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Structure and magnetic properties of electron-doped superconducting cuprates have been investigated in order to study the effect of magnetic impurity to its physical properties. Here, we reported structure and magnetic properties of Eu1.88Ce0.12Cu1-yZnyO4+α-δ (ECCZO) with y = 0 and 0.03. The properties of ECCZO have been studied from X-ray diffraction data and temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility data, to elucidate the effect of partial substitution of non-magnetic impurity Zn for Cu to its structure, Tc and the value of magnetic moments per unit volume extracted from susceptibility data in normal state. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements were carried out down to 2 K on-field cooling at 5 Oe for Eu1.88Ce0.12Cu1-yZnyO4+a-d with y = 0 and 0.03. For ECCZO sample with y = 0 and d = 0.0669 indicated the change of magnetic behavior from paramagnetic to diamagnetic below 12 K which is addressed to the Tc onset of this samples. Diamagnetic behavior is observed starting from about 12 K. Above 12 K, all samples show paramagnetic behavior with the values of the magnetic moment in every volume unit increased with increasing Zn.

A set of electromagnets has been used to move metal objects without touching them, even though the objects are not magnetic. This method could potentially be used like a ‘tractor beam’ to move hazardous objects in space. Method to manipulate objects might aid the capture of space debris.

Metal structures, pipelines and dies are used for a long time wear out and deteriorate. At the end of the service life it is necessary to repair or replace the metal component. The article discusses the method of applying nickel super-alloy Inconel 625 by direct laser deposition on high-alloy austenitic Mn-Cr steel. The article discusses the method of applying nickel super-alloy Inconel 625 by direct laser deposition on high-alloy austenitic Mn-Cr steel. Inconel 625 alloy is used as a buffer layer or repair material. But there is a high probability of cracks in the cladding material and the substrate material when the DLD method is used. One of the frequent causes of these cracks is high tensile stresses and oxides. To eliminate defects, the substrate was heated with resistive heaters to 400 °C. The result was a defect-free adhesion of the cladding material and the substrate. The hardness of the substrate before and after heating has not changed (312 HV 0,5/10). After heating the hardness of the substrate in the heat-affected zone decreased by 14% and was equal to 267 HV 0,5/10. The hardness of the cladding decreased by 12% and was equal to 230 HV 0,5/10.

The present study focused on surface texture characteristics of magnetic material, Mild steel (MS) as well as nonmagnetic material, Aluminum 2024 (Al 2024) alloy with the application of a laboratory-developed magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process. MAF is one of the unconventional finishing processes to attain a satisfactory finishing level up to nanoscale. In MAF, the surface finish is controlled by a flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB) which has a combination of abrasives (Al2O3, SiC, etc.) and magnetic particles (iron powder). The experiments were planned using (L27) full factorial design, different levels of weight percentage of abrasives (20–30%), speed of the electromagnet (180–2100rpm), and electromagnet supply voltage (30–50 V) were varied to enhance the surface responses. The responses considered were % improvements of change in the surface finish (%ΔRa), change in average peak to valley height (%ΔRz), change in total profile height (%ΔRt), and change in mean square root surface finish (%ΔRq). Analysis of variances (ANOVA) was evaluated and discussed. It is observed that the speed of the electromagnet and voltage are the most influencing variable parameters that most impacted on the responses. Surface roughness was measured before and after the MAF processing of MS and Al 2024 using a Suftronic S-100 surface roughness tester. The obtained surface morphology was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that MS has %ΔRa = 83, %ΔRz = 65, %ΔRt = 65.5 and %ΔRq = 72.6 while Al 2024 has %ΔRa = 65, %ΔRz =50, %ΔRt = 51 and %ΔRq = 55 with noticeable surface texture improvement compared to the initial surface roughness obtained using surface grinding process.

