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Aging and age-related diseases, which include the most relevant chronic non-infectious diseases (arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus), are attributed to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in various organs and tissues. Glycation (non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the name given to the in vivo reaction of reducing carbohydrates and free amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It has many negative biological effects mediated by disruption of the conformation of structural proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids at the intracellular level and in the extracellular matrix. The consequences of AGE accumulation are difficult to reverse because of the long half-life and slow elimination of AGEs, which makes the development of technologies aimed at blocking the reactions leading to their formation an urgent and important goal. Currently, pharmacology is faced with the task of searching for molecules with promising antiglycating properties. Identification of drugs that prevent glycation among well-known drugs in clinical practice is a necessary step in solving this problem. The antiglycation properties of such drugs (metformin, ramipril, telmisartan, etc.) are discussed in this review as a little-known component of their pleiotropy. The drugs are classified according to the mechanism of their antiglycation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, brief information on the regulatory importance of social and natural conditions in the gradual changes of the epidemic process was given, and the successes and experience gained in the study of this problem in recent years were shared. The manifestation of the epidemic process differs according to the structure and intensity of the disease in different population groups, territory and time. The regulation (self-regulation) of the epidemic process is provided by the genotypically and phenotypically diverse and constantly changing, interacting system of parasite causative and human - host populations acting on the basis of feedback. Staged development of the epidemic process - parasite and host populations it is the result of the influence of life on each other in changing social and natural conditions. The diversity of the ecological features of individual types of causative agent determines the multifacetedness of the periodic change of the laws of the parasitic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article briefed on the epidemiological features of cytomegalovirus infection and shared the successes and experiences of studying these diseases in recent years. Cytomegaly is an infectious disease of viral origin that is fairly common and its manifestations can range from symptomatic forms of internal organs and the central nervous system to severe injuries. The detection of symptoms of cytomegaly in newborns confirms that the fetus is infected inside the uterus. The presence of cytomegalovirus in the mating of an infected newborn proves that infection occurs through the mating. However, the receipt of cytomegaloviruses from the skin and muscle of the embryo excluded through the surgical procedure, and samples made from the lungs and kidneys of the embryo perpetrated on their own, means that the fetus is infected through ciftia in the womb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides brief information on the history of the epidemiology of infectious and noninfectious diseases and shares the achievements and experience of studying these diseases in recent years. Epidemiology, as a general medical science, studies the causes, conditions, and mechanisms of population morbidity, its distribution across the territory, among different population groups, and within space. Currently, the list of infectious diseases cannot be said to decrease, because in fact, new infections are constantly appearing, but they are not always detected in time and sometimes run in a hidden, latent manner. In the history of medicine, there are known cases of the emergence of new diseases, but the etiological origin of which is unknown and which covered large areas and then disappeared. In recent years, the general principles and methodological bases of studying all diseases at the population level have been developed. For this purpose, the term epidemiology is widely used. After the bacteriological discoveries, epidemiology was formed as a science that studies the regularities of the epidemic the process during a century of development. The formation of epidemiology as a science about epidemics coincides with the period of the emergence of ancient medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcones are a class of privileged scaffolds with high medicinal significance due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated ketone functionality. Numerous functional modifications of chalcones have been reported, along with their pharmacological behavior. The present review aims to summarize the structures from natural sources, synthesis methods, biological characteristics against infectious and non-infectious diseases, and uses of chalcones over the past decade, and their structure-activity relationship studies are detailed in depth. This critical review provides guidelines for the future design and synthesis of various chalcones. In addition, this could be highly supportive for medicinal chemists to develop more promising candidates for various infectious and non-infectious diseases.

