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A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação Pública (PPGP) do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). O trabalho abordou a não permanência de estudantes matriculados na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) semipresencial em uma escola pública da rede estadual de Minas Gerais, denominada Centro Estadual de Educação Continuada (Cesec). Nesse enfoque, analisou como a gestão dessa escola pode contribuir para a identificação dos fatores que levam à não permanência dos estudantes, buscando atuar no incentivo à frequência e elevando os índices de conclusão nessa modalidade. O caso de gestão estudado teve como objetivo geral analisar quais os desafios da gestão frente à não permanência dos estudantes dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental da EJA, no contexto de um Cesec da rede estadual de Minas Gerais, para propor medidas que visem atenuar as altas taxas de não permanência na instituição em foco. A hipótese assumida no estudo foi que os estudantes-trabalhadores que frequentam o Cesec, na sua maioria, de acordo com conversas informais, tem muita pressa de concluir a etapa. Embora aspirem pela conclusão de forma mais imediata, não persistem na frequência e, diante disso, adiam a conclusão do curso. Os objetivos específicos para este estudo foram: descrever as especificidades referentes à não permanência dos estudantes da Educação de Jovens e Adultos nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental; analisar os motivos que os levaram a não completar o curso e verificar, com os que deram continuidade ao curso, quais as maiores dificuldades enfrentadas. Para tanto, a pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, utilizou como instrumentos metodológicos entrevista com os professores orientadores de aprendizagem e questionário semiestruturado com os estudantes. A partir da análise dos dados produzidos, constatando-se que a razão mais apontada para a não permanência na escola é a necessidade de trabalhar, procedeu-se à apresentação de um Plano de Ação Educacional propondo ações que possam auxiliar a gestão a minimizar o problema detectado, buscando a diminuição gradativa dos níveis de não permanência na EJA semipresencial por meio de inovações e de planejamento pedagógico constante. The present dissertation was conducted in the context of the Professional Postgraduate Program in Education Management and Evaluation (PPGP) of the Center for Public Policies and Education Evaluation of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). The study addressed the non-permanence rates of students enrolled in the Adult and Youth Education Modality (EJA) in a state school in Minas Gerais. This institution is known as the State Continuing Education Center (CESEC). In this approach, it was analyzed in this work how the management in this school can contribute to identifying factors that lead students to drop out school. This work seeks to encourage students to attend classes and to raise the completion rates in this modality. The management case studied had as main aim the analysis of the management challenges faced by students from the final years of EJA Elementary School in the context of a Cesec in Minas Gerais, in order to propose measures aimed at reducing high rates of non-permanence in the institution. The hypothesis assumed in the study was that most of the student workers who attend the Cesec are in a great hurry to complete the stage according to informal conversations. Despite the fact they wish to complete the course immediately, they do not persist in attending the classes regularly and, consequently, delay the course completion. The additional aims of this study were to describe the specificities related to the non-permanence of the EJA students in the final years of Elementary School, to analyze the reasons that led students not to complete the course and the greatest difficulties faced by the ones who continued their studies. In order to do so, this qualitative research used as the methodological tools an interview with the learning teacher-tutors and a semi-structured questionnaire with the students. Based on the data analysis, it was possible to verify that the need to work is the most apparent reason for school dropout. The study presented an Educational Action Plan which proposed actions whose aim is to help the management minimize the problem. One of the aims is to obtain a gradual decrease in the non-permanence rates in the blended EJA by innovations and constant pedagogical planning.

Deforestation is currentlythe source of about 20% of anthropogenicCO2 emissions. Avoided deforestationhas, nonetheless, been ruled out as a CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM) category in theKyoto Protocol's first commitment period,because several methodological issues wereconsidered too difficult to resolve. Thispaper explores whether CDM issues such as(1) carbon quantification, (2)additionality and baseline setting, (3)leakage risks, (4) non-permanence risks,and (5) sustainable development can beadequately dealt with in large, diversifiedforest conservation projects. To this aim,it studies the case of the Costa RicanProtected Areas Project (PAP), anActivities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)project which was meant to consolidate thenational park system to avoiddeforestation, promote the growth ofsecondary forests and regenerate pastureson an area that, in total, covers 10% ofthe national territory. The case studyexamines how the issues mentioned abovehave been addressed in the project designand in the certification process. It isfound that baseline uncertainties are themajor problem in this case. Nonetheless,the case suggests the possibility toaddress CDM issues by specific requirementsfor project design and very conservativeand temporary crediting. Provided thatother case studies support this conclusion,eligibility of well-designed forestconservation projects under the CDM in thesecond commitment period may be worthconsidering, given the secondary benefitsof avoided deforestation.

The complexities inherent in land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities have led to contentious and prolonged debates about the merits of their inclusion in the 2008–2012 first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Yet the inclusion of these activities played a key role in agreement on the general framework of the Kyoto Protocol, and LULUCF will likely continue to play a substantial part in negotiations on national commitments post-2012. The Marrakech Accords dictate which LULUCF activities are to be included under the Kyoto Protocol and provide rules on how they are to be accounted in the first commitment period. However, these rules have limitations and drawbacks that may be avoided in the structure of future commitments beyond 2012. Through adherence to the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the incorporation of several critical features, a future framework can more effectively address the mitigation challenges and opportunities of this sector.

International audience; The Ninth Conference of the Parties (COP-9) decided to adopt an accounting system based on expiring carbon credits to address the problem of non-permanent carbon storage in forests established under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This article reviews and discusses carbon accounting methods that were under consideration before COP-9 and presents a model which calculates the minimum area that forest plantation projects should reach to be able to compensate CDM transaction costs with the revenues from carbon credits. The model compares different accounting methods under various sets of parameters on project management, transaction costs, and carbon prices. Model results show that under current carbon price and average transaction costs, projects with an area of less than 500 ha are excluded from the CDM, whatever accounting method is used. Temporary crediting appears to be the most favorable approach to account for non-permanent carbon removal in forests and also for the feasibility of smaller projects. However, lower prices for credits with finite lifetimes may prevent the establishment of CDM forestry projects. Also, plantation projects with low risk of unexpected carbon loss and sufficient capacity for insuring or buffering the risk of carbon re-emission would benefit from equivalence-adjusted average carbon storage accounting rather than from temporary crediting.