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The objective of our study was to investigate the genetic structure of yet uninvestigated populations of three closely related horse breeds – the Danubian Horse, the Hungarian Nonius and the Serbian Nonius – in order to clarify their origin and genetic diversity. A 640-bp-long fragment of the mtDNA D-loop region was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the investigated breeds have different genetic profiles although they share some common characteristics. We identified nine of the 17 haplogroups described in modern horses. Most of the obtained sequences fall into the M, L, G, and O’P lineages, which is indicative of the genetic profile of the ancestral mares that had probably been used at the initial stages of the formation of the breeds. The population of the Danubian Horse is characterised by a high prevalence of the Anatolian specific haplogroup G (45%), followed by the Western Eurasian specific haplogroups L and M (both about 21%). In the Hungarian Nonius breed we found the highest frequency of the Western Eurasian haplogroup M (44%), followed by the Middle Eastern O’P (26%) and the Central Asian specific E (13%) and G (13%). The Serbian Nonius showed a distinct genetic profile, characterised by a high prevalence of the rare European haplogroup D (67%), followed by the Central Asian specific haplogroup G (17%). The high percentage of haplogroups shared especially between the Danubian and the Hungarian Nonius indicates the possibility of a common origin of the two breeds. In contrast, the Serbian Nonius showed a specific genetic profile, which can be explained by a different and independent origin.

This article proposes a method to improve the accuracy of a vernier absolute magnetic encoder. The encoder consists of a master and a nonius multipolar magnetic track. Sinusoidal signals from the master and nonius tracks are used to infer the absolute information. Unfortunately, these signals are contaminated by nonideal factors such as different amplitudes, dc-offsets, phase shifts, and random noise. Moreover, harmonics existing in the encoder signals distort the vernier principle and significantly affect the accuracy of the encoder. To address these problems, the present article proposes an efficient method with three main parts. The first is an observer phase-locked loop (OPLL), which is used to estimate the phase and eliminate the nonideal factors. The second is nonlinear phase compensation, which is used to correct the vernier principle that deviated due to the existing harmonics. Finally, a pole pitch compensation method is introduced to modulate the master phase angle from the OPLL to eliminate the harmonic distortion. The proposed method can eliminate the nonideal factors, harmonic distortion and improve the accuracy of the encoder. All the proposed methods were implemented on an ARM STM32F407ZG. The experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method for practical applications.

Trata-se de um artigo que tem por objetivo estudar as obras do matemático português Pedro Nunes, ou Petrus Nonius, destacando a obra intitulada Libro de Algebra em Arithmetica y Geometria. Para a elaboração deste trabalho foram usados informações e dados que se encontram disponíveis na internet e na literatura científica. Foram estudados os métodos de resolução de equações, para os quais Nunes usava tanto a álgebra quanto a geometria para suas demonstrações, além dos conhecimentos aprofundados dos livros de Euclides, os Elementos. Além disso, Nunes criou diversos instrumentos de medida, dentre os quais, anel náutico, instrumento de sombras e o nônio, mencionados neste trabalho. Palavras-chave: Pedro Nunes. Álgebra. Geometria. Instrumentos de Navegação. Abstract It is an article that aims to study the works of the Portuguese mathematician Pedro Nunes, or Petrus Nonius, highlighting the work entitled Book of Algebra in Arithmetic and Geometry. For the elaboration of this work, information and data were used that are available in the internet and in the scientific literature. Methods for solving equations were studied, for which Nunes used both algebra and geometry for his demonstrations, as well as the in-depth knowledge of Euclid's books, the Elements. In addition, Nunes created several measuring instruments, among them, nautical ring, shadow instrument and the vernier, mentioned in this work. Keywords: Pedro Nunes. Algebra. Geometry. Navigation instruments.

This article is devoted to the Nonius Marcellus, Roman grammarian of 4th century AD. This is a foreword to the publica-tion of some of the glosses from his De compendiosa doctrina. The author addresses such problems as structure and specific character of this treatise; he also analyses information on gender available in it.

When fixating an object, observers typically under or over-converge by a small amount, a phenomenon known as “fixation disparity”. Fixation disparity is typically measured with physical fixation targets and dichotically presented nonius lines. Here we made fixation disparity measurements with an autostereoscopic display, varying the retinal eccentricity and disparity of the fixation targets. Measurements were made in a group of four practiced observers and in a group of thirteen experimentally naïve observers. Fixation disparities with a zero-disparity target were in the direction of fixation behind the plane of the screen and the magnitude of the fixation disparity grew with the eccentricity of the fixation targets (1-5 deg in the practiced observers and 1 – 10 deg in the naïve observers). Fixation disparity also increased with increasing disparity of the targets, especially when they were presented at crossed disparities. Fixation disparities were larger overall for naïve observers who additionally did not converge in front of the screen when vergence demand was created by crossed disparity fusion locks presented at 5 and 10 deg eccentricities.