In the article, brief information on ways to prevent hospital-acquired infections and countermeasures was given, the successes achieved in the study of these diseases in recent years and the discovery of risk factors in practice were shared. Nosocomial infections aggravate the course of the main disease, sometimes put the patient's life at risk, and prolong the length of stay of patients in the hospital. Extremely high pathogenicity of hospital strains of bacteria formed in connection with long-term treatment of patients with severe forms of purulent-septic diseases causes high lethality. The mechanism and ways of infection of the causative agents of hospital infections depend on the profile of the inpatient, the contingent of patients, the volume of treatment-diagnostic procedures and manipulations. Diagnosis of nosocomial infections is based on detection of causative agents by microbiological methods, including molecular genetic methods. Typing of pathogens allows to characterize the outbreak, that is, to determine the source of infection, the mechanism of infection and their reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, brief information on the epidemiology of risk factors for the development of ischemic heart disease was given, the successes achieved in the study of these diseases in recent years and the detection of risk factors in practice were shared. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is considered a major problem in the internal medicine clinic and is characterized as an epidemic of the 21st century. This is due to the increasing frequency of people suffering from ischemic heart diseases in different age groups, a high share of the loss of working capacity, as well as the fact that it is one of the leading causes of its lethality. The analysis of the long-term dynamics of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, revealed a slight tendency towards an increase in their number. The incidence of cardiovascular disease in the population has marked regional differences, which are related to numerous factors. A whole range of factors, traditionally called risk factors, is now sufficiently well known to actually increase the risk of morbidity and mortality from IHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the state level, measures have been carried out in different years to form a sustainable understanding of the importance of health as a personal value by the population. This is due to the global strategic interests of the Russian Federation in preserving and strengthening the health of the population. In our study, the awareness of working-age patients of primary health care about the risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and their frequency of occurrence was analyzed, taking into account the standardization of statistical indicators for 5 years (2014-2018) in the office of prevention of hypertension. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of urban clinics of the Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg in two stages. At the first stage, a sociological survey was conducted using a specially designed questionnaire. At the second stage, an analysis of 807 cases of patients aged 18 to 65 years in the office of prevention of arterial hypertension was carried out. As a result of the sociological survey, respondents among both men and women are well informed about the influence of a number of behavioral risk factors on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion. There is a high awareness of risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, in patients of working age, which is a positive result of the implementation of a population and high-risk strategy. But there are significant reserves for improving behavior for those who are ready to change it in favor of choosing a healthy lifestyle. Within the framework of primary health care, medical examinations and preventive medical examinations are aimed at increasing the awareness of the population about risk factors for the development of non-communicable, including cardiovascular diseases through medical consultations. The work of Health Centers, prevention offices, Health Schools should be aimed at low-informed patients, examine and determine the functional reserves of their body with the possibility of subsequent correction of the identified disorders. In our work, low awareness was noted in 13% of respondents. Low awareness of patients creates a high risk of unfavorable outcomes of diseases. If the patient understands the essence of his illness and the importance of following the doctor’s recommendations, then the situation may change for the better.

Aim to formulate the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention of non-communicable socially significant diseases on the basis of fitness centers. Material and methods. The longitudinal retrospective study included 370 visitors of fitness centers who attended wellness programs. The adaptation potential (AP) formula according to R.M. Baevsky served the basic method for research. According to the results of screening, the visitors were divided in three groups. Hemodynamics and trophological status were measured in each group. Results. The hemodynamics and trophological status differed depending on the adaptation potential. In the group with the AP score less than 2.6, the SBP at rest was 11311.1 mmHg, DBP 68.17.4 mmHg. In the second group, the SBP was 12611.2 mmHg, DBP = 77.510 mmHg, heart rate = 7510 bpm, BMI = 26.73 kg/m2 and waist/hip ratio= 0.840.17. In the third group: SBP = 142.811.2 mmHg, DBP = 85.710 mmHg, heart rate = 7910 bpm. BMI = 29.84.8 kg/m2, waist/hip ratio =0.900.16. The level of SBP in all three groups after the functional test was 119.5 [95% CI 115123], 125.0 [95% CI 116155] and 144.5 [95% CI 133172] mmHg (H = 52.1227, p = 0.00199), respectively. During the study period, in the first group, the AP score remained at the same level in all age groups. In the second group, there was a decrease of AP score from 2.810.13 to 2.660.21 points. In the third group, we observed the decrease from 3.3 0.14 to 3.13 0.28 points with a sufficient number of visits (101 or more per year) in all age groups. Conclusion. The use of such criterion as adaptation potential makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of mass preventive measures due to more precise differentiation of visitors and the use of homogeneous impact methods.

The article provides brief information on the epidemiology of genetically conditioned diseases and shares the achievements and experience gained in the study of these diseases in recent years. Genetically determined diseases represent a classic example of vertical transmission of hereditary material that ensures health or the development of various pathological conditions. The concept of a vertical transmission mechanism, which is not random, but necessarily determined by evolution, is most often applied to genetically determined diseases. All qualities (characteristics) that determine individual changes within the limit of "norm" are genetically determined. The epidemiology of genetically determined diseases requires not only their study at the molecular level (using specific genetic testing methods), but also population studies based on the principles of epidemiological diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the relevance of determining national trends in prevalence of diseases among the adult population in Ukraine is high, as it solves several important medical, social and economic problems of society. The aim: to determine national trends in prevalence of diseases among the adult population in Ukraine and Kharkiv region. Materials and methods: data from official sources of statistical information of Ukraine (State Institution "Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine") were used to determine national trends in prevalence of diseases among the adult population in Ukraine and Kharkiv region. A systematic analysis and generalization of the obtained data was performed and trends in prevalence of diseases among the adult population in Ukraine and Kharkiv region. Results: a decrease in the prevalence of diseases among the adult population of Ukraine over the 2010-2017 years with trends of -18.3% (general morbidity) and -25.9% (diseases detected for the first time in life) has been determined. Over the 2010-2019 years, the dynamics of reducing the prevalence of diseases and morbidity of adult residents of the Kharkiv region with trends of -12.6% and -23.0% has been established. For 2018-2019, progressive trends in reducing the prevalence of most diseases were noted, except for eating disorders and metabolic disorders (trends of increase, respectively, + 2.2% and + 2.9%) and symptoms, signs and deviations from the norm, which were found in clinical and laboratory studies (trends + 2.8% and + 3.5%) and neoplasms (only in terms of 100 thousand people) — + 0.1%. Discussion: the obtained results of the general dynamics of trends in the prevalence of diseases of the population in Ukraine completely coincide with the data of other world studies. Conclusions: there was a significant decrease in the spread of prevalence of diseases and morbidity among the mature population of Ukraine and the Kharkiv region.

