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Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to look into the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and biofilm formation in several species of clinical Shigella isolates that were resistant to quinolones. Methods The stool samples of 150 patients (younger than 10 years) with diarrhea were collected in this cross-sectional study (November 2020 to December 2021). After cultivation of samples on Hektoen Enteric agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar, standard microbiology tests, VITEK 2 system, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were utilized to identify Shigella isolates. The broth microdilution method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. PMQR genes including qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrE, qnrS, qnrVC, qepA, oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and crpP and biofilm formation were investigated in quinolone-resistant isolates by PCR and microtiter plate method, respectively. An enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique was used to determine the clonal relatedness of quinolone-resistant isolates. Results A total of 95 Shigella isolates including S. sonnei (53, 55.8%), S. flexneri (39, 41.1%), and S. boydii (3, 3.2%) were identified. The highest resistance rates of the isolates were against ampicillin (92.6%, n = 88/95). Overall, 42 of 95 (44.2%) isolates were simultaneously resistant against two or more quinolones including 26 (61.9%) S. sonnei and 16 (38.1%) S. flexneri. All isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistance to more than 3 antibiotics). The occurrence of PMQR genes was as follows: qnrS (52.4%), qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr (33.3%), and qnrB (19.0%). The prevalence in species was as follows: 61.5% and 37.5% (qnrS), 19.2% and 56.3% (qnrA), 38.5% and 25.0 (aac(6′)-Ib-cr), and 19.2% and 18.8% (qnrB) for S. sonnei and S. flexneri, respectively. The other PMQR genes were not detected. In total, 52.8% (28/53) of quinolone-susceptible and 64.3% (27/42) of quinolone-resistant isolates were biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was not significantly different between quinolone-resistant and quinolone-susceptible isolates (P-value = 0.299). Quinolone-resistant isolates showed a high genetic diversity according to the ERIC-PCR. Conclusion It seems that qnrS, qnrA, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr play a significant role in the quinolone resistance among Shigella isolates in our region. Also the quinolone-resistant S. flexneri and S. sonnei isolates had a high genetic diversity. Hence, antibiotic therapy needs to be routinely revised based on the surveillance findings.

During COVID-19 pandemic, disinfection is a commonly used practice to control and prevent spreading the infection. Overexposure to these chemicals has led to negative health consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and effects of the overuse of disinfectants during the COVID-19 outbreak in Baghdad, Iraq. One hundred employees working in medical field (Ibn Al-Bitar Research Center/ Corporation of research and Industrial Development, Ministry of Industry and Minerals – Iraq) were participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey conducted between January and March 2022. The study found that 68% of participants were confirmed to be infected with the virus, while 32% were not. The participants showed a significant age and gender distribution. According to data, 86% of the participant committed to wearing masks, 58% committed to wearing gloves while 35% committed to wearing both gloves and masks. People pick news as their main information source over social media. Furthermore, 70% of participants used ethanol for hand sterilization, while 36% used gel hand sanitizers from different manufactures. According to health consequences that appeared with different symptoms and documented during overuse of disinfectant, the regular hand sanitizer use could cause irritation and skin damage for 33% of the participants, while 67% did not show any reaction. Employers with health symptoms suggested to be related to sterilizer overuse were found to be 33% and 35% affected in skin and breathing, respectively. To summarize, this survey provides a scientific vision on the negative side effect of the excessive use of disinfectant on health which should increase the public awareness worldwide.

Objective This study was performed to determine the dimensions of the sella turcica (ST) in relation to sex, age groups, and sphenoid sinus (SS) pneumatization patterns in a cohort of Iraqi individuals. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed computed tomography images of 99 individuals (53 men, 46 women) aged 24 to 59 years to measure ST dimensions, including length, width, height, depth, and surface area. SS pneumatization was classified by sex and age. We also examined the relationship between ST size and SS pneumatization patterns. Results Women exhibited a significantly greater mean ST depth (9.37 mm) than men (8.19 mm). The ST diameter was significantly larger in the middle-aged group (13.1 mm) than in the young adult group (11.83 mm). The ST area showed a highly significant difference between sexes. The sellar pneumatization pattern was the most common, whereas the conchal pattern had the lowest prevalence. A significant correlation was observed between ST size and SS pneumatization. Conclusion The ST depth and diameter showed statistically significant differences across sex and age groups, respectively. The variability in SS pneumatization patterns underscores the importance of considering pneumatization types during surgical planning to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury and improve treatment outcomes.

This work investigated the photochemical degradation of malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye used as a coloring agent, fungicide, and antiseptic. UV photolysis was ineffective in the removal of MG as only 12.35% degradation of MG (10 mg/L) was achieved after 60 min of irradiation. In contrast, 100.00% degradation of MG (10 mg/L) was observed after 60 min of irradiation in the presence of 10 mM H2O2 by UV/H2O2 at pH 6.0. Similarly, complete removal (100.00%) of MG was observed at 30 min of the reaction time by UV/H2O2/Fe2+ employing [MG]0 = 10 mg/L, [H2O2]0 = 10 mM, [Fe2+]0 = 2.5 mg/L, and [pH]0 = 3.0. For the UV/H2O2 process, the degradation efficiency was higher at pH 6.0 than at pH 3.0 as the kobs values were 0.0873 and 0.0690 min−1, respectively. However, UV/H2O2/Fe2+ showed higher reactivity at pH 3.0 than at pH 6.0. Chloride and nitrate ions slightly inhibited the removal efficiency of MG by both UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ processes. Moreover, three degradation products (DPs) of MG, (i) 4-dimethylamino-benzophenone (DABP), (ii) 4-amino-benzophenone (ABP), and (iii) 4-dimethylamino-phenol (DAP), were identified by GC-MS during the UV/H2O2 treatment. These DPs were found to demonstrate higher aquatic toxicity than the parent MG, suggesting that researchers should focus on the removal of target pollutants as well as their DPs. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that both UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/Fe2+ processes could be implemented to alleviate the harmful environmental impacts of dye and textile industries.