Possible approaches to the creation of navigation systems for lunar missions are considered. Radio navigation systems of moderate wavelength are proposed, with a query model of data transmission using a network of stations. A model of the measurements taking account of the Nonius principle is considered. For a system with fixed initial characteristics, that improves the navigational precision without the need for any hardware or software modifications. The operational principle of the proposed navigation system is outlined, and its characteristics are assessed.

The development of new methods and high-bit instruments for measuring phase shifts of high-frequency periodic signals with high speed for radar and radionavigation tasks is an actual task. The purpose of this work is to create a new phase shift meter for high-frequency periodic signals based on the double-matching method using direct digital frequency synthesis.On the basis of the proposed mathematical model of phase shift measurements of periodic signals by the method of double coincidence using the statistical accumulation of pulse coincidences, a functional diagram of a digital phase shift meter of periodic signals using a direct digital frequency synthesizer is developed. This allowed the implementation of an 8-bit converter phase shift signal to the code on the programmed logic integrated circuit EPM240T100C5N firm Altera.The digital phase shift meter of periodic signals based on the double-matching method consists of two comparators, two short-wave pulse generators, a direct digital frequency synthesizer, two pulse counter control circuits, two short pulse coincidence circuits, two pulse counting circuits, four clock counters, four registers, a microcontroller and an indicator. Block diagram of a double-matching digital phase meter using direct digital sintesizer use minimal hardware logic.In the developed phase shift meter, due to the use of the double-matching method, the time delay between signals does not depend on the period of input signals and can be found when changing the frequency of periodic pulses in wide limits. Measurement errors will be determined mainly by the duration of the pulses of coincidence. The use of statistical accumulation of pulse coincidence in the basis of the work allowed eliminating the restrictions on the duration of pulses of known non-ionic meters.On the basis of the obtained results, a high-bit converter of phase shifts of high-frequency periodic signals into a binary code with high speed for problems of industrial tomography, radar and radionavigation can be developed.

Fixation disparity (FD) refers to a suboptimal condition of binocular vision. The oculomotor aspect of FD refers to a misadjustment in the vergence angle between the two visual axes that is measured in research with eye trackers (objective fixation disparity, oFD). The sensory aspect is psychophysically tested using dichoptic nonius lines (subjective fixation disparity, sFD). Some optometrists use nonius tests to determine the prisms for constant wear aiming to align the eyes. However, they do not (yet) use eye trackers. We investigate the effect of aligning prisms on oFD and sFD for 60 sec exposure duration of prisms determined with the clinically established Cross test in far distance vision. Without prisms, both types of FD were correlated with the aligning prism, while with prisms the FD was close to zero (these analyses included all base-in and base-out cases). The effect of base-in prisms on oFD was proportional to the amount of the aligning prism for the present 60 sec exposure, similar as for the 2- 5 sec exposure in Schmid et al. (2018). Thus, within 1 minute of prism exposure, no substantial vergence adaptation seems to occur in the present test conditions. Further studies may investigate intra- individual responses to different exposure times of aligning prisms in both prism directions.

On Arusianus Messius, author of a lexicon of idiomatic Latin phrases, and his relations to the senatorical aristocracy in late 4th.c.AD.; on the composition and structure of his work; its sources, e.g. commentaries on Virgil, Terence and Cicero as well as on other lexicographers like Nonius, who is shown to precede Arusianus. Finally, the paper examines whether the lexicon has been transmitted in the original form or in a shortened redaction