Close binaries containing a white dwarf accreting from a disk that receives material from a late stellar companion show an interesting variety of behaviors that depend on their accretion rates and the changes in this rate. The highest accretion rates are evident during the bright states of novalikes, as well as the superoutbursts of the shortest period dwarf novae followed by normal outbursts and the Z Cam systems. While the normal outbursts and superoutbursts of dwarf novae can be understood from the standpoint of disk and tidal instabilities, the changes in rates in novalikes when they enter low brightness states and the cause of extremely high rates for the systems with orbital periods between 3-4 hrs remain elusive. This paper highlights some recent insights and continuing problems found from X-ray, UV and optical observations of these high and low states, as well as the prospects for increased understanding from the anticipated future ground and space missions.

The Wolff cluster Monte Carlo algorithm is used to investigate the effect of frozen nonmagnetic canonically distributed impurities on the phase transitions in a two-dimensional Potts model with the spin state q = 5. Systems with linear dimensions L = 20–160 at spin concentrations p = 1.0 and 0.9 are considered. Using the fourth-order Binder cumulant method and the histogram analysis method it is shown that if a weak quenched disorder in the form of non-magnetic impurities (p = 0.9) is introduced in the system, the first-order phase transition changes to a second-order phase transition.

Magnetic-liquid separation is a promising area in the field of disposal and recycling of non-magnetic materi-als. The performance and separation accuracy are important features of any separator. The methods for performance calculation offered at the present moment have a number of assumptions that can significantly affect the result (constant magnetic permeability of the magnetic fluid, linear change in tension along the height of the gap, etc.), and are applicable only to specific models of separators. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for calculating the performance of an electromagnetic magnetic liquid separator of non-magnetic materials taking into account the distribution of the magnetic field in the gap and the influence of the hydrodynamic properties of the magnetic fluid on the movement of particles in the separation zone. Numerical methods are used to solve systems of equations of motion which are obtained on the basis of Newton's fundamental laws and the developed programs for calculating particle trajectories in the separation zone of a magnetic liquid separator are applied. To simplify the calculation, the particles are assumed to be spherical and, when they move, vortices in the magnetic fluid are not created. The system is solved iteratively: at each step, the change in values is calculated and is summed up with the result of the previous iteration. A technique has been developed for calculating the performance of an electromagnetic magnetic liquid separator of non-magnetic materials considering the distribution of the magnetic field in the gap and the influence of the hydrodynamic properties of the magnetic fluid on the particle movement in the separation zone. Particle trajectories in the separation zone are obtained, which allows one to analyze the separation process of the separator under development. The proposed approach allows calculating the mass and volumetric capacities of the magnetic liquid separator, the dependences of the capacities for each fraction separately and the total on various parameters of the separator (for example, on the angle of inclination of the pole pieces). The obtained results can be used to assess the optimality of the adopted parameters when designing a magnetic liquid separator. Also, the results obtained will help optimize the installations already in operation.

The aim of this research is to reveal and determine the sizes of plastically deformed areas in metallic non-magnetic materials with the eddy current method. The manuscript contains computational studies to assess the feasibility of using the eddy current method to determine the size of the plastically deformed areas in the metal. The authors developed a two-dimensional mathematical model of the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the control object. The model included poly-harmonic field excitation in a locally deformed plate, and the deformation was modeled in the form of plastically deformed areas under the indents obtained by the ball indentation. The developed model helped to establish the correlation dependencies and linked the informative parameters of the eddy current method with the size of the metal's plastically deformed zone. The authors obtained the calibration curve for copper, the values of which allowed to determine the factual sizes of the plastically deformed area.

The ferrimagnet Mn4N forms a family of compounds useful in spintronics. In a compound comprising non-magnetic and magnetic elements, one basically expects the compound to become ferromagnetic when the proportion of the magnetic element increases. Conversely, one does not expect ferromagnetism when the proportion of the non-magnetic element increases. Surprisingly, Mn4N becomes ferromagnetic at room temperature when the Mn content is decreased by the addition of In atoms, a non-magnetic element. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurement reveals that the magnetic moment of Mn atoms at face-centered sites, Mn(II), reverses between x= 0.15 and 0.27 and aligns parallel to that of Mn atoms at corner sites, Mn(I), at x = 0.27 and 0.41. The sign of the anomalous Hall resistivity also changes between x = 0.15 and 0.27 in accordance with the reversal of the magnetic moment of the Mn(II) atoms. These results can be interpreted using first-principles calculations, showing that the magnetic moment of Mn(II) sites which are the nearest neighbors to the In atom align to that of Mn(I) sites.

