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Background: Lolland-Falster Health Study (LOFUS) was a health examination survey that included self-administered questionnaires, clinical examinations, and the collection of biological samples, undertaken in 2016–2020 in a rural, socioeconomically deprived area with the lowest life expectancy in Denmark. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of non-participation in LOFUS to evaluate the extent to which LOFUS data reflected the general population of the area. Methods: LOFUS invited randomly selected subjects together with their entire household. As determinants of non-participation, we analyzed age, sex, municipality of residency, citizenship, residency status, socioeconomic status, invitation type, and year of invitation. Relative risk regression was used to estimate the association between determinants and non-participation rate, mutually adjusted for other determinants. Results: In total, 53,313 subjects were invited of whom 18,949 (36%) participated. In the multivariable analysis, men had a 3% higher non-participation rate than women; subjects with citizenship other than Danish had a 3% higher non-participation rate than Danes. In-migrants had 6% higher non-participation than long-term residents. Compared with self-supported subjects aged 30–64, both publicly supported subjects of this age and younger and older subjects had higher non-participation rates: 16%, 16%, and 13%, respectively. Compared with self-supported, long-term residents, publicly supported in-migrants had 23% higher non-participation. Conclusions: Only about one third of subjects invited to LOFUS participated. Yet, this is a relatively high participation rate compared with other recent health examination surveys in Denmark. Furthermore, there was a relatively flat social gradient in the non-participation rate across the studied determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can reduce both CRC incidence and mortality, and faecal immunochemical testing (FIT)-based screening programmes are therefore now being implemented in many countries. However, social inequality in FIT-based screening participation is well documented, and initiatives to address this challenge are understudied. We explored the perceptions of CRC screening and the perceived barriers and facilitators towards FIT-based CRC screening among men visiting a drop-in centre for people with severe social problems in Denmark. Methods: The study was a qualitative interview study. Participants were sixteen men visiting a drop-in centre in Denmark. A local staff member provided supplementary information and assisted with the recruitment process. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, followed by an inductive content analysis. Results: The men were often dealing with health and social problems, and they often had low self-esteem. At first, they stated that they did not think much about cancer and their own risk of being diagnosed with it. They argued that they had little time, energy, and resources to participating in, for example, CRC screening programmes, and barriers to participating were facts of life such as comorbidity and cognitive difficulties. Further, they were not sure how to participate, and some misunderstood the concept of screening. However, during the interviews, the main part of the participants became very keen to participate, and they suggested that in the future, they could receive regular information about cancer screening in face-to-face interactions with someone who cared and was interested in helping them. Conclusion: Men in a vulnerable position visiting a drop-in centre were interested in CRC screening. If we intervene in a way that meets the needs among these vulnerable citizens, it may contribute to reducing social inequality in FIT-based CRC screening programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, more and more students show an avoidance of participation in public and political life. This phenomenon causes serious concern and deserves attention from society. Modern students may feel helpless in the face of the complexity of political processes and their impact on everyday life. They may believe that their participation will not change anything and will not bring meaningful results. Such pessimism and alienation from politics form a negative image of a student who does not show interest in public affairs and leads to the choice of an evasion strategy, that is, avoidance and non-participation in socio-political processes. In this regard, the article analyzes the factors influencing the choice of an evasion strategy, identifies possible tactics and suggests ways to involve students in the socio-political sphere. The purpose of the study is to identify the causes, tactics and consequences of the use of evasion among students in the socio-political sphere, as well as ways to involve students in socio-political activities. The methods of collecting empirical data were: a series of focus groups among students in four regions: Kostroma, Vologda, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions (the choice of regions is associated with the presence of universities in them, members of the consortium “Upper Volga - the territory of innovation”), in-depth interviews of experts (university administrators and teachers, representatives of public and student organizations working directly with young people within the framework of the main activities of their organizations), as well as content analysis of students’ essays. According to the results of the study, the main factors influencing the choice of an avoidance strategy by students were identified, the forms of student avoidance from socio-political life were determined, and ways of involvement were proposed.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can reduce both CRC incidence and mortality, and faecal immunochemical testing (FIT)-based screening programmes are therefore now being implemented in many countries. However, social inequality in FIT-based screening participation is well documented, and initiatives to address this challenge are understudied. We explored the perceptions of CRC screening and the perceived barriers and facilitators towards FIT-based CRC screening among men visiting a drop-in centre for people with severe social problems in Denmark. Methods The study was a qualitative interview study. Participants were sixteen men visiting a drop-in centre in Denmark. A local staff member provided supplementary information and assisted with the recruitment process. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, followed by an inductive content analysis. Results The men were often dealing with health and social problems, and they often had low self-esteem. At first, they stated that they did not think much about cancer and their own risk of being diagnosed with it. They argued that they had little time, energy, and resources to participating in, for example, CRC screening programmes, and barriers to participating were facts of life such as comorbidity and cognitive difficulties. Further, they were not sure how to participate, and some misunderstood the concept of screening. However, during the interviews, the main part of the participants became very keen to participate, and they suggested that in the future, they could receive regular information about cancer screening in face-to-face interactions with someone who cared and was interested in helping them. Conclusion Men in a vulnerable position visiting a drop-in centre were interested in CRC screening. If we intervene in a way that meets the needs among these vulnerable citizens, it may contribute to reducing social inequality in FIT-based CRC screening programmes.