Abstract Background Health-seeking behavior (HSB) involves any action or inaction taken by individuals who perceive themselves to have a health problem or illness aimed at finding appropriate medical treatments. Studies suggest a positive relationship between the availability and quality of health services and their utilization. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing health-seeking behavior among Sudanese immigrants in Saudi Arabia, to improve healthcare access and health outcomes. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting Sudanese residents of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Participants were recruited using convenient sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed electronically. A total of 494 participants were recruited for the study. Results This study showed that the majority of the participants (66.6%) visited a primary healthcare center when faced with a medical problem. However, the prevalence of self-medication in the past three months was 45.7%. Significant factors influencing health-seeking behavior included age (OR [95% CI]: 1.032 [1.000-1.066]) and lack of health insurance (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [1.00-1.02], p = 0.019). Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of understanding healthcare-seeking behavior among immigrant groups, particularly Sudanese immigrants in Saudi Arabia. It highlights the significance of insurance as a determinant of healthcare-seeking behavior and calls for reforming current policies to reduce disparities in accessing healthcare services.

Traditional methods for detecting harmful gases in air are often limited in their widespread deployment, accuracy, and real-time monitoring capabilities due to their complexity and cost. To address this challenge, optimization algorithms such as the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm have shown promise. The PSO algorithm, is applied to calculate the concentrations of harmful gases in air, maximizing detection accuracy. Detecting indoor gas pollution is a crucial concern due to the abundance of odors and vapors, particularly those emanating from activities such as cooking. The presence of these substances in the air poses a challenge in identifying traces of other harmful gases. This research endeavors to pioneer a novel approach characterized by heightened sensitivity, even in the presence of unidentified elements in the air. In this work, PSO algorithm is used in conjunction with Chirped Spectral Modulation (CSM) technique to increase system sensitivity to detect small traces of harmful gases inside buildings and protect the environment through early detection of pollution. The use of PSO and CSM altogether allowed for detecting carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, and nitrogen dioxide NO2 down to 10−6 % in volume, and sulfur dioxide SO2 down to 5×10−4 % in volume, while keeping the error below 0.1%

In this paper, a compact 2×2 hexagon ring-shaped MIMO antenna operating at the terahertz band is proposed for future 6G wireless communication applications. The antenna is designed using graphene, due to its unique high-speed transmission capabilities. DGS and NL decoupling approaches are applied to enhance isolation between the two radiating elements. A parametric study is performed to investigate the significance of using these methods. Performance in terms of different metrics is studied using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. The final outcomes show that the proposed MIMO antenna achieves 23 dB of isolation, 0.004859 of ECC, 0.004 bits/sec/Hz of CCL, and efficiency of 98%.

Aims: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of microwave irradiation on polyvinyl siloxane impression material contaminated with candida Albicans. Materials and methods: 30 samples were fabricated from the acrylic mold with disk shape 5*2 (diameter*thickness). Samples incubated with Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) media containing Candida albicans. Then were divided into 30 samples into 6 groups: C (positive control); 5 non-irradiated specimens, 3MWD ( samples irradiated for 3minute in dry condition), 6MWD (samples irradiated for 6minute in dry condition), 3MWW (samples irradiated for 3minute in wet condition), 6MWW (samples irradiated for 6minute in wet condition), CHX (samples immersed in 0.5% chlorhexidine) After incubation of all samples for 24 hours at 37°C, the samples were got vortex and then serial dilution carried out of suspensions then cultured on Sabouraude Dextrose Agar after incubation for 24 hours at 37°C bacteria were counted. A further 7 days of incubation for microwaved samples was done to verify the effectiveness of both dry and wet microwave sterilization for two periods of time. Results: There was a significant reduction in cfu /ml of candida albicans at 24 hours of incubation. No growth of C. albicans was recorded after 7 days of incubation. Conclusions: Microwave irradiation at 640W for both wet and dry conditions for 3 and 6 min was proved to be effective in the disinfection of polyvinyl siloxane specimens contaminated with. Candida. albicans.

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the effect of sterilization by microwave irradiation at 640W on the surface roughness of polyvinyl siloxane. Materials and methods: 30 samples of addition silicone impression material with a thickness of 20mm and 3mm as diameter. The acrylic mold was used for the samples' fabrication. The samples were divided into six groups each group had five specimens (C) control (3MWD) Samples irradiated for 3minute in dry conditions, (6MWD) samples irradiated for 6minute in dry conditions, (3MWW) samples irradiated for 3minute in wet condition, (6MWW) samples irradiated for 6minute in wet condition and (CHX) samples immersed in chlorhexidine with 0.5% concentration for one hour. A profilometer (Talysurf 10, R.P.I. LTD, Metrology Division) is used for measuring surface roughness by taking the means of three points with the aid of a stylus. Results: There were statistical differences between the control group and the tested groups. Mann-Whitney showed that only 3MWD had no statistical differences from the control group. Conclusions: Disinfection of polyvinyl siloxane using the microwave at 640W for 3 minutes is safe or recommended regarding its least effect on the surface roughness.

