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Davallia repens and its close relatives have been identified as a species complex in this study because of the existence of continuously morphological variation. To decipher its evolutionary history, integrated methodologies were applied in this study including morphology, cytology, reproductive biology and molecular phylogeny. Analysis of morphological characters reveals several important discriminating characteristics, such as the shape of stipe scales, frond and indusium. Both diploid and polyploid forms are present in the complex and reproduce sexually and by apogamy, respectively. The incongruence between cpDNA and nDNA phylogeny indicates a hybrid origin for most polyploid individuals. Based on the present results, we hypothesize that there were at least two ancestral lineages distributed in the Malesian region. Through hybridization, polyploidization and apogamy, some polyploid genotypes dispersed outwards to shape the extant distribution.

This family has three genera and five species in Malesia. The family, the genera, and the species are described and annotated and keys to the genera and species are included. Illustration is by two plates of which one in full colour.

A description is given of the only genus in this family which has 7 species in Malesia. Paragraphs are included on Taxonomy, Morphology and Characters, Karyology, and Distribution, and a key to the species. Illustration is by one line-drawing.

A description is given of the family. Paragraphs on Anatomy and Morphology, Gametophyte, Karyology and Hybridization, Ecology and Distribution, and Taxonomy and Affinity are included. A key to the five Malesian genera is given. For the genus Blechnum, with 19 species, separate paragraphs on Biogeography and Morphology and Terminology are given. Malesian Blechnaceae counts 30 species in all. Illustration is by 21 line drawings, 2 black-and-white plates, and 15 distribution maps.

For this monotypic family a description is given and paragraphs on Taxonomy, Morphology and Characters, Karyology and Hybridization, Distribution, and Cultivation. Also a chapter on identification as well as a key to the 15 Malesian species is included. Illustration is by one line-drawing and two plates.

This taxon contains two genera with a pantropical distribution. In Malesia each genus has only one species. A description of the subfamily and a key to the genera are given. Illustration is by two plates in full colour.

Holttum, R.E., Tectaria group. Flora Malesiana, Ser. II, 2 (1991) 1–132 defined this group without the genus Arthropteris. Later molecular studies indicated that this genus belongs to Tectariaceae, the Tectaria group of Holttum. The genus contains two species in Malesia. Illustration is by one line-drawing.

This monotypic family, with only one species in Malesia, is described and paragraphs on Chromosomes and Taxonomy are included. Illustration is by one line-drawing.

Two new combinations are made in Magnolia: M. sumatrana and M. sumatrana var. glauca.

Mont Panie, the highest mountain on New Caledonia, has a rich and distinctive flora. A new species was recently collected and is here described in the genus Symplocos (Symplocaccae), which is now represented by seven species in New Caledonia, all endemic. Symplocos paniensis Pillon & Nooteboom, sp. nov. is most similar to S. neocaledonica (Vieill.) Nooteboom, from which it differs by its shorter leaves with rounded apex, and the more even disposition of the leaves along the twigs. This provides further evidence that the Mont Panie chain, which also includes Mont Colnert and Mont Ignambi, is still under-collected.

A new species of Magnolia, M. citrata is described from Thailand, and a new combination made from S China.

Ailanthus vietnamensis from Cuc Phuong National Park is described as a new species from Vietnam.

Some name changes and new names are published belonging to a new revision of Symplocaceae of the Old World. Several species described after 1975 were reduced.

A new system of Magnolioideae (Magnoliaceae) is given, based on the latest available data on DNA and morphology. New combinations and name changes in Malesian Magnolia are given as well as some corrections in previously published names.

A new species of Magnolia, M. sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin, from Thailand is described.

A taxonomic revision of Plagiogyriaceae is presented. One genus and 11 species are recognised. One species, P. egenolfioides, is subdivided into four varieties. Only one species, P. pectinata, occurs in the New World, all others in the Old World. One species, P. glauca, and one variety, P. egenolfioides var. decrescens, extend east to the S Pacific islands (Solomons).