Attracting a sufficiently diverse number of participants for the success of firms' creative crowdsourcing is a critical and persistent issue. Our analysis of 40 in-depth interviews capturing crowd heterogeneity (ordinary consumers and creative professionals), highlights seven barriers to participation. For example, ordinary consumers highlight scepticism towards the firm's genuine willingness to concede power and perceived illegitimacy; professionals complain about governance unfairness and the lack of regulation. Grouping these barriers into three higher-order themes (crowd-, process- and context-related) creates a novel perspective that encompasses the empowerment-related concerns of heterogeneous crowds better than previous research. The analysis reveals both specific and common (higher purpose) levers that can alleviate these concerns, and it also questions the empowerment promise of creative crowdsourcing and has important implications for business and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper originates from experiences of low participation in science teaching in primary school during ethnographic fieldwork. Focusing on these observations and inspired by other studies conceptualising non-participation, this paper examines how non-participation is shaped and produced in primary school science. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with students in year six (12 years old), three forms of non-participation are analysed as well as the various forms and shapes they take, namely non-participation: 1. through exposure; 2. through being overlooked; and 3. through being disciplined. Using the theoretical concepts of performativity and positionality, the paper analyses how the production of non-participation emerges as rigid positions, hard to negotiate and thus quite stable over time, as well as interfering with intersections of gender, race/ethnicity and social background. At the end of the paper, we discuss how the positions' displays of stability serve as barriers to students' ability to form identities as science learners in different contexts and over time, and we argue that teachers play an important role in disrupting these positions. Moreover, we point towards future research to continue the work on conceptualising non-participation, and we suggest that there is potential in combining research on emotions and affect with understanding how non-participation is formed and shaped not only inside the classroom but also in other science settings outside school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using mixed methods, we looked into USA children's reasons behind their non‐participation in the 2018 Parkland school shooting protests from newsletters of randomly sampled 57 middle (MS) and high schools (HS) across USA. We found five themes of reasons that point to non‐protesting children's concern about protest method and issues. The MS and HS non‐protesters' concerns overlapped and differed. The reasons reveal the protests to pose adherence issues to most CRC articles on and almost all of the basic requirements of child participation. We attribute the adherence issues to problems on assigning duties in non‐adult‐provided child participation spaces like protests. To identify protest as child participation necessitate propping children's freedom of expression as the animating force behind child participation's first key element and children's right to information a prerequisite for both. In this reframing, organizing/leading children become duty‐bearers while adults primarily remain so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and objectives: Due to increasing skin cancer incidence, Germany implemented a statutory nationwide routine skin cancer screening (rSCS) in 2008. The present study aims (1) to analyze which patient factors are associated with the participation in rSCS in Germany and (2) to investigate reasons for nonparticipation. Patients and methods: Participants and nonparticipants of rSCS (≥ 35 years) were recruited in routine care in nine dermatological outpatient clinics. Reasons for (non‐)participation, knowledge about skin cancer as well as clinical and socioeconomic data were obtained. Stratified by groups, descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression analyses for associations with participation were performed. Results: Of the 294 rSCS participants and 162 non‐participants, 46.5% were male with a mean age of 54.5 ± 12.7 years. In total, 87.1% had sunburns in childhood and 47.1% used sunbeds before. Higher age, female gender, previous sunbed use, and concern for and knowledge of skin cancer were significantly associated with previous rSCS participation. Of the non‐participants, 46% were unaware of the option for free rSCS and 40% justified their nonparticipation on the basis of feeling healthy. Conclusions: The reasons for nonparticipation in rSCS, such as sociodemographic characteristics and risk behavior, should be known in order to optimize rSCS programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Teachers often grapple with challenges related to classroom management, including disruptions, non-participation, and inattentiveness of the students. Studying the challenges, teachers encounter in classroom management is essential for finding strategies to improve teaching quality and student performance. Objectives of this study were to find out the perspectives of teachers regarding students' non-participation, inattentiveness, and disruptive behavior within the classroom and to identify the most challenging problem faced by the teachers in the context of non-participation, inattentiveness, and disruptive behavior. This study utilized an exploratory research design and a quantitative approach, collecting data through a survey utilizing questionnaires. A sample of 400 teachers from 93 government primary schools were selected in Tehsil City of District Lahore. Data was analysed by using SPSS v 21.0. About 60% of the teachers found it challenging to teach when students were not participating in class activities, over 70%, either agreed or strongly agreed that student attention is crucial for effective teaching and over 80%, either agreed or strongly agreed that disruptive student behavior can hinder effective teaching. The study findings highlight that disruptive student behavior is the most significant challenge, faced by teachers in the classroom environment. This indicates a strong consensus among teachers that disruptive behavior is a top concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cancer is a major global health concern. Unfortunately, Indigenous populations such as Greenlanders living in Denmark, face significant disparities in cancer risk, incidence, diagnosis, care quality, and outcomes. In Denmark, vulnerable Greenlanders face challenges accessing cancer screening. The aim of this study was to explore their perceptions of cancer, barriers to participation in cancer screening, and potential for developing a tailored intervention. Methods This qualitative study was based on participant observations and qualitative interviews. The sample comprised 46 participants from four distinct drop-in centres. Of these, 28 were vulnerable Greenlanders (19 women and 9 men), 9 were staff members (6 women and 3 men), and 6 were relatives (4 women and 2 men). The data were analysed through inductive content analysis. Results Vulnerable Greenlanders in Denmark believed they were responsible for their own health and were generally satisfied with the healthcare system. However, they found it challenging to manage their own health and many depended on support from others. Fear of cancer and death shaped their attitudes towards screening. Conclusion For vulnerable Greenlanders in Denmark participation in cancer screening programmes was positively viewed for most but could be challenging. Different intervention ideas raised by the vulnerable Greenlanders, relatives and staff members could guide the development of strategies to increase participation rates.

Background: Cancer is a major global health concern. Unfortunately, Indigenous populations such as Greenlanders living in Denmark, face significant disparities in cancer risk, incidence, diagnosis, care quality, and outcomes. In Denmark, vulnerable Greenlanders face challenges accessing cancer screening. The aim of this study was to explore their perceptions of cancer, barriers to participation in cancer screening, and potential for developing a tailored intervention. Methods: This qualitative study was based on participant observations and qualitative interviews. The sample comprised 46 participants from four distinct drop-in centres. Of these, 28 were vulnerable Greenlanders (19 women and 9 men), 9 were staff members (6 women and 3 men), and 6 were relatives (4 women and 2 men). The data were analysed through inductive content analysis. Results: Vulnerable Greenlanders in Denmark believed they were responsible for their own health and were generally satisfied with the healthcare system. However, they found it challenging to manage their own health and many depended on support from others. Fear of cancer and death shaped their attitudes towards screening. Conclusion: For vulnerable Greenlanders in Denmark participation in cancer screening programmes was positively viewed for most but could be challenging. Different intervention ideas raised by the vulnerable Greenlanders, relatives and staff members could guide the development of strategies to increase participation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundNon-participation in mental health studies is an under-explored but very important topic. Investigating reasons for non-participation holds promise for the planning of future study designs and recruitment strategies. This study aimed at investigating reasons for children and adolescents (C&A) not participating in a school-based mental health research project.MethodsData collection took place within the school-based recruitment of a large-scale multi-site project (“ProHEAD—Promoting Help-seeking using E-technology for Adolescents”) in Germany. Participants were N = 534 C&A aged ≥ 12 years attending secondary schools. The present cross-sectional study analyzed anonymous survey data of C&A who themselves or whose parents, respectively, did not provide written consent to participate in the mental health research project. The questionnaire consisted of 14 items covering potential reasons for non-participation, and four free text fields. Besides descriptive statistics, free text field answers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsStudents indicated an average of M = 2.94 (SD = 1.75) reasons for their non-participation in the project. In the descriptive analysis of indicated items, the three most frequently reported reasons for non-participation included students reporting to not be concerned by the topic “mental health” (n = 290, 54.3%), not having returned the consent form to the teacher (n = 175, 32.8%), and not having time for participation (n = 149, 27.9%). In the qualitative content analysis, the most frequently assigned categories were organizational reasons (n = 216, 57.1%), general disinterest in study participation (n = 139, 36.8%), and personal attitudes toward the topic “mental health” (n = 84, 22.2%), such as not being concerned with the topic “mental health” (n = 23, 6.1%) or being too concerned with the topic “mental health” (n = 16, 4.2%).ConclusionThe study provides unique insights into reasons for C&A and their caregivers not participating in a large federally funded mental health research project. The results suggest that in order to increase participation rates, stigma should be reduced, parents as well as teachers should be involved where possible, and the use of incentives might be helpful. The study highlights the importance of assessing reasons for non-participation, especially in online intervention studies on mental health.