This research provides a detailed quantitative analysis of the challenges encountered in deploying 6G Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Base Stations UAV-BS in arid environments, specifically focusing on Saudi Arabia. The study meticulously quantifies the impact of dust and sand storms on these advanced communication systems, highlighting the substantial increase in signal attenuation and path loss under such conditions. Key findings include a marked dependency of transmitted power requirements on visibility at millimeter range high frequencies, (at 100 GHz). The results demonstrate that at this frequency, a decrease in ground visibility from 15 to 5 meters necessitates a significant increase in transmitted power by approximately 10 dB. Moreover, a striking 50 dB increase in path loss is observed when transitioning from a 3 GHz carrier frequency to 100 GHz under a ground visibility of 5 meters. This increase is attributed to a 30 dB rise in free space loss FSL due to the change in carrier frequency and an additional 20 dB attributed to increased dust attenuation at 100 GHz compared to 3 GHz. Our approach integrates PSO for dynamic UAV-BS positioning, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of dust and sand on signal quality. The research underscores the importance of considering UAV altitude, signal frequency, and ground visibility for optimal signal propagation. Additionally, it highlights the necessity of dynamic power management strategies within the network architecture to adapt to the unique challenges of arid environments. This study not only illuminates the practical implications for the deployment of UAV-BS in future 6G networks but also emphasizes the need for continuous adaptation of UAV-BS positioning in response to changes in visibility and that due to continuous change in the pattern of active users (asking for network services). The insights gained are crucial for ensuring reliable communication during environmental challenges, paving the way for more resilient and efficient wireless communication systems in demanding conditions.

Abdul Jamil Rasooly,1 Sahar Noor,1 Saif Ullah,2 Abdul Tawab Baryali,3 Ahmed Maseh Haidary4 1Department of Pediatrics Medicine, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan; 2Department of Medicine, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan; 3Department of Quality and Patient Safety, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan; 4Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Ahmed Maseh Haidary, Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory, French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan, Email ahmed.maseh9t9@gmail.comBackground: Pig bronchus is rare and usually asymptomatic, but it may also cause significant respiratory symptoms such as recurrent pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, and difficult airway management in surgical and critical care patients. This study is aimed to examine a case of pig bronchus in which the patient presented with recurrent pneumonia in her early days of life.Case Report: A case report is the study design utilized in this assessment of a 40-days-old girl from a consanguineous marriage, who presented with cough and difficulty breathing for approximately a month. She was referred from a provincial hospital with no improvement in respiratory symptoms after three times hospitalization since birth. Radiological investigation revealed pig bronchus as the cause of recurrent pneumonia.Conclusion: Pig bronchi, if not diagnosed on time, may result in severe lung infection that can even result in fatal disease. A high level of clinical suspicion is required to initiate an appropriate diagnostic workup. The gold standard modality for the diagnosis of pig bronchus is computed tomography (CT), ideally with multi-detector three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction.Keywords: pig bronchus, infant, recurrent pneumonia

SOx emissions are primarily caused by compounds containing sulfur in petroleum and fuels, which lead to severe air pollution. For this reason, it is necessary to develop a fast and simple desulfurization method in order to comply with ever-increasing environmental regulations. The newly discovered piezo-catalyst nanocomposite CexOy/SrO can convert mechanical energy directly into chemical energy, thereby enabling mechanically oxidative sulfur desulfurization. 320 W of bath sonication were used to polarize and activate the prepared piezo-catalyst nanocomposite CexOy/SrO for sulfur removal from thiophene and dibenzothiophene as model fuels and kerosene as a real fuel. Using uniform and spherical CeO2/SrO nanocomposites resulted in the highest desulfurization rates of 95.4 %, 97.3 %, and 59.7 %, respectively, for thiophene and dibenzothiophene. This study examined the effect of several parameters, such as sulfur concentration, pH of fuel, dosage of CexOy/SrO nanocomposite, power and time of ultrasonic, and shaking time, on the piezo-desulfurization of thiophene (TP) and dibenzothiophene (DBTP). To identify the major active species in piezo desulfurization, radical trapping experiments were conducted. This study investigated the possibility of reusing the catalyst, and the piezo-desulfurization activity that was demonstrated in the removal of TP and DBTP after 11 cycles as well as the ability of the catalyst to remove real fuel even after 14 cycles was promising. As the kinetic results show, the reaction follows the second order with K = 0.0050. Also, thermodynamic results showed the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide and sulfoxide is endothermic. Activation energy for second order rate constant is (3.824 Kj/mole). 0.0236 mol-1. Sec−1 was calculated for Arrhenius Constant.

Abstract In order to advance desulfurization technology, a new method for excellent oxidative desulfurization of fuel at room temperature will be of paramount importance. As a novel desulfurization method, we developed piezo-catalysts that do not require adding any oxidants and can be performed at room temperature. A microwave method was used to prepare CeO2/Ce2O3/NiOx nanocomposites. Model and real fuel desulfurization rates were examined as a function of synthesis parameters, such as microwave power and time, and operation conditions, such as pH and ultrasonic power. The results showed that CeO2/Ce2O3/NiOx nanocomposites demonstrated outstanding piezo-desulfurization at room temperature for both model and real fuels. Furthermore, CeO2/Ce2O3/NiOx nanocomposites exhibited remarkable reusability, maintaining 79% of their piezo-catalytic activity even after 17 repetitions for desulfurization of real fuel. An investigation of the mechanism of sulfur oxidation revealed that superoxide radicals and holes played a major role. Additionally, the kinetic study revealed that sulfur removal by piezo-catalyst follows a second-order reaction kinetic model.