Introduction: the adolescence period is a significant phase in development of noncommunicable diseases. Public health interventions that reduce risky behaviors among adolescents are beneficial across the life course. This study assessed the level of non-communicable diseases (NCDs') risk-related knowledge, the prevalence of NCDs' risk behavior, and the sociodemographic predictors of NCDs' risk-related knowledge and behaviors among in-school adolescents in a Southern Nigerian State. Methods: a cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the NCDs' risk-related knowledge and behaviors among a random multistage sample of 607 students age between 10 and 19 years. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPS questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses of data collected were carried out using the IBM SPSS version 22 software. Results: the mean age of the students was 14.7 (SD=1.52) years, 57.2% (n=347) of which were females, and 42.8% (n=260) were males. The proportion of students with good overall NCDs risk-related knowledge was 22.7% (n=138). Age, place of residence, family's socioeconomic status, and mother's level of education were significant sociodemographic predictors of good overall NCD risk-related knowledge. Among the students, 66.2% (n=402) self-report inadequate physical activity, 65.7% (n=399) self-report consumption of unhealthy diets, 29.2% (n=177) self-report current alcohol use, and 3.3% (n=20) self-report they were current cigarette smokers. Conclusion: a significant proportion of the surveyed students had poor overall NCDs risk-related knowledge and engaged in NCDs risk behaviors. The relevant stakeholders concern with prevention of NCDs in government and non-governmental organizations should target adolescents in NCD control strategies in the study setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herd health and adaptability are of concern in animal production in the tropics because of the persistent exposure to multiple stresses of low quality and quantity feeds, heat stress, high disease, and parasite incidences, poor husbandry, and breeding practices; the combined effects of these factors is high livestock mortality. High health-related mortality has been frequently reported as the major impediment to livestock production and thus the aim of this article is to investigate the vital infectious diseases and non-infectious factors that account for the majority of deaths which is crucial in determining mortality control strategies. The study applies a descriptive, Kaplan-Meier method, and truncated regression analysis using an eight-year retrospective data spanning from 2014 to 2021 was applied for this analysis. The results indicate infectious diseases as the most important cause of Galla goat mortality. The mean monthly and annual mortality rates are higher and the pre-weaning mortality of Galla goat appeared to be one of the major constraints hampering the development of replacement stock. The risk factors considered for high mortality were the age and sex of the kids. Among the infectious diseases analyzed, bacterial, parasitic, and non-specific infectious diseases were identified as the important causes of Galla goat mortality, while the non-infectious conditions included malnutrition and thermal/cold shock. The analysis provided an improved insight into animal-health-related factors which once addressed could reduce mortality and hence optimize animal husbandry performance in Galla goat production systems. Interventions in Galla goat health and husbandry are recommended to control kids' mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives to evaluate the possibility of organizing a preventive care service in a modern fitness center through the analysis of visitor's motivation to attend the center. Material and methods. The visitors of three large fitness centers filled in a questionnaire, the results of the survey were further processed using cluster analysis. Results. In 43.11.6% of cases, the main motive for visiting a fitness center was improving health. The goal of "prevention and treatment of diseases" was chosen by 23.41.4% of visitors. A motive for weight reduction was registered in 29.41.5% of cases. Visitors' ranking of the goals to attend a fitness center showed that in most cases they consider improving health (5.79 points) to be the most important task, in second place keeping fit (5.69 points). Cluster analysis allowed us to divide visitors into 8 groups, the three largest groups can be the target audience for the prevention of noncommunicable socially significant diseases. Conclusion. Some categories of fitness center visitors can be the essential target segment for emphasizing preventive activities against non-infectious socially significant diseases.