This paper investigates asset allocation decisions made by three types of traders depending upon incomplete information in market equilibrium. Limited participation phenomenon is observed in the equilibrium. Moreover, we show that traders with more information might not hold more risky assets than others who have less information. Less‐informed traders trade‐off between a diversification effect induced by risk‐averse attitude and a "flight‐to‐quality" effect by their aversion towards correlation ambiguity. In equilibrium, the magnitudes between equilibrium positions of different traders are affected by the true correlation coefficient, the upper‐bound correlation conceived by naive traders and the quality of risky assets simultaneously. In some scenarios, we observe that naive and uninformed traders "escape" from low‐quality assets to high‐quality ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: High psychological distress is reported by one third of colorectal cancer survivors (CRCS). However, intervention studies for CRCS have reported low participation rates. In this study, reasons for non‐participation and low uptake in a psychological intervention trial were investigated. Methods: CRCS were recruited for a randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of blended cognitive behavior therapy for psychological distress via databases, follow‐up consultations, advertisements and an ongoing population‐based study. The recruitment flow and reasons for non‐participation were analyzed for patients recruited between 2016 and 2020. Subgroups were compared based on demographic, clinical and screening data. High distress as study entry criterion was measured with the Distress Thermometer (DT ≥ 5) and the problem list (PL). Results: From all recruitment methods together, 1326 CRCS responded to the invitation letter of whom 510 (38%) were interested in receiving a screening questionnaire. Interested CRCS were significantly younger than non‐interested CRCS (p < 0.001). Most non‐interested CRCS reported having no complaints. Of interested CRCS, 448 (88%) completed screening with the DT of which 213 (48%) CRCS scored above the DT cutoff for high distress. The majority expressed no need for help resulting in 84 (4% of eligible) CRCS included in the trial. Younger age, shorter time since diagnosis and more problems on the PL were positively related to participation. Conclusions: In this study a low participation rate was found. However, patients with high distress and most in need for help were included in the trial. For future research it is recommended to perform pilot‐ and feasibility studies to optimize recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) provide an alternative certification system for smallholder organic farmers producing for the domestic market. Officially recognized in Chile since 2007, PGS certification has grown in momentum in recent years. We used semi-structured interviews, surveys and participant observations to shed light on the PGS movement in Chile and the respective governance framework. Our results indicate that after PGS formalization, Chilean PGS initiatives struggle to comply with wide-ranging administrative procedures similar to those requested for third-party certification (TPC). Furthermore, lacking resources among PGS initiatives inhibit the PGS movement from impacting the national discourse. We present two PGS initiatives and their organizational structures, exploring ‘who’ participate, ‘how’ participation occurs, and ‘what kind’ of participation takes place. Our results indicate that the interaction as well as the exchange of knowledge among PGS members is a central benefit perceived by PGS participants. However, regular PGS member participation is hindered by the required time investment, the distance that PGS members need to travel and the perceived lacking expertise they have.

Background: Participation of Adolescents and Young Adults with cancer (AYAs: 18–39 years at time of diagnosis) in patient-reported outcome studies is warranted given the limited knowledge of (long-term) physical and psychosocial health outcomes. We examined the representativeness of AYAs participating in the study, to observe the impact of various invitation methods on response rates and reasons for non-participation. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional cohort study was performed among long-term (5–20 years) AYA cancer survivors. All participants were invited using various methods to fill in a questionnaire on their health outcomes, including enclosing a paper version of the questionnaire, and sending a reminder. Those who did not respond received a postcard in which they were asked to provide a reason for non-participation. Results: In total, 4.010 AYAs (response 36%) participated. Females, AYAs with a higher socio-economic status (SES), diagnosed more than 10 years ago, diagnosed with a central nervous system tumor, sarcoma, a lymphoid malignancy, stage III, or treated with systemic chemotherapy were more likely to participate. Including a paper questionnaire increased the response rate by 5% and sending a reminder by 13%. AYAs who did not participate were either not interested (47%) or did want to be reminded of their cancer (31%). Conclusions: Study participation was significantly lower among specific subgroups of AYA cancer survivors. Higher response rates were achieved when a paper questionnaire was included, and reminders were sent. To increase representativeness of future AYA study samples, recruitment strategies could focus on integrating patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice and involving AYA patients to promote participation in research.