For daily CyberKnife QA a Winston-Lutz-Test (Automated-Quality-Assurance, AQA) is used to determine sub-millimeter deviations in beam delivery accuracy. This test is performed using gafchromic film, an extensive and user-dependent method requiring the use of disposables. We therefore analyzed the usability and accuracy of high-resolution detector arrays. We analyzed a liquid-filled ionization-chamber array (Octavius 1000SRS, PTW, Germany), which has a central resolution of 2.5mm. To test sufficient sensitivity, beam profiles with robot shifts of 0.1mm along the arrays' axes were measured. The detected deviation between the shifted and central profile were compared to the real robot's position. We then compared the results to the SRS-Profiler (SunNuclear, USA) with 4.0mm resolution and to the Nonius (QUART, Germany), a single-line diode detector with 2.8mm resolution. Finally, AQA variance and usability were analyzed performing a number of AQA tests over time, which required the use of specially designed fixtures for each array, and the results were compared to film. Concerning sensitivity, the 1000SRS detected the beam profile shifts with a maximum difference of 0.11mm (mean deviation = 0.03mm) compared to the actual robot shift. The Nonius and SRS-Profiler showed differences of up to 0.15mm and 0.69mm with mean deviation of 0.05mm and 0.18mm, respectively. Analyzing the variation of AQA results over time, the 1000SRS showed a comparable standard deviation to film (0.26mm vs. 0.18mm). The SRS-Profiler and the Nonius showed a standard deviation of 0.16mm and 0.24mm, respectively. The 1000SRS seems to provide equivalent accuracy and sensitivity to the gold standard film when performing daily AQA tests. Compared to other detectors in our study the sensitivity as well as the accuracy of the 1000SRS appears to be superior and more user-friendly. Furthermore, no significant modification of the standard AQA procedure is required when introducing 1000SRS for CyberKnife AQA.

This work presents a nonius time to digital converter (TDC) adapted to a passive RF identification (RFID) pressure sensor tag. The proposed converter exploits the characteristics of time-based sensor interfaces and allows reducing voltage supply and power consumption while maintaining resolution and conversion efficiency. The nonius TDC has been designed and fabricated using the TSMC 90 nm standard CMOS technology. The main blocks of the converter are described and both the resolution adjustment and measurement processes are explained in detail. Measurement results show 10.49 bits of effective resolution for an input time range from 28.19 to 42.93 μs. With a sampling rate of 19 KS/s the converter has a conversion efficiency of 0.395 pJ/bit with a voltage supply of only 0.6 V. This characteristics in the proposed nonius TDC enables an increased reading range of the passive RFID pressure sensor tag.

Enseñar el uso de un micrómetro de exteriores para la medición de longitudes, Consulta rápida para uso en mediciones de longitudes e interpretación de la lectura, antes y después de realizar prácticas con el instrumento

– The paper focuses on the collection and analysis of the epigraphic evidence in Mutina dating from the 3rd century AD to the 5th century AD, with particular attention to funerary inscriptions. For the period between the half of the 3rd century AD and the half of the 4th century AD it can be noted a significant presence of military officers and exponents of the bureaucracy, who often reused ancienter proconnesian marble sarcophagi for themselves or their relatives. Almost all the inscriptions contain an explicit indication of the family relationships among the persons mentioned so it is possible to reconstruct family units which sometimes include ancestors until the second generation. An interesting case is that of the vir consularis L. Nonius Verus, for whom epigraphic documents allow to reconstruct more than a family unit. In fact there are three inscriptions which have been traditionally related to L. Nonius Verus and mention three different wifes (CIL XI 831, 832, 1017); in particular two of them surely concern the vir consularis whereas the third one could be attributed to a namesake relative.

Shows the development phase meter multiplying the time interval by vernier method. The functional diagram of the phase meter. This Arrington relevant for industrial and laboratory conditions. The objective of the pilot study is the analysis of the phase meter with digital vernier multiplying the duration of the time interval

Descripción de los componentes, modos de uso y lecturas del pie de rey en la medición de longitudes, Consulta rápida para usos en mediciones de longitudes e interpretación de la lectura, antes y después de realizar prácticas con el mismo

The ability to estimate the distance of objects from one’s self and from each other is fundamental to a variety of behaviours from grasping objects to navigating. The main cue to distance, stereopsis, relies on the slight offsets between the images derived from our left and right eyes, also termed disparities. Here we ask whether the precision of stereopsis varies with professional experience with precise manual tasks. We measured stereo-acuities of dressmakers and non-dressmakers for both absolute and relative disparities. We used a stereoscope and a computerized test removing monocular cues. We also measured vergence noise and bias using the Nonius line technique. We demonstrate that dressmakers’ stereoscopic acuities are better than those of non-dressmakers, for both absolute and relative disparities. In contrast, vergence noise and bias were comparable in the two groups. Two non-exclusive mechanisms may be at the source of the group difference we document: (i) self-selection or the fact that stereo-vision is functionally important to become a dressmaker, and (ii) plasticity, or the fact that training on demanding stereovision tasks improves stereo-acuity.

Enseñar el uso y las diversas posibilidades de medición de ángulos de un proyector de perfiles, Consulta rápida para usos en medición de ángulos, antes y después de realziar prácticas con el instrumento

Enseñar el uso y las diversas posibilidades de medición de un goniómetro., Consulta rápida para usos en medición de ángulos, antes y después de realizar prácticas con el mismo.