Clofibric acid (CFA), an important blood-lipid regulatory drug is an emerging organic pollutant and widely reported in water resources. A novel bimetallic, bismuth/zero valent cupper (Bi/Cu0) catalyst was prepared which showed better physiological, structural, and catalytic properties than Cu0. The Bi/Cu0 effectively catalyzed persulfate (S2O82−) and caused 85% degradation of CFA. The Bi coupling improved reusability and stability of Cu0. The use of alcoholic and anionic radical scavengers and analyzing change in [S2O82−]0 proved that Bi/Cu0/S2O82− yield hydroxyl radicals (●OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4●–). The ●OH and SO4●– showed faster reaction with CFA, i.e., 4.65 × 109 and 3.82 × 109 M−1 s−1 and degraded CFA into four degradation products. Under optimal conditions of [Bi/Cu0]0 = 1.0 g/L and [S2O82−]0 = 40 mg/L, 99.5% degradation of the 10 mg/L of CFA was achieved at 65 min. Temperature showed promising effects on the removal of CFA by Bi/Cu0/S2O82− and caused 98% removal at 323 K than 75% at 298 K at 32 min. The temperature effects were used to calculate activation energy, enthalpy, and rate constant of CFA degradation. The Bi/Cu0/S2O82− showed effective removal of CFA in real water samples also. The ecotoxicity study confirmed non-toxic product formation which suggests high capability of the proposed technology in the treatment of CFA.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GIT) tumors refer to collection of tumor including colorectal, gastric, liver, and pancreatic tumors and other. Objective: The current study aims to measure the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and vitamin D3 among GIT tumor patients comparing with irritable bowel disease (IBD) patients and healthy control. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were taken from 88 participants (42 from malignant GIT tumor, 29 from benign GIT tumor, 10 from IBD (as positive control), and 7 from health individual (as negative control)). All patients admitted in GIT center of Babylon in Merjan Medical city at April up to December 2020. The TNF-α, IL-17, and vitamin D3 level were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA. Results: The result showed younger men are more prevalent with malignant GIT tumor with mean age (53.39 years) than benign GIT tumor as well as IBD. There is an significant increase in TNF-α (Least Significant Difference (LSD = 1.79) levels of malignant GIT tumor when compared with other groups (mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) = 23.7 ± 8.1, 20.4 ± 2.8, 18.9 ± 2.66, and 18.1 ± 2.78 pg/mL for malignant GIT, benign GIT, IBD, and healthy persons respectively). Results of IL-17 level also reveal a significant increase (LSD = 13.2) of malignant GIT tumor when compared with other groups (mean ± SD = 222.2 ± 73.5, 128.2 ± 35.5, 201.5 ± 39.4, and 164.2 ± 44.1 pg/mL for malignant GIT, benign GIT, IBD, and healthy persons, respectively). Inverse results were documented for vitamin D3 level, in which a significant decrease (LSD = 23.45) in the levels of malignant GIT tumor was observed when compared with other groups (mean ± SD = 204.2 ± 24.3, 306.1 ± 97.2, 453.2 ± 78.2, 368 ± 78.0 pg/mL for malignant GIT, benign GIT, IBD, and healthy persons, respectively). Conclusion: The current study concluded that early age men get affected with malignant GIT tumor in Iraqi population giving a hint to that the population at high risk to involved with such tumor as well as other tumor types with elevated level of TNF-α and IL-17 and decreased level of vitamin D3. More and more studies with large number of patients should be recommended to exclude the factors in which that may lead to such conditions.

The relationship between microbiome and metabolomics by studying the microbiota living in the human body and studying their effects on the concentration of metabolites, also to study effects of microbiota colonization on other bacteria or living organism entering the body. These microbiomes and metabolites not only act as an energy source for whole body organs but can also play a role in causing diseases as they affect beyond the gut. It is compulsory to understand the relationship of the microbiome with the food nutrients we take in. So, we will be able to improve the health by making some changes in dietary intake according to gut microorganisms. In this study, we observed the relationship of microbiome and the metabolomics they are involved in, with diseases related to them. As the number of metabolites in human body is an indicator of colonized number of microbiota and development of a disease related to it.

The cause of the worldwide coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is known to employ the same entry portal as SARS-CoV, which is the type 1 transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is located on the spike S-protein's S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein. The most important and effective therapy method is inhibiting the interaction between the ACE2 receptor and the S-spike RBD. An aptamer is a small, single-chain oligonucleotide that binds strongly to the target molecule. Recently, a CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer-based system with a 51-base hairpin structure was discovered to have substantial binding affinity against the SARS-CoV-2RBD with similar binding sites at ACE. In the current study, we will study the aptamer's effect as a SARS-CoV-2 spike blocker and inhibit its ACE2 receptors' binding by studying the toxicity of aptamer for this cell line by calcein assay and the inhibition test of CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamers on spike RBD–ACE2 binding. The results show the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer is 0.08188 μM. The inhibition effect of CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer on spike RBD–ACE2 binding was determined at half-maximal effective concentration of 0.5 μM concentration. The percentage of spike-ACE2 binding inhibition in A549-hACE2 cells in the D614G variant after 30 s was 77%. This percentage is higher than D614 and N501Y and equals 55% and 65%, respectively, at 0.15 μM of CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer. The CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer prevents virus entrance through spike inhibition, which results in a 90% reduction in spike D614 virus transduction at 1.28 μM. In conclusion, the CoV-2-RBD-1C aptamer might be an effective treatment against COVID-19 infection because it directly affects the virus by blocking the S-spike of SARS-CoV-2 and preventing ACE2 receptor binding.

In this study, the Earth's surface was studied in Razzaza Lake for 25 years, using remote sensing methods. Images of the satellites Landsat 5 (TM) and 8 (OLI) were used to study and determine the components of the land cover. The study covered the years 1995-2021 with an interval of 5 years, as this region is uninhabited, so the change in the land cover is slow. The land cover was divided into three main classes and seven subclasses and classified using the maximum likelihood classifier with the help of training sets collected to represent the classes that made up the land cover. The changes detected in the land cover were studied by considering 1995 as a reference year. It was found that there was a significant reduction in the water mass that made up the lake and its transformation into arid land. The vegetation cover was characterized by the relative stability of the crop class. Its constant percent ranged 60% to 80%, unlike the natural plant class, which fluctuates due to its dependence on environmental factors, which is characterized by change. The Kaju presence of continuous change between soil subclasses was due to the different environments affecting the study area. The most affected class was the shallow water class, which disappeared as a result of the drought experienced by the lake.