Plagiogyriaceae Bower, Ann. Bot. 40 (1926) 484. Terrestrial ferns, small to medium sized, 10—150 cm, rarely up to 2 m high, devoid of scales. Rhizome stout, thickened, with persistent stipe bases, erect or suberect, or short decumbent, dictyostelic, sometimes bifurcate or stoloniferous; roots blackish, sparsely branched, wiry, regularly arranged on the stem, one beside each stipe base. Fronds dimorphous, bearing minute, uniseriate, multicellular, gland-headed, mucilage-secreting trichomes, of which most are lost when dry, or becoming amorphous flaky ‘scales’ at the secretion. Stipes round, oval, triangulate, or tetragonal, bearing aerophores or not; base of stipe swollen, flat on ventral face and with a strong median ridge on the dorsal face and dividing this into two surfaces, each of which bears a row of warts looking like aerophores; the stipe with a single vascular bundle which expands or divides into three meristeles in the enlarged base; rachis winged or not, ventral face sulcate, dorsal face terete, flat, or carinate, aerophores absent, or present near the base of the pinnae. Laminae of sterile fronds herbaceous to subcoriaceous, glaucous below or not, once pinnate or deeply pinnatifid; pinnae falcate to linear-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely glandular hairy underneath, margin entire, minutely serrulate to dentate at the apex; veins simple or paired at base, mostly once to twice forked, reaching the margin of a pinna. Laminae offertile fronds similar in shape as the sterile ones, in the middle of a plant, erect, with a proportionally longer stipe and a shorter lamina, once pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, pinnae short stalked or sessile, glabrous or with few short glandula

Davalliaceae Mett. ex Frank in Leunis, Syn. Pflanzenk., ed. 2, 3 (1877) 1474; K.U. Kramer in K. Kubitzki (ed.), Fam. & Gen. Vasc. PI. 1 (1990) 74—80. Epiphytic, epilithic, or rarely terrestrial. Rhizome dorsiventral, scaly with extra-axillary buds near the leaves, creeping, usually long (short in Gymnogrammitis, not in Malesia) and densely covered with scales (and often also hairs in Leucostegia). Leaves alternately in two ranks on the dorsal side of the rhizome and articulated at the base to phyllopodia. Extra-axillary buds alternately in two ranks on the ventral-lateral sides of the rhizome; each bud intermediate between two succeeding phyllopodia in Leucostegia and in Gymnogrammitis, lateral to the phyllopodium or lower lateral and slightly anterior in the other genera. Roots on the ventral side of lateral buds, in Leucostegia scattered on all sides of the rhizome, in Gymnogrammitis along the entire ventral side of it. The vascular structure of the rhizome a dorsiventral dictyostele. Stele with a thick dorsal and a thick ventral vascular strand, in Gymnogrammitis only a thick dorsal strand. In Leucostegia the dorsiventral dictyostele with elongate leaf gaps with two simple leaf traces, in all other taxa many leaf traces for a leaf arising from the dorsal and ventral strands and from a strand connecting the two, the traces finely anastomosing in each leaf gap, the connecting strands thin and obscure. In Leucostegia scales basifixed with broad bases attached to the rhizome, often with hairs on the rhizome or on the base of the scales. In the other genera the rhizome scales peltate or basally attached with a cordate, overlapping, base (sometimes called pseudopeltate). The scales acicular, flat and nearly acicular, evenly narrowed towards the apex above the much broader base, or just evenly narrowed. In a number of species apical and marginal multicellular hairs on the scales. Scales often ciliate or toothed, the ciliae or teeth consisting of two upturned ends of adjacent marginal cells.

Three new combinations are made in Plagiogyria egenolfioides (Baker) Copel. (Plagiogyriaceae).