An ancient solar storm helps pinpoint when Vikings lived in the Americas, and using magnets to deftly move non-magnetic metals. Hear the biggest stories from the world of science | 20 October 2021

Biochips play an important role in both medical and food industry safety testing. Moreover, magnetic activated cell sorting is a well-established technology for biochip development. However, biochips need to be manufactured by precision instruments, resulting in the high cost of biochips. Therefore, this study used magnetic-activation and mechanics theories to create a novel disc that could manipulate the microfluidic flow, mixing, reaction, and separation on the runner of the disc. The goal of the research was to apply in the field of biomedical detection systems to reduce the cost of biochips and simplify the operation process. The simulation and experimental investigation showed that the pattern of the reaction chamber was stomach-shaped and the reservoir chamber was rectangular-shaped on the disc. The microfluid could be controlled to flow to the reaction chamber from the buffer and sample chamber when the disc spun at 175~200 rpm within three minutes. This was defined as the first setting mode. The microfluid could then be controlled to flow to the reservoir chamber from the reaction chamber when the disc spun at 225 rpm within five to ten minutes. This was defined as the second setting mode. This verified that the pattern design of the disc was optimized for control of the microfluid flow, mixing, reaction, and separation in the runner of the disc by different setting modes.

Conventional circulators are made of magnetic ferrites and suffer from a cumbersome architecture, incompatibility with integrated circuit technology and inability for high frequency applications. To overcome these limitations, here we propose a lightweight low-profile non-magnetic circulator composed of a nonreciprocal time-varying phase shifter. This circulator introduces strong isolation level of greater than 32 dB and is endowed with a reconfigurable architecture.

The effect of quenched non-magnetic impurities on phase transitions in low-dimensional Potts model structures is investigated by the Monte Carlo method using a cluster algorithm. Systems with linear dimensions of L = 20–160 and spin concentrations of p = 1.0, 0.9 are considered. Using the fourth-order Binder cumulant method and the histogram-data analysis method, the introduction of weak quenched disorder (p = 0.9) in the form of non-magnetic impurities is shown to change the order of the phase transition from the first to the second.

The leaching behaviors of tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) from non-magnetic fraction of Pb dross, which was obtained from magnetic separation process to remove As components, were...

The magnetic properties of interfaces between LaAlO3/SrTiO3 are studied by on-axis sputter deposition at high oxygen pressure. The high pressure sputtering does not induce conductance at these interface, and without conductance, they should not be magnetic either. We find that a possible contribution of SrTiO3 can not be ruled out fully as the bare SrTiO3 substrate also shows a magnetic signal. All interfaces reported in literature grown by either PLD or MBE which are conducting, also have magnetism which arises from the onset of conductivity. If one is missing, the second does too as in the case reported here while SrTiO3 contributes substantially to the conductance of the interface.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate convective heat and mass transfer of nanofluid in the context of improving physical properties through magnetic and non-magnetic nanomaterials under the ...

The low-field sensitivity of a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valve can be enhanced by tailoring the bias field of the free layer because this sensitivity and bias field are known to show a strong correlation. In this study, the free-layer bias field is reduced considerably to almost zero via the insertion of an ultrathin nonmagnetic spacer between the pinned layer and the pinning layer. The spacer promotes an increase in the density of Néel walls in the pinned layer. This increase, in turn, induces domain-wall-induced magnetostatic interactions of the free poles formed on the Néel walls inside the free and pinned layers. The magnetostatic interactions result in the formation of flux closures that act as pinning sites during the magnetization reversal process and stabilize the antiparallel magnetization state between the free layer and the pinned layer by suppressing the switching of the free layer from the antiparallel state to the parallel state. Furthermore, the spacer offers an additional advantage of increasing the GMR ratio by inducing a specular scattering effect at its top and bottom interfaces. A highly improved low-field sensitivity of 12.01 mV/mA·Oe is achieved in the sample with a Cu/Pt dual spacer.