All over the world, spending on health care is of great importance to states, as it is a national prerogative to ensure the good health of citizens. Diseases from non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes and mental disorders, are the leading causes of death worldwide. The losses, both human and financial, from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are unacceptable. These diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and carry enormous costs beyond health as they drive people into poverty and deprive them of a decent life. Every year NCD claim the lives of 40 million people, many of whom die well under the age of 70. Stroke is a cardiovascular disease and is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the population. In 2019, 12.2 million people worldwide suffered a stroke, of which 6.6 million died. This makes stroke the second leading cause of death in the world. More than 100 million people worldwide have experienced and are living with the consequences of a stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out in the conditions of a large industrial complex ‟Agro-Soyuz” of the Dnipropetrovsk region for the production of the milk from Holstein cows. It has been established that due to ineffective management decisions in the industrial complex, animals leave the herd annually because of metabolic disorders and operational risks with certain dynamics depending on age. It was found that the stimulation of lactogenic function in cows with an increased rate of concentrated feed causes some metabolic disorders, which account for 30.4% of the total number of non-infectious diseases and animals retirement from the herd. It is characteristic that metabolic disorders are observed almost to the same extent in first-calf heifers and in older lactation cows. At the same time, the displacement of the abomasum in animals of the third and fourth lactations under the conditions of an industrial complex was not observed, and depletion of the body (cachexia) was characteristic of first-calf heifers, which among metabolic disorders occupied 33.3%. Cows of the fourth lactation did not suffer from enteritis. Because of adipose tissue purulent inflammation (phlegmon), an average of 5.92% of cows were eliminated from the herd. As the animals age, there was an increase in extremities disease and a decrease in the incidence of hypogalactia. It has been proven that first-calf heifers were more sensitive to mastitis of the udder than older animals. Young cows left the herd due to mastitis at the level of 17.16%, while for hypogalactia - only 7.5%. Through exploitation risks, an average of 27.04% of animals are leaving the herd annually, and this indicator grows with age: if the first-heifers are leaving at the level of 23.13%, then the cows of the second lactation were culled at the level of 28.57%, the third and fourth – respectively 30.56 and 29.41%.

• Pyroptosis is a form of lytic and inflammatory programmed cell death, and the role of EVs in the pathophysiological mechanisms of pyroptosis has emerged. • EVs could regulate pyroptotic cell death in the pathogenic courses of pyroptosis-mediated infectious and noninfectious diseases. • Discovering the mechanism of EVs-mediated pyroptosis and its impact on infectious and noninfectious diseases holds great therapeutic potential for illness treatment. • Correlation between pyroptosis and EVs in infectious and noninfectious diseases. Pyroptosis, a lytic and pro-inflammatory cell death, is important in various pathophysiological processes. Host- and bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural nanocarriers messengers, are versatile mediators of intercellular communication between different types of cells. Recently, emerging research has suggested that EVs exhibit multifaceted roles in disease progression by manipulating pyroptosis. This review focuses on new findings concerning how EVs shape disease progression in infectious and non-infectious diseases by regulating pyroptosis. Understanding the characteristics and activity of EVs-mediated pyroptotic death may conducive to the discovery of novel mechanisms and more efficient therapeutic targets in infectious and non-infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antigens of the ABO blood group systems are expressed on the membrane of the red blood cells and on the surface of several pathological and normal cells and tissues. Following this earlier investigations, the pathological state of genetic diseases and disorders were determined from the blood fluids and blood cells. Biology of most of the genetic diseases was associated with the development of marks and the ABO antigens were associated with the development of various tumours, namely gastric and pancreatic cancers. ABO antigens are used as the prognostic biomarkers in various types of cancers in human. Moreover, the association of these antigenic effects is uncertain. In human, several epigenetic marks required for the normal development. These include DNA methylation at GpG dinucleotides, noncoding RNAs and covalent modifications of histone. These functions are regulated in organized manner, regulating mitotically heritable changes in the expression of genes without changing the primary sequences of DNA. Any changes in the expression of these proteins due to genetic or environmental factors affect normal function and leads to aberrant epigenetic pattern. These aberrant epigenetic patterns lead to various human disorders, including imprinting and sub-fertility. The present review discusses the biology and genetics of various diseases and highlights the important theoretical and technical problems. Human genome sequences and other technical implications in the line of genetic diseases are discussed in this review.