This work is largely built on the papers from four symposia from the International Congress of Ecology, Yokohama 1990. It is an addition to volume 12 of the handbook of vegetation science dealing with the application of vegetation science in forestry, mostly in Europe. The critics of that volume would want a more diversified demonstration of forestry related vegetation science work and a wide representation of forest types from different continents. Well, they have got what they wanted, at least for Asia. Already in the first part, ‘Overview’, with three chapters [1. Forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia in a global perspective; 2. Climatic relations of the forests of East and Southeast Asia; 3. Species diversity in East Asia in a global perspective], the reader is confronted with a wealth of data he otherwise has to look for in several different places. Further parts are titled ‘Evergreen Forest Region’, ‘Summergreen Forest Region’, ‘Montane/Boreal Regions’, and ‘Tropical Forest Regions’. Each part is divided into several to many chapters (in the whole there are 35 chapters). In the different chapters the reader, who is especially sought under fieldworkers, finds a wealth of information on all aspects of vegetation science. One of the interesting things is that in several chapters, like that on ‘Alpine vegetation in a Global perspective’, the Asian vegetation is compared with the same vegetation in other continents. Concluding, it can be said that this book is obligatory for all students and workers in the field of forestry vegetation in Asia. Each chapter is provided with a lengthy list of references.

This volume, seventh in the series, deals exclusively with hybrid taxa of Pteridophytes in Japan. In this book 302 hybrid taxa are illustrated by photographs and maps. The production of this massive book was organised by Dr. Nakaike with the contribution of many local Pteridologists in this country. Following the style of the former volumes, 48 hybrids are recorded in detail in the first part of this book, each with a black and white photograph of a living plant, a short record of the discovery of the hybrid, its diagnostic characters, and discussion of postulated parents, information which is unfortunately all in Japanese; furthermore a page of line drawings (sometimes substituted by high-quality photographs of herbarium specimens), a map of distribution, and a list of collector’s records.

This revision of Davallia starts with a chapter about the morphology of the genus. In Davallia two sections are recognized, section Davallia and the new section Scyphularia. The species formerly belonging to Araiostegia, Humata and/or Pachypleuria are incorporated in Davallia. Thirty-four species are described, with one new, Davallia rouffaeriensis, and five new combinations or states are made. Keys to the genera (of the family Davalliaceae) and the species (of Davallia) are given. An index to all treated species (and their synonyms) is given.

Arbor magna ramulis appresse puberulis 2.5-4 mm crassis foliis 7 ad 12 cm longis, 3 ad 7 cm latis base rotunda venis lateralibus 10 ad 12 paribus petiolo 15 ad 25 mm longo cicatrice stipulorum ad dimidium vel longiore. Brachyblastus et gynophorus carpelliscum appresse puberuli. Gynophorus 3 ad 5 mm longus, carpellae 20 ad 30. Fructus 8-10 cm longus carpellis base axem adnatis. — Typus: Bangham 930 (A; iso NY), Sumatra, Takeugeum (sic!), 3600 ft alt., 15 Jan. 1932. Big tree. Young twigs appressed puberulous, 2.5-4 mm thick. Leaves elliptic, very finely sparsely appressed puberulous beneath, glabrous above, 7-12 by 3-7 cm, base rounded, apex hardly or not acuminate, tip rather blunt; nerves in 10-12 pairs, meeting in a looped intramarginal vein; petiole 15-25 mm with stipular scar to above the middle. Brachyblast appressed puberulous, with 1 scar at or above the middle; perianth and stamens absent, tepals probably c. 14. Gynophore 3-5 mm, with the 20-30 carpels appressed greyish puberulous. Fruits 8-10 by 5-6 cm, fruiting carpels basally adnate to the axis, 1.5—4 by 1.2-c. 2 cm, dividing into two halves.

This volume includes over 10,000 citations to literature published during the last ten years about plant conservation at all levels, local, national, and international. Its scope ranges from highly specific papers on individually threatened plant species to more general papers tackling conservation strategy, policy, and law. Reference citations are grouped into three sections, General, Regional, and Country. For the larger countries also followed by state or province. Each citation is numbered in the left-hand column, making it easy to find specific references using the subject indices given at the end of the book (an index on plant names, one on families, and a geographical index).