Nowadays breeding has become the problem often solved in European states and it has been paid much attention by breeding organizations. In terms of hippology as well as some urgent requirements from the side of nonius breeders we have focussed on this particular breed especially from the reason of its further survival and development in Slovakia. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the growth indicators as well as the achievement level of the stallions since 1927 to the present. Based on our research of the nonius body lines we can state that at present there are 3 stallions that are followers of the N VIII horse line founder. In general, there are 12 stallions that are active within this breed in Slovakia. It was statistically confirmed that this particular breed grew much stronger through the goal-directed breeding work, improved nutrition as well as the immediate breeding site. It was quite complicated to evaluate the performance tests because the individual indicators were significantly influenced by the subjective views of the commitee members performing the evaluation. The next factor which prevents the objective evaluation is the fact that in the period up to 1979, the performance tests were valued by the 100 point system and from the year 1980 by the 10 point system. That is why we take the performance test results into account only as supplemental ones, which can provide a kind of amendment to the observed biological parameters.

This paper presents a comparative study on time-to-digital converters (TDC) for their use as part of an RFID tag sensor. TDCs can digitize any physical magnitude previously converted to time delay and exploit the benefits of time domain conversion: high resolution with reduced power consumption and low voltage operation. Three different TDC architectures are analyzed and a calibration strategy tailored for RFID sensing applications is proposed in order to account for process variations. Converters implemented using a 0.18@mm CMOS standard process have been analyzed at transistor level for human body temperature sensing applications. An accuracy of 0.011^oC is achieved in the range from 35^oC to 43^oC for the nonius TDC with a power consumption of only 4.1nW at 10 samples per second from a 1.8V voltage supply.

In a paper in an earlier issue of this journal I endeavoured to show that Nonius Marcellus’ three glossarial sources known as ‘Gloss. iii’, ‘Alph. Verb’ and ‘Alph. Adverb’ (lists 26, 27 and 28 in W.M. Lindsay's analysis of Nonius’ sources) were compiled by a lexicographer who paid attention to both metre and sense when excerpting works of Republican poetry. That compiler always excerpted quotations of poetry such that they consisted of, or began or ended with, a metrically complete verse. That method has produced quotations of high quality that are, on several counts, considerably more transparent and more reliable than those preserved by less diligent sources.

Nonius je pasmina konja koje se razvijala na području današnje Mađarske, u vrijeme Austro- Ugarske Monarhije kada današnje područje Hrvatske bilo dio spomenute državne tvorevine. Nonius je pasmina koja je nastala početkom 19. stoljeća te je zamalo iščeka sredinom 20. stoljeća. Prestankom uporabe konja u vojne svrhe te sve većim uplivom mehanizacije u poljodjelstvu pasmina Nonius izgubila je svoju temeljnu namjenu, što je potaklo brzi pad veličine populacije. Danas je u svijetu registrirano svega nekoliko stotina grla ove pasmine od kojih je najviše registrirano u Mađarskoj. Nonius je visoko ugrožena pasmina. Cilj rada je ukazati na odlike i uporabne potencijale ove pasmine u nadi da će njihov broj u budućnosti rasti. Temeljem proučene literaturne građe i aktualnih odlika vanjštine može se zaključiti da je Nonius pogodna pasmina za zaprežna i maratonska natjecanja, te za uporabu za rekreativno jahanje. Nonius pasmina radi tradicije uzgoja u Republici Hrvatskoj te povoljnih radnih (uporabnih) odlika pogodna pasmina za veći krug profesionalnih i rekreativnih jahača.

This study is a part of an ample research concerning the genetic analysis (history) of Nonius horses from Izvin studfarm. The genetic analysis studies are a part of Animal Genetic Resources Management because just start of them we elaborate the strategies for inbreeding management. This study has as purpose to present two important aspects of genetic analysis: reproductive isolation level and age structure.This parameters has a capital importance in animal breeding because there has a directly influence in animal population evolution. The reproductive isolation situation was quantified using the relation elaborated by S. Wright in 1921. The age structure situation is based on the age distribution histogram. The analysis showed that the Nonius horse from Izvin stud is a reproductively isolated population and have its own evolutionary path. Age structure is not balanced with negative repercurssions on generation interval.

Vernier scales have been extensively used since the 17th century. They replaced the Nonius scale, a unpopular device due to difficulty in its fabrication and use, and they coexisted alongside other types of scales that increased measurement precision and accuracy in complementary ways. I suggest that the success of Vernier and diagonal scales is due not only to simplicity of fabrication, but also to their exploitation of visual hyperacuities.