Aims: It is becoming increasingly possible to obtain additional information about health survey participants, though not usually non-participants, via record linkage. We aimed to assess the validity of an assumption underpinning a method developed to mitigate non-participation bias. We use a survey in Finland where it is possible to link both participants and non-participants to administrative registers. Survey-derived alcohol consumption is used as the exemplar outcome. Methods: Data on participants (85.5%) and true non-participants of the Finnish Health 2000 survey (invited survey sample N =7167 aged 30-79 years) and a contemporaneous register-based population sample (N =496,079) were individually linked to alcohol-related hospitalisation and death records. Applying the methodology to create synthetic observations on non-participants, we created 'inferred samples' (participants and inferred non-participants). Relative differences (RDs) between the inferred sample and the invited survey sample were estimated overall and by education. Five per cent limits were used to define acceptable RDs. Results: Average weekly consumption estimates for men were 129 g and 131 g of alcohol in inferred and invited survey samples, respectively (RD –1.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) –2.2 to –0.04%) and 35 g for women in both samples (RD –1.1%; 95% CI –2.4 to –0.8%). Estimates for men with secondary levels of education had the greatest RD (–2.4%; 95% CI –3.7 to –1.1%). Conclusions: The sufficiently small RDs between inferred and invited survey samples support the assumption validity and use of our methodology for adjusting for non-participation. However, the presence of some significant differences means caution is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the non-appearance of respondent States has been experiencing a renaissance before the ICJ. Frequently, the practice is concomitant with informal communications by the non-participating party to the Court. The ICJ has been rather generous in considering such communications in light of the obligation under Article 53(2) of its Statute to examine comprehensively and proprio motu its jurisdiction and the merits in cases of non-appearance. However, informal communications force the Court into a dilemma. For one, they challenge the equality of the parties and the good administration of justice. More generally, taking too lenient an approach allows non-participating States to "have their cake and eat it too": they try to delegitimize the proceedings while simultaneously presenting their position in a favourable light. This article, therefore, encourages the Court to take a more formal approach regarding informal communications while respecting its duties under Article 53(2) of the Statute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Internationales Jahrbuch der Erwachsenenbildung is the property of wbv Media GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Having an unhealthy lifestyle is associated with a higher risk of developing lifestyle-related diseases. Current evidence suggests that interventions targeting health-risk behaviors can help people improve their lifestyles and prevent lifestyle-related diseases. However, preventive programs are often challenged by low participation rates. Reasons for non-participation include lack of time and/or interest, and/or no perceived need for lifestyle intervention. This study explores causes for non-participation in a sample of people who chose not to take up a targeted preventive program (TOF pilot2 study). Patient-reported reasons as well as sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors are in focus. Methods A total of 4633 patients from four Danish GP clinics received an invitation to take part in the TOF pilot2 study. Patients who chose not to participate in the TOF pilot2 study were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning reasons for non-participation, lifestyle, BMI and self-rated health. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the results. Results A total of 2462 patients (53.1%) chose not to participate in the TOF pilot2 study. Among these, 84 (3.4%) answered the full questionnaire on reasons for not participating, lifestyle, BMI and self-rated health. The most common reasons for non-participation were lack of time, having an already healthy lifestyle, and feeling healthy. Based on their self-reported lifestyle 45 (53.6%) of the non-participants had one or more health-risk behaviors including smoking, unhealthy diet, BMI ≥ 35 and/or sedentary lifestyle and were therefore eligible to receive the targeted intervention at the GP or the MHC in the original TOF pilot2 study. Conclusion When planning future preventive programs it is important to know the main reasons for patients to not participate. This study provides rare insight into why people opt out of health interventions and advances the evidence base in this area. Our results may inform efforts to better involve these patients in preventive health programs. Trial registration Trial registration number: NCT02797392 .

Research apps allow to administer survey questions and passively collect smartphone data, thus providing rich information on individual and social behaviours. Agreeing to this novel form of data collection requires multiple consent steps, and little is known about the effect of non‐participation. We invited 4,293 Android smartphone owners from the German Panel Study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) to download the IAB‐SMART app. The app collected data over six months through (a) short in‐app surveys and (b) five passive mobile data collection functions. The rich information on PASS members from previous survey waves allows us to compare participants and non‐participants in the IAB‐SMART study at the individual stages of the participation process and across the different types of data collected. We find that 14.5 percent of the invited smartphone users installed the app, between 12.2 and 13.4 percent provided the different types of passively collected data, and 10.8 percent provided all types of data at least once. Likelihood to participate was smaller among women, decreased with age and increased with educational attainment, German citizenship, and PASS tenure. We find non‐participation bias in substantive variables, including overestimation of social media usage and social network size and underestimation of non‐working status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses detail from the records of the Clothworkers' Company to explore the tensions that lay beneath the surface of the elaborate Lord Mayors' Shows of Sir John Ireton in 1658 and Sir John Robinson in 1662. Nearly one hundred members of the Company failed to pay their contributions (or 'fines') towards the Shows, leading to a shortfall in funding that the Company's Court of Assistants sought to remedy through protracted and expensive institutional and legal proceedings. The article seeks explanations for such behaviour. While the invidiousness of financial burdens and the inability of members to pay their fines are instructive, explicit evidence of enduring divisions between elements of the Company's hierarchy demonstrate how institutional non-participation is inextricable from wider political and religious issues. In the final analysis, suggestive evidence of radical tendencies among the Clothworkers' membership conveys that the Shows of 1658 and 1662 could be vectors of opposition to the regimes of which Ireton and Robinson were representative, as well as the extravagant Shows themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is easily detectable by mammography and many countries run national screening programs for women as a target group. Yet, the majority of these countries have screening participation rates below the recommended level of 70%. Objective: The aim of the present article was to examine a connection between existing health practices and a decision to participate during breast cancer screening. Methods: Methodologically, this research was a web panel and quantitative telephone survey. The survey was conducted among 1200 Estonian women in the age group 50–69 years. Statistical data analysis was performed with SPSS using a descriptive and logistic regression model. Results: The findings revealed that among different background variables, age and existing health practices significantly influenced the decision-making for participating in the screening. Results also highlighted that the possibility to participate in the screening increased with existing supportive health practices and with the increasing age. Other sociodemographic factors did not have a significant influence on the decision-making of participation. Conclusions: There is a need to educate people from an early age about the developments in health practices that could support a healthy lifestyle in terms of individual responsibility. Thus, public health campaigns should not only call for action but also focus on health education in terms of the role of preventive medicine and health practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-participation can be a source of selection bias. We evaluated the effect of non-participation on food insecurity prevalence among 2942 young adults from the EPITeen cohort (Portugal), which we have followed since assembling the cohort in 2003–2004. We conducted a cross-sectional study when the cohort participants were 26 years old. To examine the effect of non-participation, we statistically imputed the missing data on food security status using multivariate imputation by chained equations based on characteristics associated with food insecurity, specifically household income perception, education and household structure from 21 or 24 years of age follow-ups. In our cohort, non-participation caused ~ 2% difference in the food insecurity prevalence: 11.0% (95% CI 9.0–13.0) for 954 participants and 12.6% (95% CI 11.1–14.1) after imputation. These estimates are close to evidence from other European countries and sustain the relevance of developing public health interventions to promote food security, especially considering the negative nutritional and health outcomes associated with food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing pace of technological change and digitalisation of workplaces, low-educated workers continue to participate in non-formal adult education (NFE) to a significantly lesser degree than do other workers. At the same time, low-educated workers also face many other barriers to participation. One key question related to their non-participation