Simple Summary: Wildlife disease surveillance can be considered an essential tool for providing important information about the health status of the population and for protecting human health. Between 2000 and 2020, 284 chamois carcasses from the entire home range of the species in Slovenia were examined using comprehensive necropsy and other laboratory tests. The results indicate a wide range of chamois diseases, but none of the identified diseases can be considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and/or to humans. In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) diagnosed in the national passive health surveillance of chamois in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2020, 284 free-ranging chamois provided by hunters were necropsied at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Depending on the results of complete necropsy, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations, a descriptive data analysis was performed. The most common causes of death in chamois were infectious diseases (82.2%), followed by non-infectious diseases (11.8%). Of all the causes of death, parasitic infections accounted for 70.3%, trauma for 9.7%, and bacterial infections for 9.3% of all cases. Less common diseases were viral infections, neoplasms, winter starvation, and metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization's (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthropogenic disturbances are the main threats to nonhuman primates conservation, and infectious diseases may also play a key role in primate population decline. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death in neotropical primates. Methods: A retrospective study of post‐mortem examinations was conducted on 146 neotropical primates between January 2000 and December 2018. Results: Conclusive diagnoses were obtained in 68.5% of the cases, of which 59 corresponded to non‐infectious causes and 41 to infectious diseases. Trauma was the main cause of death (54/100), with anthropogenic stressors caused by blunt force trauma injuries (collision with vehicles) and puncture wound injuries associated with interspecific aggression (dog predation) were the most common factors. Other causes of death included bacterial diseases (27%), followed by parasitic diseases (12%), neoplasms (2%), and viral diseases (2%). Conclusions: Free‐ranging primates were mostly affected by non‐infectious causes, while captive primates were by infectious conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of non-infectious corneal diseases in the city of Baku. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed databases of the outpatient polyclinics of the city of Baku in which the activities of ophthalmological departments were coordinated by the Acad. Zarifa Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Centre. Non-infectious corneal diseases were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical guidelines established by, and with involvement of specialists and equipment from the Acad. Zarifa Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Centre. Results: The most common clinical form was foreign body (54.0 ± 1.5 0⁄0000), followed by traumatic corneal erosion (47.7 ± 1.4 0⁄0000) and keratoconus (24.6±1.0 0⁄0000); chemical and thermal burns were less common (6.1 ± 0.5 0⁄0000). The age group of 0-9 years had the least prevalence (63.1 ± 4.3 per 100,000) and the age group of 101-9 years, a more than twice higher prevalence (120.9 ± 7.0 0⁄0000 per 100,000) of total non-infectious corneal diseases. The next two age groups had statistically increased prevalences of these diseases, 152.1 ± 6.1 and 262.5 ±9.2 0⁄0000, respectively. Conclusion: Estimated prevalence of non-infectious corneal diseases at a population level was 166.9 ± 2.7 0⁄0000, with the most common clinical form being foreign body (54.0 ± 1.5 0⁄0000), followed by traumatic corneal erosion (47.7 ± 1.4 0⁄0000), keratoconus (24.8 ±1.0 0⁄0000), and corneal dystrophy and degeneration (16.1 ± 0.8 0⁄0000). The age group of 60-69 years had the highest prevalence of total non-infectious corneal diseases (275.9 ± 12.6 0⁄0000), and foreign body prevalence was highest in the age group of 40-49 years (117.6 ± 6.2 0⁄0000), the prevalence of corneal dystrophy and degeneration was highest in the age group of 70-79 years (93.2 ± 12.0 0⁄0000), and the prevalence of traumatic corneal erosion was highest in the age group of 60-69 years (130.6 ± 8.7 0⁄0000).

The pandemic of noncommunicable diseases, which is currently one of the main threats to health and well-being of mankind, makes us look for ways to prevent their development early. Low cardiorespiratory endurance due to a sedentary lifestyle is associated with high cardiovascular risk, all-cause and cancer mortality. Skeletal muscles are the most important secretory organ and is characterized by outstanding metabolic performance and endurance. Exercise-induced low-dose stress contributes to mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling of not only the muscular system, but also other systems involved in maintaining muscle activity, including regulating glucose and fat metabolism, maintaining immunity, and stimulating angiogenesis. These and other effects of physical activity are implements through the myokine system discovered in recent years. Shutting off the paracrine, exocrine and endocrine functions of muscles cannot be replenished in any other way and leads to disruption of vital adaptive processes. This review describes currently available evidence of unique role of aerobic physical activity in maintaining the human health, as well as to define the chain of pathological reactions during physical inactivity. The search was carried out in the Medline and PubMed Central databases for the keywords: cardiorespiratory endurance, non-communicable diseases, maximum oxygen consumption, myokines, interleukin-6, aerobic exercise.