This book is sequel to Volume 14A, Tropical Forest Ecosystems, structure and function. Whereas the first volume deals with system ecological aspects such as community organization and processes, the present volume concentrates on biogeographical aspects such as species composition, diversity, and geographical variation. Recent ecological research in the tropical rain forest has greatly extended our understanding of biogeographical patterns on variation in the various groups of organisms and has revealed many of the ecological and evolutionary forces that led to the present patterns of variation. Many important systems of co-evolution between the tropical rain forest ecosystems have also come to light, and the loss of species and related damage is better understood in quantitative terms. This volume presents a comprehensive review of these and other features of the rain forest ecosystem structure and the ecological processes operating that system. General chapters on abiotic and biotic factors are followed by specific chapters on all major groups of organisms. Prospects of the future are discussed and research needs clearly stated. Also the human exploitation of the system, its effect and its limits are discussed. The book is extensively illustrated and comprehensive bibliographies follow each chapter. It is of the greatest value to all people who study the tropical rain forest as well as for nature conservationists and planners dealing with tropical areas. Among the authors we find the world’s most outstanding experts on the subjects, like Gillean Prance, Peter Ashton, Tim Whitmore, Eberhard Bruenig, Rob Gradstein, Norman Myers, Kuswata Kartawinata and many others. There are 35 chapters. To discuss the whole book critically would take many pages, therefore I restrict myself to a few examples. The chapters 33, the exploitation of the African rain forest and man’s impact, by R. M. Lawton, chapter 34, exploitation in southeast Asia, by K. Kartawinata et al., and chapter 35, use and misuse of tro

The monotypic genus Laumoniera (Simaroubaceae) and the species L. bruceadelpha are described on a collection from Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

These notes are sequel to the Notes on Magnoliaceae in Blumea 31 (1985) 65-121. First the addenda to those notes are given. Then follows a revision of the species of Magnolia which belong to the sections Aromadendron and Blumiana, and the Malesian species of section Maingola. A survey with SEM photos is given of the undersurfaces of the leaves of sections Maingola and Aromadendron, to assist in identifying the species. A key to the sections is given, a key to the species of sections Maingola and Aromadendron together, and keys to the species of each section. In section Maingola 5 species are recognized for Malesia. Michelia beccariana Agostini and Magnolia aequinoctialis Dandy are reduced to Magnolia macklottii var. beccariana (Agostini) Noot. Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. with var. carsonii and var. drymifolia Noot., M. phaulantha Dandy ex Noot. and M. uvariifolia Dandy ex Noot. are newly described. In section Aromadendron also 5 species are recognized. Talauma bintuluensis Agostini is renamed Magnolia binluluensis (Agostini) Noot. and Aromadendron nutans Dandy is reduced to that species. Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex Noot., M. borneensis Noot., and M. pahangensis Noot. are newly described. In section Blumiana 7 species are recognized. Magnolia pachyphylla Dandy, Talauma andamanica King, T. athliantha Dandy, T. borneensis Merr., T. forbesii King, T. gitingensis Elmer, incl. var. glabra Dandy and var. rotundata Dandy, T. gracilior Dandy, T. inflata P.Parm. [= T. undulatifolia Agostini], T. kunstleri King, T. miqueliana Dandy, T. oreadum Diels, T. peninsularis Dandy, T. rabaniana Craib, T. rubra Miq., T. sebassa Miq. ex Dandy, T. sumatrana Agostini, and T. soembensis Dandy are reduced to Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng var. candollii. Talauma betongensis Craib, T. hodgsoni Hook. f. & Thomson, T. levissima Dandy, T. oblanceolata Ridley, and T. obovata Korth. are reduced to Magnolia candollii var. obovata (Korth.) Noot. Talauma angatensis (Blanco) Vidal and T. villariana Rolfe are reduced to

CITES: In February 1987 Singapore finally ratified the Washington Treaty on the international trade in threatened species, exceptions have been made for the trade in crocodile products. A serious breach has now been closed that was of some impediment to the trade between Singapore and many of its partners. FAO’s Tropical Forestry Action Plan. (Unasylva 38, 1986) develops a strategy for action in five fields, among which conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. The main goals of the latter action plan are: to prevent loss or degradation of the tropical forest resource, while furthering development and the wise use of existing natural resources; to promote the sustainable use of tropical forest ecosystems, either exploited or not, for the production of timber and wood, in such a way that the genetic resources they contain are safeguarded; to encourage and facilitate the integrated management of tropical forest ecosystems so as to provide wildlife and non-wood crops with minimal disturbance of the ecosystems and associated wild genetic resources; to promote the conservation and management of samples of ecosystems as reservoirs of species diversity.