is what role the different types of perceived barriers play. Based on an earlier investigation, we have identified dispositional, situational, and institutional barriers to non-participation in NFE. The aim of the present two-step empirical research is to determine the structure (first step) and occurrence (second step) of these barriers in low-educated workers. For this purpose, we have used the specially developed research tool Non-Participation in Non-formal Education Questionnaire (NP-NFE-Q). Based on this validated tool, we have done a two-step empirical investigation on representative sample of low-educated workers from the Czech Republic that shows the strength of situational barriers related to the workplace, and distinguishes individual groups of non-participants through a cluster analysis. The results expand knowledge in the field of adult education and offer practical implications towards the higher participation of low-educated workers in NFE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Population‐based biomarker surveys are the gold standard for estimating HIV prevalence but are susceptible to substantial non‐participation (up to 30%). Analytical missing data methods, including inverse‐probability weighting (IPW) and multiple imputation (MI), are biased when data are missing‐not‐at‐random, for example when people living with HIV more frequently decline participation. Heckman‐type selection models can, under certain assumptions, recover unbiased prevalence estimates in such scenarios. Methods: We pooled data from 142,706 participants aged 15–49 years from nationally representative cross‐sectional Population‐based HIV Impact Assessments in seven countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, conducted between 2015 and 2018 in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Eswatini. We compared sex‐stratified HIV prevalence estimates from unadjusted, IPW, MI and selection models, controlling for household and individual‐level predictors of non‐participation, and assessed the sensitivity of selection models to the copula function specifying the correlation between study participation and HIV status. Results: In total, 84.1% of participants provided a blood sample to determine HIV serostatus (range: 76% in Malawi to 95% in Uganda). HIV prevalence estimates from selection models diverged from IPW and MI models by up to 5% in Lesotho, without substantial precision loss. In Tanzania, the IPW model yielded lower HIV prevalence estimates among males than the best‐fitting copula selection model (3.8% vs. 7.9%). Conclusions: We demonstrate how HIV prevalence estimates from selection models can differ from those obtained under missing‐at‐random assumptions. Further benefits include exploration of plausible relationships between participation and outcome. While selection models require additional assumptions and careful specification, they are an important tool for triangulating prevalence estimates in surveys with substantial missing data due to non‐participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Participation of Adolescents and Young Adults with cancer (AYAs: 18–39 years at time of diagnosis) in patient-reported outcome studies is warranted given the limited knowledge of (long-term) physical and psychosocial health outcomes. We examined the representativeness of AYAs participating in the study, to observe the impact of various invitation methods on response rates and reasons for non-participation. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional cohort study was performed among long-term (5–20 years) AYA cancer survivors. All participants were invited using various methods to fill in a questionnaire on their health outcomes, including enclosing a paper version of the questionnaire, and sending a reminder. Those who did not respond received a postcard in which they were asked to provide a reason for non-participation. Results: In total, 4.010 AYAs (response 36%) participated. Females, AYAs with a higher socio-economic status (SES), diagnosed more than 10 years ago, diagnosed with a central nervous system tumor, sarcoma, a lymphoid malignancy, stage III, or treated with systemic chemotherapy were more likely to participate. Including a paper questionnaire increased the response rate by 5% and sending a reminder by 13%. AYAs who did not participate were either not interested (47%) or did want to be reminded of their cancer (31%). Conclusions: Study participation was significantly lower among specific subgroups of AYA cancer survivors. Higher response rates were achieved when a paper questionnaire was included, and reminders were sent. To increase representativeness of future AYA study samples, recruitment strategies could focus on integrating patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice and involving AYA patients to promote participation in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 2 decades, youth‐led protests have increased. However, whereas youth mobilization has been widely examined, why some youth participate while others remain on the sidelines has not been adequately explored and remains not well understood. In 2019, protests against an extradition bill amendment led to unprecedented mass demonstrations, riots, and electoral turnout in Hong Kong. Young people were among the largest and most engaged participant groups during the movement. Yet even though protest action became a part of daily life on campuses, some students who sympathized with the movement did not become active supporters. This analysis examined reasons for non‐participation using survey and interview data from undergraduate students. In particular, this study analyzed possible causes for the non‐conversion of sympathizers into participants and the erosion of protest participants. Differences among students were explored based on their origin. The findings showed that non‐participation was not merely a result of the ineffective mobilization of otherwise highly sympathetic individuals. Instead, perceived (in)effectiveness, identity conflicts, and barriers played an important role in individuals' decisions not to participate in protest action. The findings further our understanding of non‐participation and are discussed with respect to students' networked participation, the processual nature and individual agency in non‐participation, and the implications for culturally diverse societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a chronic illness and management requires consistent effort. The prevalence of diabetes in India is estimated to reach 80 million by 2030. It becomes essential for a proactive approach to identifying symptoms along with the psychological causal factors. Psychological interventions have been shown to aid in the management of diabetes. Voluntary participation leads to challenges of refusal to participate. This paper aims to understand the common reasons for nonparticipation in a digital intervention among patients with type 2 diabetes. It was identified that knowledge and altruistic benefits of participation in research need to be highlighted in our society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facebook allows users to engage in public discourse. However, debates on social network sites are criticised for damaging democracy by adding to polarisation, limiting perspectives, and promoting a derogatory tone driven by emotion and personal conviction rather than facts. Research has thus far mainly focused on visible participation on Facebook, while the experience of this public space remains under-theorised. This study provides insights into women's user experience of Facebook as an arena for public discourse by conducting qualitative interviews with 30 female users of Facebook (aged 19-74) in Norway. The findings revealed interpretive repertoires based on deliberative ideals and negativity toward activities that do not adhere to such ideals. However, the results also indicated that worry was a key factor in negotiating these ideals and sometimes unintentionally replacing them with behaviours that may be harmful to public discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Evolving medical technology, advancing biomedical and drug research, and changing laws and legislation impact patients’ healthcare options and influence healthcare practitioners’ (HCPs’) practices. Conscientious objection policy confusion and variability can arise as it may occasionally be unclear what underpins non-participation. Our objective was to identify, analyze, and synthesize the factors that influenced HCPs who did not participate in ethically complex, legally available healthcare. Methods We used Arksey and O’Malley’s framework while considering Levac et al.’s enhancements, and qualitatively synthesized the evidence. We searched Medline, CINAHL, JSTOR, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global from January 1, 1998, to January 15, 2020, and reviewed the references of the final articles. We included articles written in English that discussed the factors that influenced physicians and registered nurses (RNs) who did not participate in end-of-life (EOL), reproductive technology and health, genetic testing, and organ or tissue donation healthcare areas. Using Covidence, we conducted title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening against our eligibility criteria. We extracted the article’s data into a spreadsheet, analyzed the articles, and completed a qualitative content analysis using NVivo12. Results We identified 10,664 articles through the search, and after the screening, 16 articles were included. The articles sampled RNs (n = 5) and physicians (n = 11) and encompassed qualitative (n = 7), quantitative (n = 7), and mixed (n = 2) methodologies. The care areas included reproductive technology and health (n = 11), EOL (n = 3), organ procurement (n = 1), and genetic testing (n = 1). One article included two care areas; EOL and reproductive health. The themed factors that influenced HCPs who did not participate in healthcare were: (1) HCPs’ characteristics, (2) personal beliefs, (3) professional ethos, 4) emotional labour considerations, and (5) system and clinical practice considerations. Conclusion The factors that influenced HCPs’ who did not participate in ethically complex, legally available care are diverse. There is a need to recognize conscientious objection to healthcare as a separate construct from non-participation in healthcare for reasons other than conscience. Understanding these separate constructs will support HCPs’ specific to the underlying factors influencing their practice participation.

Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) provide an alternative certification system for smallholder organic farmers producing for the domestic market. Officially recognized in Chile since 2007, PGS certification has grown in momentum in recent years. We used semi-structured interviews, surveys and participant observations to shed light on the PGS movement in Chile and the respective governance framework. Our results indicate that after PGS formalization, Chilean PGS initiatives struggle to comply with wide-ranging administrative procedures similar to those requested for third-party certification (TPC). Furthermore, lacking resources among PGS initiatives inhibit the PGS movement from impacting the national discourse. We present two PGS initiatives and their organizational structures, exploring 'who' participate, 'how' participation occurs, and 'what kind' of participation takes place. Our results indicate that the interaction as well as the exchange of knowledge among PGS members is a central benefit perceived by PGS participants. However, regular PGS member participation is hindered by the required time investment, the distance that PGS members need to travel and the perceived lacking expertise they have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Having an unhealthy lifestyle is associated with a higher risk of developing lifestyle-related diseases. Current evidence suggests that interventions targeting health-risk behaviors can help people improve their lifestyles and prevent lifestyle-related diseases. However, preventive programs are often challenged by low participation rates. Reasons for non-participation include lack of time and/or interest, and/or no perceived need for lifestyle intervention. This study explores causes for non-participation in a sample of people who chose not to take up a targeted preventive program (TOF pilot2 study). Patient-reported reasons as well as sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors are in focus. Methods: A total of 4633 patients from four Danish GP clinics received an invitation to take part in the TOF pilot2 study. Patients who chose not to participate in the TOF pilot2 study were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning reasons for non-participation, lifestyle, BMI and self-rated health. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the results. Results: A total of 2462 patients (53.1%) chose not to participate in the TOF pilot2 study. Among these, 84 (3.4%) answered the full questionnaire on reasons for not participating, lifestyle, BMI and self-rated health. The most common reasons for non-participation were lack of time, having an already healthy lifestyle, and feeling healthy. Based on their self-reported lifestyle 45 (53.6%) of the non-participants had one or more health-risk behaviors including smoking, unhealthy diet, BMI ≥ 35 and/or sedentary lifestyle and were therefore eligible to receive the targeted intervention at the GP or the MHC in the original TOF pilot2 study. Conclusion: When planning future preventive programs it is important to know the main reasons for patients to not participate. This study provides rare insight into why people opt out of health interventions and advances the evidence base in this area. Our results may inform efforts to better involve these patients in preventive health programs. Trial registration: Trial registration number: NCT02797392. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present analysis is to identify the reasons for accepting or rejecting the invitation to be screened by the Faecal Immunochemical Test as part of the free Danish screening programme for colorectal cancer (CRC). A cross-sectional representative survey of 15,072 Danish citizens aged 50–80 years was collected in 2019 via a Web-based questionnaire administered by Statistics Denmark. Among the net sample of 6807 respondents (45%), 177 were excluded because of current treatment for colorectal disease. To determine the reasons for accepting or refusing the invitation to be screened for CRC, a latent class analysis was conducted, which allowed participants to provide several reasons for acceptance or rejection of screening. The most important reason for participating in CRC screening was the active public programme. A further reason for participation was the perceived risk for CRC, mainly in combination with the public programme. The reasons for participation did not differ between individuals who had participated and those who intended to participate when offered. Among participants who declined screening, the most frequent reasons were that they forgot to participate or that they were concerned about the unpleasant test procedure. Among individuals who intended to decline screening, a perceived low risk for CRC was the most frequently cited reason. Recommendation from a general practitioner (GP) was not given as a frequent reason for CRC screening participation which is discussed as a challenge to participation rates in population based screening program The main reasons reported for non-participation in CRC screening (i.e. forgot to participate or the unpleasant test procedure) might be addressed by a stronger endorsement from GPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response rates in epidemiological studies have generally been decreasing over the past decades. However, when the target group consists of adolescents and young adults, school-based surveys have hitherto been able to mitigate this problem: This age group can be reached relatively easy in the school context (e.g., as compared to reaching them by phone) with very low refusal rates at the student level. However, the present study used a mixed-methods approach and suggests that schools at the organizational level have meanwhile become the problematic bottleneck for school-based surveys, as they increasingly reject requests for study participation. The current article provides insights into promising means for counteracting this trend. Researchers are advised to offer flexible timeframes for schools' participation and to involve institutional gatekeepers who are endorsing their study. Furthermore, researchers, funding agencies, and schools would benefit from joint regional survey coordination systems. Such means will be crucial for the representativeness of future school-based epidemiological surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation rates in epidemiologic cohort studies have declined in recent decades. We aimed to evaluate the effect of home recruitment on participation rate and non-response bias within the individuals with psychosis in a follow-up study. The baseline (1999-2001) and follow-up (2008-2010) studies in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 consisted of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cognitive testing and psychiatric assessment. The participation rates were 67% (54/81) for baseline participants, 10% (5/49) for baseline non-participants and 35% (48/136) for those who were diagnosed with a psychosis after the baseline study. In order to increase participation of the individuals who had participated at the baseline (n=81), those who would not have participated otherwise were offered to be interviewed at home. Altogether 18 follow-up participants were home-recruited. Several illness-related variables were compared between the home-recruited participants, standard protocol participants and non-participants. The home-recruited participants had more symptoms, lower functioning, cognition and total grey matter volume, and higher use of antipsychotics measured at baseline (absolute values of effect sizes 0.60-1.05), compared to standard protocol participants and non-participants. The same differences occurred between the home-recruited and standard protocol participants in the follow-up. By using home recruitment we were able to increase the participation rate and to avoid problems of non-response bias. Effective recruitment may need special efforts in population-based studies for individuals with psychosis. Abbreviations: NFBC1966: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, CRHC: the Care Register for Health Care, PANSS: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, CGI: the Clinical Global Impression, SOFAS: the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, TGM: total grey matter volume, CVLT: the California Verbal Learning Test, VOLT: Visual Object Learning Test, AIM: Abstraction, Inhibition and Working Memory task.

