements. Through analytic hierarchy process (AHP), first two modules were compared directly for prioritization and then all functional requirements (FRs) belong to these two modules were compared with one another and at the end the results of both comparisons were compared and it was concluded that rather than comparing all FRs together it is better to compare only major user requirements (URs) to which these FRs belong in order to reduce number of comparisons.

Land ownership among the indigenous is lagging despite their special stature and origins in the country. Their nomadic way of life and settlements in the reserved lands for indigenous are among the key factors which hinder their path towards land ownership. In 2005, government initiates to alienate 50 land parcels with house for the villagers of Kampung Bawong, Sungai Siput, Perak. However, current status reported that only 21 landowners still live on site while the rest are abandoned. In view of this, the present study examines the current issues on property rights and how government is responsible in managing the conflicts. The data was collected from interviews and questionnaires. The study analysed several issues on property rights including idle land, tax arrears, and inheritance property. The study found that government also plays its role in managing the conflicts. Hence, in ensuring a way forward for the ingenious people to continue to own their lands in legal, the government might explore the best practice of land alienation for them which include the aspects of legal and financial resources.