Many botanists collecting in the tropical rainforest face the problem of collecting from the often very tall canopy trees. Not always will tree climbers be available and even if they are they cannot always climb all trees, especially after a rain, or when lianas or nearby smaller trees are absent. A method was designed by Donald R. Perry (Biotropica 10, 1978, 155- 157) and later discussed by Dr. E. Torquebiau (BIOTROP) who drew my attention to this method and used it himself.

Tropical Forests: A Call for Action. Report of an International Task Force convened by the World Resources Institute, The World Bank, and the United Nations Development Program. World Resources Institute, 1735 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006, U.S.A. October 1985. ISBN 0-915825-10-4. The report was discussed in a meeting held in The Hague, the Netherlands, during a three day meeting, the first two devoted to the question how international cooperation could be coordinated; the last day was a discussion day for the public with representatives of non-governmental organizations. Parliament etc. That day was opened by Ms. E.M. Schoo, Minister for International Development Cooperation. She announced that the Dutch Government in the near future will double the funds available for tropical forests from ƒ 50 million to ƒ 100 million. She also announced that she would give a substantial contribution to scientific research (The TROPENBOS program). After hearing her speech the Director General for Science Policy could announce the official start of that program (see under Research).

Perennial herbs with tufted or creeping rhizome, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Stems arising centrally or laterally, erect or obliquely erect, mostly triquetrous or trigonous, rarely subterete, solid or sometimes hollow, often clothed at the base by persistent leaf-sheaths or their fibrous remains. Leaves tristichous, usually narrowly linear, sheathing at the base, with a ligule at the junction of blade and sheath, rarely lanceolate or elliptic with a more or less distinct petiole and eligulate, mostly basal and subbasal, 0-several higher on the stem, the lower ones often reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheaths of the stem-leaves and bracts closed. Inflorescence paniculiform, racemiform or spiciform, more rarely reduced to a single spikelet. Spikelets 1-very numerous, terete, sessile or peduncled, few- to many-flowered, wholly male, wholly female, or bisexual (androgynous when male flowers above, gynaecandrous when female flowers above). Bracts foliaceous or glume-like, often sheathing, sometimes wanting. Base of the branches of the inflorescence usually with a utriculiform or ocreiform bracteole (cladoprophyllum) surrounding it. Flowers unisexual, naked, solitary in the axils of the spirally arranged glumes; male flowers consisting of 3 free or rarely more or less connate stamens; anthers linear; female flowers consisting of a single pistil enclosed in a bottle-shaped prophyll (;utricle, perigynium). Style either continuous with the ovary and persistent, or articulated with it and deciduous, straight or flexuous, often incrassate at the base; stigmas 2 or 3, protruding through the small terminal orifice of the utricle. Vestigial rachilla (see Uncinia) rarely present. Utricles membrano

This excellent and useful book is based on the early editions of J.C. Willis’s ‘Dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns’. Those early works have been called ‘the most remarkable botanical works of reference ever written – true vademecums for every botanists’s pocket’ (Prof. P.W. Richards). The last edition dates as far back as 1931. After that time the late Dr. Airy Shaw changed the format drastically in making a catalogue which is very useful in its own and ornates nearly every botanist‘s desk. But most of the general information had to be deleted. The omitted data were gathered again and updated by F. N. Howes of Kew, but because of his untimely death the book was not published. It is Dr. Mabberley’s merit to have taken up the task again and even to finish it. Thus a tremendous amount of general information on plants is given to be used as well by botanists as by other people who are professionally or just for the fun of it interested in this kind of information. Mabberley has taken a broad approach to family and genus concept, convinced by the arguments of the late Professor Van Steenis and Davis and Heywood. For the user this makes the book easier to work with than Airy Shaw’s editions with all that small split-off families and genera. In case of doubt Mabberley uses the broader concept, but includes entries of all the accepted and most common synonymous names. Sometimes the author of a recent revision is added, sometimes not. If a recent revision of an entire group exists the reference is given.