Although various meat and meat products may include various foodborne pathogens, meat is still an excellent source of nutrients compared to other foods. Due to bioactive materials, numerous plants and their extracts, including pomegranate, have been reported to possess antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Sixty fresh beef samples, bought from the local stores Karkh/ Baghdad, were properly divided into three similar groups; each group included 20 samples. The first group served as a control group, and it was soaked in distilled water. The second group was soaked in a 20g/L treatment dose of pomegranate pomace solution and was referred to as the treated group (T1). The third group was administered as 40g/L pomegranate pomace solution(T2). The results showed that the pomegranate pomace solution (T1 and T2) exhibited antimicrobial activity on the total bacterial count, lipid oxidation, and pH values. The current findings demonstrated that beef immersed into both concentrations of pomegranate pomace was more resistant to elevation in bacterial counting plus lower levels of peroxidation, measured using Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances plus fewer pH values compared to the control, as it was preserved for more days. The pomegranate pomace solutions might be utilized as natural preservatives of meat products, even at low concentrations.

Abstract Objective Silybin and curcumin have potential antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial effects of silybin and curcumin on virulence and carbapenemase genes expression among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella oxytoca. Results A total of 70 MDR K. oxytoca (carrying bla IMP and bla OXA-48-like genes) were included. The antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm production of isolates were determined. The silybin and curcumin at concentrations 10–500 mg/mL alone and in combination were exposed to bacterial isolates in Mueller Hinton broth medium for 24 h. The expression of bla IMP, bla OXA-48-like, mrkA, pilQ, matB and fimA genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of curcumin and silybin were 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-virulent effect of 100 mg/mL of silybin and curcumin was shown by significant reduction in the expression of fimA (2.1-fold, P

Cocrystallization is an emerging approach for improving physico-chemical characteristics of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for instance dissolution rate, solubility, stability in addition to mechanical properties without affecting their therapeutic activity. It is of great importance when other approaches like salt or polymorph formation do not encounter the estimated targets. In this review article, an outline of pharmaceutical cocrystals will be presented, with highlighting on factors affecting cocrystallization which include ∆pKa, donors and acceptors hydrogen bonds, molecular recognition point, synthon forming functional groups flexibility, dicarboxylic acid coformers carbon chain length and solvent effect, as well as and the methods for cocrystal preparation. Additionally, cocrystal characterization, dissolution pattern as well as the commercially available products were discussed.

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of 10 pattern recognition receptors (TLR1–TLR10) involved in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses besides their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). TLR10 is the least studied TLR in MS, and data for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TLR10 gene are limited. Therefore, a case–control study was performed on 85 patients with relapsing–remitting MS and 86 healthy controls (HC) to explore SNPs in the promoter region of TLR10 gene. A 927-bp region was amplified, and Sanger sequencing identified 10 SNPs with a minor allele frequency ≥ 10% (rs200395112 T/A, rs201802754 A/T, rs201228097 T/A, rs113588825 G/A, rs10004195 T/A, rs10034903 C/G, rs10012016 G/A/C, rs10012017 G/T, rs33994884 T/Deletion [Del] and rs28393318 A/G). Results Del allele and T/Del genotype of rs33994884, as well as AG genotype of rs28393318, showed significantly lower frequencies in MS patients compared to HC. Allele and genotype frequencies of the 10 SNPs showed no significant differences between MS patients classified according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Haplotype analysis revealed that haplotype A-T-A-G-A-G-G-T-A showed a significantly increased frequency in MS patients compared to HC (odds ratio [OR] = 9.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28–73.31; corrected probability [pc] = 0.03), while frequency of A-T-A-G-T-C-A-T-G haplotype was significantly decreased (OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.01–0.85; pc = 0.05). Conclusions The study indicated that two SNPs may influence susceptibility to MS (rs33994884 and rs28393318), but haplotype analysis of TLR10 gene SNPs was more informative.

Since its first description as a cytotoxic agent, Olea europaea leaves extract gained significant popularity against human breast cancer, ethyl acetate extract of Olea europaea leaves obtained by acid hydrolysis method was evaluated in vitro as cytotoxic agent against new human breast cancer (AMJ13) cell line, using the MTT assay. One main pentacyclic triterpenoid; oleanolic acid, was isolated from leaves of Olea europaea by well-known two different methods, but not used for this compound before, the acidic hydrolysis method and basic acidic method. The presence of oleanolic acid was proved in both methods with qualitative and quantitative determination using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which was active against breast cancer AMJ13 cell line with IC50 value of 0.8936 ?g/ml.

Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal disorders with a prevalence of 50-66%. The prevalence of hematinic deficiencies including ferritin and vitamin B12 deficiencies and their role in the prophylaxis and development of RAS is not well known. Many studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of hematinic deficiencies in patients with RAS. This study aimed to compare the serum level of ferritin and vitamin B12 in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers and healthy controls. Subjects, Materials and Methods: The data were collected from patients who needed blood analysis to exclude anemia from November 2020 to May 2021. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. After recording patients' demographics ( age, gender, occupation, address) 5ml of blood was drawn from patients and controls in educational laboratories centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, then serum was stored at -20°C till the time of assessment of both serum ferritin and vitamin B12. The data were expressed as Mean ± SD. Students Unpaired t-test was used for comparing biochemical parameters between patients and controls and a p-value of

Recently emerging pandemic SARS CoV-2 conquered our world since December 2019. Continuous efforts have been done to find out effective immunization and precise treatment stetratigies A way from therapeutic options that were tried in SARS CoV-2, an increased attention is directed to predict natural products and mainly phytochemicals as collaborative measures for this crisis. In this review, most of the mentioned compounds specially flavonoids (biacalin, hesperidin, quercetin, luteolin,, and phenolic (resveratrol, curcumin, and theaflavin) exert their effect through interfering with the action of one or more of this proteins (spike protein, papain like protease, 3 chymotrypsin like cysteine protease, and RNA dependent RNA polymerase) that are involved in viral life cycle beside the anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds. The triterpenoids (celastrol, escin and glycyrrhizin) and the alkaloids (lycorine and cepharanthine) mediated their effect mainly through anti-inflammatory activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhizin metabolite) dawn regulates ACE 2, and reduces protease expression, thus reduce viral entry. This review may be representing an initial step in long path for designing the successful and effective treatment or vaccine for this pandemic.