The purpose of this study was to analyze students’ awareness and con­sciousness about the threat to health of risk factors for the development of chronic non-infectious diseases, to determine whether they have the skills of a healthy lifestyle and to develop and scientifically substantiate the Algorithm for introducing health-saving educational technologies in the educational process of higher educational institutions of Ukraine. A sociological survey was conducted among students of higher educational institutions of Ukraine regarding the levels of awareness and consciousness about certain factors in the development of non-infectious diseases. 430 students of the Kiev National University of Trade and Economics and 216 students of SumyStatePedagogicalUniversitywere interviewed. A specially designed questionnaire was used. A high level of awareness of students about the main factors in the development of non-infectious diseases – poor nutrition, low physical activity, smoking and alcohol abuse has been established. At the same time, students are not sufficiently conscious about the risk of developing diseases and are unsufficiently motivated to a healthy lifestyle. It is shown a significant difference in indicators of healthy lifestyle among students of institutions of various profile. The Algorithm for the introduction of a health-saving educational technologies into the educational process of higher educational institutions, which is a scientifically substantiated system containing the main tasks, principles and measures aimed at raising the level of awareness and consciousness of young students about the health threat of risk factors for the development of chronic non- infectious diseases has been developed. The data obtained are the basis for the improvement of measures for the prevention of non-infectious diseases among students inUkraine.

Other than clean drinking water, vaccines have been the most effective public health intervention in human history, yet their full potential is still untapped. To date, vaccine development has been largely limited to empirical approaches focused on infectious diseases and has targeted entire populations, potentially disregarding distinct immunity in vulnerable populations such as infants, elders, and the immunocompromised. Over the past few decades innovations in genetic engineering, adjuvant discovery, formulation science, and systems biology have fueled rapid advances in vaccine research poised to consider demographic factors (e.g., age, sex, genetics, and epigenetics) in vaccine discovery and development. Current efforts are focused on leveraging novel approaches to vaccine discovery and development to optimize vaccinal antigen and, as needed, adjuvant systems to enhance vaccine immunogenicity while maintaining safety. These approaches are ushering in an era of precision vaccinology aimed at tailoring immunization for vulnerable populations with distinct immunity. To foster collaboration among leading vaccinologists, government, policy makers, industry partners, and funders from around the world, the Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Children’s Hospital hosted the 2nd International Precision Vaccines Conference (IPVC) at Harvard Medical School on the 17th–18th October 2019. The conference convened experts in vaccinology, including vaccine formulation and adjuvantation, immunology, cell signaling, systems biology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, as well as vaccines for non-infectious indications such as cancer and opioid use disorder. Herein we review highlights from the 2nd IPVC and discuss key concepts in the field of precision vaccines.

Better diagnostics are always essential for the treatment and prevention of a disease. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Hence, more accurate, sensitive, and faster diagnostic technologies that meet the ASSURED criteria are highly required for timely and evidenced-based treatment. Presently, the diagnostics industry is finding interest in microfluidics-based biosensors, as this integration comprises all qualities, such as reduction in the size of the equipment, rapid turnaround time, possibility of parallel multiple analysis or multiplexing, etc. Microfluidics deal with the manipulation/analysis of fluid within micrometer-sized channels. Biosensors comprise biomolecules immobilized on a physicochemical transducer for the detection of a specific analyte. In this review article, we provide an outline of the history of microfluidics, current practices in the selection of materials in microfluidics, and how and where microfluidics-based biosensors have been used for the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Our inclination in this review article is toward the employment of microfluidics-based biosensors for the improvement of already existing/traditional methods in order to reduce efforts without compromising the accuracy of the diagnostic test. This article also suggests the possible improvements required in microfluidic chip-based biosensors in order to meet the ASSURED criteria.

Inflammatory lesions of the sclera have a recurring course with a wide range of clinical manifestations and are hard to treat by medications. Purpose: to develop a combined therapy pattern with the use of medications Broxinac® (bromfenac) and Visallergol (olopatadine 0.2 %) in patients with sclerites of rheumatoid genesis. Materials and methods. 26 patients diagnosed with scleritis were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 12 patients (18 eyes) who received instillations of diclofenac 4 times a day. Group 2 consisted of 14 patients (19 eyes) who received instillations of bromfenac once a day and olopatadin 0.2 % once a day. All patients had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, positive HLA-B27. Results. A decline in activity of sclerites on the McCluskey scale in the course of treatment was recorded in both study groups. By the concluding 40th day of treatment, a more significant clinical effect was noted in the group receiving bromfenac andolopatadin : 0.6 points as compared to 1.4 points in group 1. After anti inflammatory treatment cessation in group 1, exacerbation of scleritis was noted in 5 cases during the 3rd to 5th week of the cessation. In contrast, group 2 showed only 1 case of exacerbation four weeks after the cessation. Conclusion. Sclerites therapy requires a long time and is associated with the development of complications in the treatment process. To increase the effectiveness of therapy of these diseases and reduce the risk of complications, modern NSAIDs with a minimum number of instillations are needed. For citation: Yani Е.V., Vakhova Е.S., Seliverstova К.Е. The tactics of treatment of sclerites of rheumatoid genesis. Russian ophthalmological journal. 2018; 11 (1): 93-7. doi: 10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-1-93-97 (In Russian).