DUNCAN, B.D. & G. ISAAC. Ferns and allied plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 1986. xii, 258 pp., line drawings, maps, b/w photogr., 8 col. pl. In Europe available from HB Sales, Littleton Road, Ashford TW15 1UQ, U.K. Ł 25.00. ISBN 0-522-84262-3. A beautifully and lavishly illustrated, thorough account of the 128 ferns and fern-allies of the Southernmost extremities of the Australian subcontinent. For the Malesian oriented scientist primarily interesting because of the excellent view it offers of a flora that is close to the Malesian flora on the generic level (almost 90% of the genera enumerated in common) and at the same time very distinct on the specific level (hardly 16% in common).

Additional collections to Symplocos goodeniacea Noot. are mentioned and S. costatifructa Noot and S. iliaspaiensis Noot. are newly described.

Uncinia Pers., Syn. Pl. 2 (1807) 534; Boeck., Linnaea 41 (1877) 339—352; Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20 (1883) 389—403; Kük., Pfl. R. Heft 38 (1909) 50—67; Nelmes, Kew Bull. (1949) 140—145; Hamlin, Dom. Mus. Bull. 19 (1959) 1—88, t. 1—11 (New Zealand spp.); Edgar, Fl. of New Zealand 2 (1970) 215—235 (New Zealand spp.) Perennial monoecious herbs, glabrous (or with hispid utricles). Stems central, tufted or approximate on a more or less creeping rhizome, erect or ascendent, sharply trigonous to subterete, striate, smooth, or scabrid below the inflorescence. Leaves narrowly linear, flat or involute, more or less scabrid on margins and nerves; basal sheaths bladeless, often disintegrating into fibres. Inflorescence a single, bisexual, terminal spikelet; male part above, shorter than the lower female part. Glumes spirally arranged, ovate to oblong, concave, persistent or caducous, all flower-bearing, the lowest often produced into a setaceous to foliaceous bract. Male flowers naked, consisting of (1) 2 or 3 stamens with linear (or dilated, New World spp.) filaments and linear anthers; connective shortly produced. Female flowers naked, enclosed in a bottle-shaped, obtusely trigonous organ (utricle, perigynium) which is closed up to the truncate top, hispid or (in all Malesian and Australian spp.) glabrous. Style incrassate at the base; stigmas 3, exserted from the utricle. Rhachilla (see note 1) reduced to a rigid bristle below the nut and produced far beyond the mouth of the utricle, hooked at the top. Nut trigonous.

Symplocos ramulis valde tomentosis foliis spiraliter dispositis coriaceis subtus glabris vel tomenti vestigiis instructis ellipticis 13 ad 17 cm longis, 4.5 ad 7.5 cm latis, venis primariis 12 ad 17 paribus subtus valde prominentibus in venam intramarginalem convenientibus base cuneata ad rotundata margine valde recurvato apice leviter acuminato petiolo 1 ad 2cm longo. Inflorescentia breve spicata axe bracteis bracteolisque persistentibus tomentosa. Ovarium 1.5 ad 2.5 mm longum calyceque 1.5 ad 2.5 mm alto tomentosum. Corollam staminesque non visi. Discus pilosus. Fructus ellipsoideus ad cylindricus c. 15 mm longus, c. 7 mm latus endocarpio unicellulato cristis 10 instructo. Typus: W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 16040 (L, iso: BO, K), North Sumatra, Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, west top from Penosan via Putjuk Angasan c. 25 km SW of Blang Kedjeren.

Japanese fear to loose income. As result of Japan’s strategy to exhaust the Southeast Asian forests before turning to its own sizeable reserves of timber now most of the forest in the accessible areas is gone. Japan imports more wood than any other country in the world. In 1980 it bought 55% of all the round wood, sawn wood, and plywood traded in the world. It also takes 54% of all exports of tropical hardwood, 86% of which come from South and Southeast Asia. Japan takes the lion’s share of the exports from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines and a large proportion of the export from Thailand — which is nearly out of timber now — and Papua New Guinea. The Malaysian Department of Forestry forecasts that their remaining forests will be exhausted by 1990. The same will be the case with Indonesian forests at the end of the century or sooner. Reafforestation is rare. Concession holders excuse their failure to replant by their leases being too short to offer an incentive. Plantations are being established at only one tenth of the rate at which forest is disappearing.