Abstract Background Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (bla IMP-1, bla IMP-2, bla VIM-1, bla VIM-2) and AmpC (bla FOX, bla DHA, bla CMY, bla ACC) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. Results In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the bla IMP-1 genes and bla IMP-2 genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the bla CMY genes and bla FOX genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.

Ficusreligiosa Linn, (Moraceae), is a large evergreen or deciduous, irregularly shaped tree. Traditionally the leaves are used for the treatment of constipation, vomiting, hiccup, and others. Leaves were extracted by two methods; maceration and soxhelt using hexane and 80% aqueous methanol, then subjected to preliminary phytochemical examination, fractionation with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n.butanol, then TLC. Soxhelt was the suitable extraction method. Sterols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids were identified in leaves. TLC examination demonstrates the possible presence of stigmasterol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and luteolin or apigenin.

Regaining the activities of daily living after stroke and spinal cord injury requires repetitive and intensive tasks, meaning that rehabilitation therapy should be treated with a long duration. Thus, the need for rehabilitation devices based home is of most importance to increase the rehabilitation process and provide more comfortability for patients. This paper focuses on implementing and construction of a three degree of freedom (DOF) (flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and pronation/supination), low cost, lightweight, and portable robotic exoskeleton for wrist-forearm rehabilitation. SolidWorks software program and 3D printer technology are used to model and construct the proposed robotic exoskeleton structure. In addition, the anthropometric parameters of the normal human lower arm are considered for this exoskeleton to provide a range of motion (ROM) and velocity for the links, joints, which matches with the anatomical structure of human and also to avoid the excesses motions over the normal range. The exoskeleton is constructed by a 3D printer utilizing polylactic acid (PLA) plastic material. The proposed implementing structure of the robotic exoskeleton shows comfortable, lightweight, simple and economic as well.

This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is greatly dependent on the reaction orchestrated by the immune system. This is clearly obvious in relation to the clinical status of COVID-19 infection, which can be symptomless, mild, moderate, or severe. Even the complications of the disease show a proportional pattern in relation to the immune response. On the contrary, the commonly used anti-COVID-19 vaccines generate protective humoral and cellular immunity. The magnitude of this immunity and the components involved in it are discussed in detail. Furthermore, many of the adverse effects of these vaccines can be explained on the basis of immune reactions against the different components of the vaccines. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccine for different age groups, many factors have to be considered. This is a cornerstone, particularly in the following age groups: 1 day to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years. Many factors are involved in deciding the route, doses, and schedule of vaccination for children. Another important issue in this dilemma is the hesitancy of families in making the decision about whether to vaccinate their children. Added to these difficulties is the choice by health authorities and governments concerning whether to make children’s vaccination compulsory. In this respect, although rare and limited, adverse effects of vaccines in children have been detected, some of which, unfortunately, have been serious or even fatal. However, to achieve comprehensive control over COVID-19 in communities, both children and adults have to be vaccinated, as the former group represents a reservoir for viral transmission. The understanding of the various immunological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the preparation and application of its vaccines has given the sciences a great opportunity to further deepen and expand immunological knowledge. This will hopefully be reflected positively on other diseases through gaining an immunological background that may aid in diagnosis and therapy. Humanity is still in continuous conflict with SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be for a while, but the future is expected to be in favor of the prevention and control of this disease.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was put as the development of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). The purpose of the present study is to compare the dosimetric analysis of two techniques of radiotherapy (IMRT) and 3D-CRT, which include target volume and organ at risk for both plans. The present study enrolled that nine patients with different types of brain cancer which previously irradiated from November 2018 to May 2019 were selected in Zhianawa Cancer Center in Sulaymaniyah; all cases were planned again by both techniques 3D-CRT and IMRT. IMRT planning provides reducing the dose of both right and left optic nerve mean dose for right optic nerve 13.70 Gy and left 14.93 Gy compared with the 3D-CRT plan (right optic nerve 23.54 Gy and left 19.13 Gy). P = 0.2 for the right optic nerve and P = 0.56 for the left optic nerve were statistically significant. IMRT plan reduces dose to the optic chiasm compared to 3D-CRT plan, the mean dose of optic chiasm for IMRT was 33.37 Gy relative to 3D-CRT which was 34.28 Gy and P = 0.92. IMRT plan was better than 3D-CRT for many organs at risk, especially for optic chiasm and both optic nerve deliver less dose than 3D-CRT.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci(VRE) were common among Enterococcus. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Teicoplanin resistance or sensitivity can determine the VRE phenotypes whether VanA (VanR/TecR) or VanB (VanR/TecS). Linezolid resistance among VRE regards an newly emerged health problem. Infection with LRVRE or TRLRVRE pushan hazardous alert for hard to heal illness. Twenty eight Enterococcus spp. isolates were recovered from children diarrhea after their inoculation on m-EI chromogenic agar. Antibiotics susceptibility and phenotypic detection of antibiotics resistance were performed according to CLSI 2016. The results revealed 92.86% resistance to rifampin, 85.71% to erythromycin. VRE were 46.42%, TRE were 25% and LRE were 35.71% while co-existed resistance for Vancomycin/Teicoplanin/Linezolid(TRLRVRE) were detected 25% in. concern antibiotics resistant patterns, the MDR compile (85.7%) while XDR compile (10.7%) and there is no PDR among Enterococcus. spp. isolates were PDR. The presentstudy conclude that VanA and VanB phenotypes were common among MDR and XDR and although there is no using of linezolid but the emergence of TRLRVRE isolates were stated.