Abstract Background Large-scale, centralized data repositories are playing a critical and unprecedented role in fostering innovative health research, leading to new opportunities as well as dilemmas for the medical sciences. Uncovering the reasons as to why citizens do or do not contribute to such repositories, for example, to population-based biobanks, is therefore crucial. We investigated and compared the views of existing participants and non-participants on contributing to large-scale, centralized health research data repositories with those of ex-participants regarding the decision to end their participation. This comparison could yield new insights into motives of participation and non-participation, in particular the behavioural change of withdrawal. Methods We conducted 36 in-depth interviews with ex-participants, participants, and non-participants of a three-generation, population-based biobank in the Netherlands. The interviews focused on the respondents’ decision-making processes relating to their participation in a large-scale, centralized repository for health research data. Results The decision of participants and non-participants to contribute to the biobank was motivated by a desire to help others. Whereas participants perceived only benefits relating to their participation and were unconcerned about potential risks, non-participants and ex-participants raised concerns about the threat of large-scale, centralized public data repositories and public institutes, such as social exclusion or commercialization. Our analysis of ex-participants’ perceptions suggests that intrapersonal characteristics, such as levels of trust in society, participation conceived as a social norm, and basic societal values account for differences between participants and non-participants. Conclusions Our findings indicate the fluidity of motives centring on helping others in decisions to participate in large-scale, centralized health research data repositories. Efforts to improve participation should focus on enhancing the trustworthiness of such data repositories and developing layered strategies for communication with participants and with the public. Accordingly, personalized approaches for recruiting participants and transmitting information along with appropriate regulatory frameworks are required, which have important implications for current data management and informed consent procedures.

Abstract Background Screening programmes for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer have been implemented in many Western countries to reduce cancer incidence and mortality. Ethnic minority women are less likely to participate in cancer screening than the majority population. In worst case this can result in higher incidence rates, later diagnosis and treatment and ultimately inferior survival. In this paper we explored the perceptions about cancer and perceived barriers towards cancer screening participation among ethnic minority women in a deprived area in Denmark. Methods Interview study with ethnic minority women in a deprived area in Denmark. The interviews were transcribed verbatim followed by an inductive content analysis. Results Cancer was perceived as a deadly disease that could not be treated. Cancer screening was perceived as only relevant if the women had symptoms. Knowledge about cancer screening was fragmented, often due to inadequate Danish language skills and there was a general mistrust in the Danish healthcare system due to perceived low medical competences in Danish doctors. There was, however, a very positive and curious attitude regarding information about the Danish cancer screening programmes and a want for more information. Conclusion Ethnic minority women did not have sufficient knowledge about cancer and the purpose of cancer screening. Perceptions about cancer screening were characterised by openness and the study showed positive and curious attitudes towards screening participation. The findings emphasise the importance of culturally adapted interventions for ethnic minority women in attempts to reduce inequality in screening participation.

Abstract Background Non-participation and attrition are rarely studied despite being important methodological issues when performing post-disaster studies. A longitudinal survey of civilians exposed to the January 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France, was conducted 6 (Wave 1) and 18 months (Wave 2) after the attacks. We described non-participation in Wave 1 and determined the factors associated with attrition in Wave 2. Methods Multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare participants in both waves with those who participated in the first wave only. Analyses were performed taking the following factors into account: socio-demographic characteristics, exposure to terror, peri-traumatic reactions, psychological support, perceived social support, impact on work, social and family life, and mental health disorders. Characteristics of new participants in Wave 2 were compared with participants in both waves using a chi-square test. Results Of the 390 persons who were eligible to participate in the survey, 190 participated in Wave 1 (participation rate: 49%). The most frequently reported reason for non-participation was to avoid being reminded of the painful event (32%, n = 34/105). In Wave 2, 67 were lost to follow-up, 141 people participated, of whom 123 participated in Wave 1 (re-participation rate: 65%) and 18 were new. Attrition in Wave 2 was associated with socio-demographic characteristics (age, French origin) and location during the attacks, but not with terror exposure or mental health disorders. Compared with those who participated in both waves, new participants declared less social and psychological support since the attacks. Conclusions Attrition at 6 months was not associated with exposure to terror or mental health disorders, which indicates that any bias in future analyses on IMPACTS on mental health outcomes will be limited. Our findings suggest the importance of adapting similar surveys for people of foreign origin and of improving strategies to avoid attrition of younger people, for example by using social media, peers, and the educational environment. The present study also revealed that a high level of exposure to terror and a lack of social and psychological support after a terrorist event could impede individuals’ participation in similar surveys in the short term.