Ozone triggers a series of mechanisms that lead to the normalization of oxygen supply for several days with consequent effects, it can correct diseases associated to ischemia, infections, delayed healing and oxidative stress. Several diseases that affect humans can be treated with ozone therapy. The objective was to evaluate the therapeutic responses on the types of treatment with ozone therapy in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The study was performed in the Medline, PubMed and Scielo databases, using the descriptors "Ozone AND Combined Modality Therapy". Ozone generates clinically relevant advantages that support its use for analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal effects, decreased inflammation, improved quality of life and healing response of patients. The responses can be to integrated therapy as to association with other drugs. However, there is a need for future studies to elucidate and standardize the choice of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of non-infectious corneal diseases in the city of Baku. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed databases of the outpatient polyclinics of the city of Baku in which the activities of ophthalmological departments were coordinated by the Acad. Zarifa Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Centre. Non-infectious corneal diseases were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical guidelines established by, and with involvement of specialists and equipment from the Acad. Zarifa Aliyeva National Ophthalmology Centre. Results: The most common clinical form was foreign body (54.0 ± 1.5 0/0000), followed by traumatic corneal erosion (47.7 ± 1.4 0/0000) and keratoconus (24.6±1.0 0/0000); chemical and thermal burns were less common (6.1 ± 0.5 0/0000). The age group of 0-9 years had the least prevalence (63.1 ± 4.3 per 100,000) and the age group of 101-9 years, a more than twice higher prevalence (120.9 ± 7.0 0/0000 per 100,000) of total non-infectious corneal diseases. The next two age groups had statistically increased prevalences of these diseases, 152.1 ± 6.1 and 262.5 ±9.2 0/0000, respectively. Conclusion: Estimated prevalence of non-infectious corneal diseases at a population level was 166.9 ± 2.7 0/0000, with the most common clinical form being foreign body (54.0 ± 1.5 0/0000), followed by traumatic corneal erosion (47.7 ± 1.4 0/0000), keratoconus (24.8 ±1.0 0/0000), and corneal dystrophy and degeneration (16.1 ± 0.8 0/0000). The age group of 60-69 years had the highest prevalence of total non-infectious corneal diseases (275.9 ± 12.6 0/0000), and foreign body prevalence was highest in the age group of 40-49 years (117.6 ± 6.2 0/0000), the prevalence of corneal dystrophy and degeneration was highest in the age group of 70-79 years (93.2 ± 12.0 0/0000), and the prevalence of traumatic corneal erosion was highest in the age group of 60-69 years (130.6 ± 8.7 0/0000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Peru, the presence of the Coastal Child Phenomenon produces floods and the appearance of diseases cyclically. Objective: To determine the risk factors for the presence of diseases in displaced populations in Piura due to the Nino Costero. Methods: Quantitative, longitudinal, analytical investigation of cases and controls with 544 families that were selected through a two-stage random sampling considering the proportion of families per block, area and cluster. For data collection, various diagnostic and monitoring instruments were used, such as that of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the health care base and the application of an instrument for mental health. Results: The analysis of the variation of care in two time periods at 3 and 9 months shows that there are statistically significant changes in these periods that include skin infections, urinary tract infection, joint pain, diabetes mellitus and family violence. 26.46% presented some psychological disorder associated with coexistence in shelters. The bivariate analysis showed that families with less than 80% of safe water management and safe water storage were at risk of presenting acute diarrheal diseases with OR = 6.15 (95% CI 5.97-6.95) and OR = 2.08 (95% CI 1.06- 2.97) respectively. Conclusions: The epidemiological profiles show the presence of psychological effects and the transition of communicable diseases at the beginning of the disaster and that over time, non-communicable diseases and violence appear in the shelters associated with the previous health profiles of the displaced population.

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Background: Several studies have suggested that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), while others have not confirmed this hypothesis. This work aimed to assess the relation of CRC with H. pylori seropositivity and with seropositivity to 16 H. pylori proteins, in the MultiCase-Control study, MCC-Spain.Methods: MCC-Spain is a multicase-control study carried out in Spain from 2008 to 2013. In total, 2,140 histologically-confirmed incident CRC cases and 4,098 population-based controls were recruited. Controls were frequency-matched by sex, age, and province. Epidemiological data were collected through a questionnaire fulfilled by face-to-face interviews and a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Seroreactivities against 16 H. pylori proteins were determined in 1,488 cases and 2,495 controls using H. pylori multiplex serology. H. pylori seropositivity was defined as positivity to ≥4 proteins. Multivariable logistic regression mixed models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results:H. pylori seropositivity was not associated with increased CRC risk (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.71–1.16). Among H. pylori seropositive subjects, seropositivity to Cagδ showed a lower CRC risk, and risk decreased with increasing number of proteins seropositive. Seropositivity to the most recognized virulence factors, CagA and VacA, was not associated with a higher CRC risk. No statistically significant heterogeneity was identified among tumor sites, although inverse relations were stronger for left colon cancer. An interaction with age and sex was found: H. pylori seropositivity was associated with a lower CRC risk in men younger than 65 and with a higher risk in older women.Conclusions: Our results suggest that neither H. pylori seropositivity, nor seropositivity to the virulence factor CagA are associated with a higher CRC risk. A possible effect modification by age and sex was identified.