The present study was carried out during February to May 2018 in Baghdad hospitals. A sample of urine has been collected from fifty patients with an infection in their urinary tract (UTIs) of both sexes and different ages. Bacteriological investigation of urine samples from UTIs patients is made to isolate and diagnose Proteus mirabilis bacterium. In addition, the study detects the phenotypic and genetic characteristic of Proteus mirabilis α-hemolysin activity. Moreover, for the study to prove its hypothesis, a molecular detection has been carried out utilizing specific primer to hpmB gene which encodes α-Hemolysin as a factor of virulence of Proteus mirabilis through the use of PCR. The results show that 7(%100) of isolates are positive for hpmB at 422 bp. Two isolates of P. mirabilis are sequenced as hpmB genes. The ratio of identity of the hpmB genes with the CP017085.1 and CP020052.1 stains at NCBI global databases copmrised 100%, 99% respectively.

In this paper, the dynamical behavior of a three-dimensional fractional-order prey-predator model is investigated with Holling type III functional response and constant rate harvesting. It is assumed that the middle predator species consumes only the prey species, and the top predator species consumes only the middle predator species. We also prove the boundedness, the non-negativity, the uniqueness, and the existence of the solutions of the proposed model. Then, all possible equilibria are determined, and the dynamical behaviors of the proposed model around the equilibrium points are investigated. Finally, numerical simulations results are presented to confirm the theoretical results and to give a better understanding of the dynamics of our proposed model.

Water is obligatory for sustaining life on Earth. About 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. However, only one percent of the total water is drinkable. The presence of contaminants in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water is a serious threat to human and environmental health. Their toxic effects and resistance towards conventional water treatment methods have compelled the scientific community to search for an environmentally friendly method that could efficiently degrade toxic contaminants. In this regard, visible light active photocatalysts have proved to be efficient in eliminating a wide variety of water toxins. A plethora of research activities have been carried out and significant amounts of funds are spent on the monitoring and removal of water contaminants, but relatively little attention has been paid to the degradation of persistent water pollutants. In this regard, nanoparticles of doped ZnO are preferred options owing to their low recombination rate and excellent photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity under irradiation of solar light. The current article presents the roles of these nanomaterials for wastewater treatment from pollutants of emerging concern.

In this research a hand –lay up method was employed to prepare hybrid composites from epoxy resin rein forced with woven roving glass fiber at different volume fraction (20%,30%,40%).Thermal conductivity was measured at the above volume fractions and curing time (2h),(4h).Experimental results showed that ,the thermal conductivity values increase with increasing the volume fraction and curing time.

Escherichia coli clones, designated as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), are responsible for extraintestinal infections. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that E. coli is composed of four main phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D) and six subgroups (i.e. A0, A1, B22, B23, D1 and D2). Group A and B1 are generally associated with commensals, whereas group B2,D is associated with extra-intestinal pathotypes. In the present study, a total of 53 E. coli isolates, isolated from human clinical samples, were used. Phylogenetic grouping was done based on the PCR method using primers targeted at three genetic markers, chuA, yjaA and TspE4.C2. According to PCR-based phylotyping, subgroup B23 contained the majority of the collected isolates ( 40 isolates, 75.47 %), followed by subgroups A1and B22 (4 isolates for each subgroup, 7.55 %), followed by subgroups D2( 3 isolates, 5.66 %) and A0, D1 (1 isolate for each subgroup, 1.88 %). No isolates were found to belong to group B1 . Based on the results, the majority of isolates were extra-intestinal pathotypes. Therefore, the role of E. coli in human infections including urinary tract infections, septicemia, vaginitis and meningitis should be considered for further research.

Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are most important genital mycoplasma responsible for many genitourinary tract infections. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and bacterial prostatitis are most clinically significant infections that affect a wide spectrum of male age groups. The incorrect or inappropriate diagnosis and susceptibility testing leads to unsuitable medication and as a results delay of recovery and bad squeal like infertility. During a period of sex months, twenty two expressed prostate secretion (EPS) samples and eighteen urethral swabs were collected from patients with age (44.55±21.22 years). All samples were inoculated to strip and after 24 hours at 37° C the results recorded. The results of detection of genital mycoplasma revealed that only 3 (16.7%) of expressed prostate secretion samples give positive results for both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis while 10 (45.5%) urethral swab were positive for both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Common age group of prostatitis infected with genital mycoplasma is (41-60 years) while urethritis was detected among all three groups. The results of antibiotic susceptibility revealed that all isolates were fully sensitive (100%) to all antibiotics incorporated within the well except for erythromycin, roxithromycin, tetracyclin and levofloxacin in which one isolate (7.7%) was exhibit resistance in both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. The current study conclude the genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis) are predominant among non gonococcal urethritis and the macrolides still the choice for treatment while prescription of quinolones and tetracyclin must be under control due to emergence of resistance isolates.