Abstract Background Understanding women’s life conditions regarding their non-participation in different health-promoting and disease-preventing activities is important as it may draw attention to potential areas for improvement in the healthcare sector. Mammographic screening, a disease-preventing service, facilitates early detection of any potential malignancies and consequently prompts initiation of treatment. The reasons for non-participation in mammographic screening can be understood from different perspectives, such as socioeconomic and lifestyle-related determinants of health. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of women’s experiences and perceptions about non-participation in mammographic screening in a Swedish region with a single mammographic facility. Methods Data from individual semi-structured interviews, conducted in 2018 with eleven women between the ages of 48 and 73, were analysed by a qualitative content analysis. Results The findings reveal three main categories: 1) doubts regarding mammographic screening and its organisation, 2) sense and sensibility in the decision to refrain from mammographic screening, and 3) dependency and options. These three categories indicate aspects, such as the individual’s life situation, accessibility to the offered service, and the flexibility of the healthcare system, that need to be considered to improve the organisation of mammographic screening. Conclusion Listening to the women’s voices regarding their experiences and perceptions about mammographic screening is important as individual characteristics and social circumstances interact with healthcare and affect the degree of participation.

Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Despite the availability of effective breast cancer screening programmes, there are only six countries in the European Union reaching the recommended target rate of 70% screened. In addition to the individual reasons for refraining from breast cancer screening, this research aims to follow earlier suggestions to use a practice theoretical approach.Methods: The study sites were Estonia and Latvia, where 9 and 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted, respectively. Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used. The research was approved by ethics committees in both countries. The interviews passed textual analysis and coding.Results: The findings revealed that there are three major types of reasons - habitual, practical, and emotional - that influence the formation of the final decision to participate in breast cancer screening.Conclusion: The implementation of an individualistic approach is not sufficient to bring along desired health behaviour. All groups of reasons, individual and societal context are involved in the decision formation. Thus, structurally provided approaches and messages should be re-conceptualised and re-designed accordingly.Practice Implications: Future screening related campaigns and public health education should address the concerns derived from different types of reasons for refraining from screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the multi-asset model of Huang, Zhang and Zhu (2017) to four types of investors — insider, sophisticated, na¨ıve, and noise investors — with different information structures and re-explores the limited participation phenomenon under correlation ambiguity. We investigate whether asset allocations depend on incomplete information under market equilibrium, namely, whether investors with less information could trade more intensively than investors with more information. As correlation coefficient increases and asset quality rises, we find that investors with less information escape from low-quality assets to high-quality assets and investors with more information escape to low-quality assets from high-quality assets. Thus, in equilibrium, all the investors exhibit a flight-to-quality trading pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical assistance in dying (MAID) processes are complex, shaped by legislated directives, and influenced by the discourse regarding its emergence as an end-of-life care option. Physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) are essential in determining the patient's eligibility and conducting MAID provisions. This research explored the exogenous factors influencing physicians' and NPs' non-participation in formal MAID processes. Using an interpretive description methodology, we interviewed 17 physicians and 18 NPs in Saskatchewan, Canada, who identified as non-participators in MAID. The non-participation factors were related to (a) the health care system they work within, (b) the communities where they live, (c) their current practice context, (d) how their participation choices were visible to others, (e) the risks of participation to themselves and others, (f) time factors, (g) the impact of participation on the patient's family, and (h) patient–HCP relationship, and contextual factors. Practice considerations to support the evolving social contact of care were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the notion of digital non-participation as a form of mediated political action rather than as mere passivity. We generally conceive of participation in a positive sense, as a means for empowerment and a condition for democracy. However, participation is not the only way to achieve political goals in the digital sphere and can be hampered by the ‘dark sides’ of participatory media, such as surveillance or disempowering forms of interaction. In fact, practices aimed at abandoning or blocking participatory platforms can be seen as politically significant and relevant. We propose here to conceptualize these activities by developing a framework that includes both participation and non-participation. Focusing on the political dimensions of digital practices, we draw four categories: active participation, passive participation, active non-participation, and passive non-participation. This is not intended as a conclusive classification, but rather as a conceptual tool to understand the relational nature of participation and non-participation through digital media. The evolution of the technologies and practices that compose the digital sphere forces us to reconsider the concept of political participation itself.

Abstract Sophisticated statistical analyses of data from large‐scale prospective birth cohort studies combined with thoughtful study designs have advanced understanding about the causes, consequences and developmental course of child and adolescent mental health problems. Available large‐scale prospective cohort studies, such as ALSPAC, MoBA, and TEDS have many noteworthy strengths, but they all suffer from non‐random non‐participation and attrition over time. Recent findings have highlighted that prospective birth cohort studies need to carefully consider the importance of selection bias.

Background: Evolving medical technology, advancing biomedical and drug research, and changing laws and legislation impact patients' healthcare options and influence healthcare practitioners' (HCPs') practices. Conscientious objection policy confusion and variability can arise as it may occasionally be unclear what underpins non-participation. Our objective was to identify, analyze, and synthesize the factors that influenced HCPs who did not participate in ethically complex, legally available healthcare.Methods: We used Arksey and O'Malley's framework while considering Levac et al.'s enhancements, and qualitatively synthesized the evidence. We searched Medline, CINAHL, JSTOR, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global from January 1, 1998, to January 15, 2020, and reviewed the references of the final articles. We included articles written in English that discussed the factors that influenced physicians and registered nurses (RNs) who did not participate in end-of-life (EOL), reproductive technology and health, genetic testing, and organ or tissue donation healthcare areas. Using Covidence, we conducted title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening against our eligibility criteria. We extracted the article's data into a spreadsheet, analyzed the articles, and completed a qualitative content analysis using NVivo12.Results: We identified 10,664 articles through the search, and after the screening, 16 articles were included. The articles sampled RNs (n = 5) and physicians (n = 11) and encompassed qualitative (n = 7), quantitative (n = 7), and mixed (n = 2) methodologies. The care areas included reproductive technology and health (n = 11), EOL (n = 3), organ procurement (n = 1), and genetic testing (n = 1). One article included two care areas; EOL and reproductive health. The themed factors that influenced HCPs who did not participate in healthcare were: (1) HCPs' characteristics, (2) personal beliefs, (3) professional ethos, 4) emotional labour considerations, and (5) system and clinical practice considerations.Conclusion: The factors that influenced HCPs' who did not participate in ethically complex, legally available care are diverse. There is a need to recognize conscientious objection to healthcare as a separate construct from non-participation in healthcare for reasons other than conscience. Understanding these separate constructs will support HCPs' specific to the underlying factors influencing their practice participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]