Hyperthermia is one of frequent symptoms to any doctor in his every day practice. It is necessary to now definitions, possible causes and additional diagnostically methods, that can help to make correct diagnosis and provide treatment as soon as it is possible. In article we can find different situations in witch hyperthermia can be one of main symptoms. Authors also provide clinical cases that very well illustrate article.Продолжение. Начало читайте в № 5.

In the past three decades, a huge body of evidence through various research studies conducted on animal models, has demonstrated that the macrophages are centralized of all the leukocytes involved in diseases and, particularly, their role in non-infectious diseases has been studied extensively for which they have also been referred to as the "double-edged swords". The most versatile of all immunocytes, macrophages play a key role in health and diseases. Various experimental models have demonstrated the conventional paradigms such as the M1/M2 dichotomy, which is not as obvious and presents a complex characterization of the macrophages in the disease immunology. In human diseases, this M1-M2 continuum shows a complex web of mechanisms, which are majorly divided into the pro-inflammatory roles (derived mainly by the cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor) and anti-inflammatory roles (CCl-17, CCl-22, CCL-2, transforming growth factor (TGF), and interleukin-10), which are involved in the wound healing and pathogen-suppression. The conventional division of these macrophages as M1 and M2 is derived from the opposing functions of these macrophages; where M1 is involved in the tissue damage and pro-inflammatory roles and M2 promotes cell proliferation and the resolution of inflammation. Both these pathways down-regulate each other in diseases through a plethora of enzymatic and cytokine mediators. [Display omitted] • Macrophages are centralized of all the leukocytes involved in diseases. • Various experimental models have demonstrated the conventional paradigms such as the M1/M2 dichotomy. • The M1-M2 continuum shows a complex web of mechanisms, which are involved in the wound healing and pathogen-suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking of tobacco is estimated to have caused approximately six million deaths worldwide in 2014. Responding effectively to this epidemic requires a thorough understanding of how smoking behaviour is transmitted and modified.Methods: We present a new mathematical model of the social dynamics that cause cigarette smoking to spread in a population, incorporating aspects of individual and social utility. Model predictions are tested against two independent data sets spanning 25 countries: a newly compiled century-long composite data set on smoking prevalence, and Hofstede's individualism/collectivism measure (IDV).Results: The general model prediction that more individualistic societies will show faster adoption and cessation of smoking is supported by the full 25 country smoking prevalence data set. Calibration of the model to the available smoking prevalence data is possible in a subset of 7 countries. Consistency of fitted model parameters with an additional, independent, data set further supports our model: the fitted value of the country-specific model parameter that determines the relative importance of social and individual factors in the decision of whether or not to smoke, is found to be significantly correlated with Hofstede's IDV for the 25 countries in our data set.Conclusions: Our model in conjunction with extensive data on smoking prevalence provides evidence for the hypothesis that individualism/collectivism may have an important influence on the dynamics of smoking prevalence at the aggregate, population level. Significant implications for public health interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antigens of the ABO blood group systems are expressed on the membrane of the red blood cells and on the surface of several pathological and normal cells and tissues. Following this earlier investigations, the pathological state of genetic diseases and disorders were determined from the blood fluids and blood cells. Biology of most of the genetic diseases was associated with the development of marks and the ABO antigens were associated with the development of various tumours, namely gastric and pancreatic cancers. ABO antigens are used as the prognostic biomarkers in various types of cancers in human. Moreover, the association of these antigenic effects is uncertain. In human, several epigenetic marks required for the normal development. These include DNA methylation at GpG dinucleotides, noncoding RNAs and covalent modifications of histone. These functions are regulated in organized manner, regulating mitotically heritable changes in the expression of genes without changing the primary sequences of DNA. Any changes in the expression of these proteins due to genetic or environmental factors affect normal function and leads to aberrant epigenetic pattern. These aberrant epigenetic patterns lead to various human disorders, including imprinting and sub-fertility. The present review discusses the biology and genetics of various diseases and highlights the important theoretical and technical problems. Human genome sequences and other technical implications in the line of genetic diseases are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]