Objectives: Cholecystectomy is the established treatment for symptomatic gall stones and cholecystitis. In our locality, all cholecystectomy specimens are routinely sent for histopathological examination regardless of the presence or absence of preoperative or intraoperative suspicion of malignancy. This has led to an increased workload for the histopathologists. This study was conducted to assess the necessity for routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens and to call attention to a selective criteria for sending gallbladders to the histopathological examination. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of computerized histopathological reports of 1176 cholecystectomy specimens and the available patients clinical data for the last ten years. Results: Analysis of 1176 cholecystectomy specimens during the last ten years, revealed five cases of primary invasive adenocarcinoma (0.42%) and one case of carcinoma in situ. Of the five invasive adenocarcinomas, three were stage pT3. One case was stage pT2 and one case was stage pT1b. In all cases of invasive adenocarcinoma, there was a clinical suspicion of malignancy before or during surgery with detectable macroscopical abnormalities that encouraged the surgeon to send the gall bladder for histopathological examination. Conclusion: Invasive adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder is associated with detectable macroscopical abnormalities in all cases. Hence histopathological examination could be restricted to the macroscopically abnormal looking gall bladders. Such a selection will save time, cost and burden on the histopathologists without affecting the patients’ safety.

T-cell lymphoma is a rare disease in which T lymphocyte cells become cancerous. These lymphomas account between 10 percent and 15 percent of all cases of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. Like the B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas are classified into two broad categories: aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent (slow-growing) (1). The G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle is controlled by pRb protein, which functions in its hypophosphorylated form as a negative regulator of growth. p27 (Kip1), a member of CIP/KIP family of cyclin inhibitory proteins, participates in inhibition of forming complexes that allow pRb to phosphorylate and lead the cell into mitosis (2). To analyze the impact of concordant expression of p27 and HTLV-1 infection on a group of tissues with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Eighty formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded lymph node tissues were enrolled in this study; (40) biopsies from Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), and (40) lymph nodes with (unremarkable pathological changes) as apparently healthy controls.. Detection of HTLV-1was done by ultra-sensitive version of in situ hybridization method whereas immunohistochemistry detection system was used to demonstrate the expression of P27 gene expression. The HBZ gene of HTLV-1positive –CISH reaction was detected in (45%: 18 out of 40 cases) of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma tissues.No HTLV-1 positive – CISH reaction was detected in healthy lymph nodes tissues of the control group. The differences between the percentages of HTLV-1 detection in NHL tissues and control groups were statistically highly significant (P value = < 0.05). The positive P27-IHC reactions wase detected in 42.5% (17 out of 40 cases) of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. A strong positive correlation was found between the detection, scores and intensity of p27marker. Significant expressions of both p27markers as well as HTLV-1 genes in Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma could indicate for their possible roles both in lymph node pathogenesis and carcinogenesis.

Occurrence of early nephrotic syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients is extremely rare. Herein, we report the case of a 12-year-old boy who presented to our pediatric nephrology clinic with generalized edema. He had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at age 9 and had been treated with regular insulin. Examinations revealed normal kidney function, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria (4+), hyperlipidemia, and low protein-to-creatinine ratio. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and was empirically administered prednisolone for 12 weeks. Subsequently, prednisolone was tapered over 10–12 weeks. The patient showed good response to treatment. In conclusion, co-existence of nephrotic syndrome and type 1 diabetes mellitus may suggest an immunological basis; therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between these two conditions.

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been in a race to develop vaccines that can control the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 250 projects have been initiated for this purpose, but only 14 of them have been authorized for use, despite being in phase 3 clinical trials. More than 40 other vaccines are also in phase 1/2 clinical trials and show promising outcomes. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccines for each country or region, we reviewed the currently used vaccines in light of the different influencing parameters. These factors include the mode of action, dosage protocol, age group of the vaccinee, side effects, storage conditions, mounted immune response, and cost. Technically, there are seven types of vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2: messenger RNA (mRNA), nonreplicating and replicating vectors, inactivated viruses, protein subunits, viral-like particles, DNA vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines. The mRNA type is being used for the first time in humans. Unfortunately, mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 have started to appear worldwide, and researchers are investigating the effects of the currently used vaccines on them. There are many concerns regarding the long-term protection afforded by these vaccines and their side effects, and whether they require future modifications to be effective against the mutated variants. The development of new vaccines using more advanced technology is paramount for overcoming the difficulties in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic across the world.

In this paper, the human robotic leg which can be represented mathematically by single input-single output (SISO) nonlinear differential model with one degree of freedom, is analyzed and then a simple hybrid neural fuzzy controller is designed to improve the performance of this human robotic leg model. This controller consists from SISO fuzzy proportional derivative (FPD) controller with nine rules summing with single node neural integral derivative (NID) controller with nonlinear function. The Matlab simulation results for nonlinear robotic leg model with the suggested controller showed that the efficiency of this controller when compared with the results of the leg model that is controlled by PI+2D, PD+NID, and FPD-ID controllers.

Background: Bloodstains often constitute the major physical evidence in criminal investi-gations. In many cases, the bloodstains found by the crime scene examiner are minute, possibly because of dissimulation efforts by the perpetrator to eliminate evidence that reveals his identity. In such cases, short tandem repeat (STR) detection procedures must be performed using the same minute bloodstain evidence on which presumptive tests had been performed earlier. In the present study, two of the most often used presumptive test reagents, phenolphthalein and leucomalachite green, were tested to determine their effects on the ability to obtain STR profiles from minute bloodstains. Methods: Dried minute bloodstains obtained from 10 donors were treated with phenolphthalein and leucomalachite green. After various times, genomic DNA was extracted from the treated samples using a QIAamp DNA Micro Kit. DNA was quantified with real-time PCR using a Quantifiler Kit. STR loci were amplified using an AmpFLSTR Identifiler Plus Kit, and the amplified products were separated via capillary electrophoresis in a 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Results: Full DNA profiles were obtained from all minute bloodstain samples treated with phenolph-thalein when extracted after intervals ranging from 1 h to 1 week. In contrast, the DNA in minute bloodstain samples treated with leucomalachite green was severely degraded, especially after relatively long intervals, leading to poor partial DNA profiles. Conclusion: Phenolphthalein is recommended as a safe presumptive test reagent for the detection of blood evidence recovered from crime scenes that might subsequently undergo DNA profiling analysis.