Studies on quantum critical points (QCP) have focused on magnetic QCPs to date. Remarkable phenomena such as superconductivity due to avoided criticality have been discovered, but we focus here on the non-magnetic counterpart, i.e., the superconductivity of SrTiO3 regarded as being close to a ferroelectric QCP. Here we prepare high-quality Sr1−xLaxTi(16O1−z18Oz)3 single crystals without localisation at low temperatures, which allow us to systematically investigate the La substitution of Sr as an alternative to introducing oxygen vacancies. Analysis of our data based on a theoretical model predicts an appearance of the ferroelectric QCP around 3 × 1018 cm−3. Because of the QCP, the superconducting dome of Sr1−xLaxTiO3 can be raised upwards. Furthermore, remarkable enhancement of Tc (~0.6 K) is achieved by 18O exchange on the Sr1−xLaxTiO3 crystals. These findings provide a new knob for observing intriguing physics around the ferroelectric QCP., Among its interesting properties, SrTiO3 can show both superconductivity and ferroelectric quantum criticality at low temperatures. Tomioka et al. use La and oxygen-isotope doping to tune electron-doped SrTiO3 to the critical region and observe enhanced superconductivity, suggesting a link between them.

Electronic properties of the single crystal of GdV6Sn6, where non-magnetic V-kagome layers are separated by magnetic Gd-triangular lattice, are investigated. GdV6Sn6 exhibits unique magnetotransport properties at low-temperature such as non-linear Hall resistivity and increase of resistance R in magnetic field H as R ~ H^0.75 up to 56 T with Shubnikov-De Haas oscillations. Investigation of the non-magnetic analogue YV6Sn6 and the first principles calculations reveal these properties are relevant to the bands arising from the V-kagome layer. A magnetic transition at 5 K in GdV6Sn6 modifies the transport properties, pointing to a coupling between Gd-spins on the triangular lattice and carriers in the V-kagome layer., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures

There are not a single influencing factors in the temperature drift correction test of tilt measuring products. In order to solve this problem, by analyzing and calculating the influencing factors, a non-magnetic height suitable for temperature drift correction of tilt measuring products is designed. Low temperature device, this device is based on PID control, which has the advantages of precise temperature control, rapid heating, and good temperature stability.

For the electromagnetic eddy current testing, various methods have been proposed for reducing the lift-off error on the measurement of samples. In this paper, instead of eliminating the measurement error caused by the lift-off effect, an algorithm has been proposed to directly measure the lift-off distance between the sensor and non-magnetic conductive plates. The algorithm is based on a sample-independent inductance (SII) feature. That is, under high working frequencies, the inductance is found sensitive to the lift-off distance and independent of the test piece under an optimal single high working frequency (43.87 kHz). Furthermore, the predicted lift-off distance is used for the thickness prediction of the non-magnetic conductive samples using an iterative method. Considering the eddy current skin depth, the thickness prediction is operated under a single lower frequency (0.20 kHz). As the inductance has different sensitivities to the lift-off and thickness, the prediction error of the sample thickness is different from that of the lift-off distance. From the experiments on three different nonmagnetic samples – aluminium, copper, and brass, the maximum prediction error of the lift-off distance and sample thickness is 1.1 mm and 5.42 % respectively at the lift-off of 12.0 mm.

We report measurements of the time-averaged surface floating potential of magnetic and non-magnetic spherical probes (or large dust particles) immersed in a magnetized capacitively coupled discharge. In this study, the size of the spherical probes is taken greater than the Debye length. The surface potential of a spherical probe first increases, i.e. becomes more negative at low magnetic field ( $B < 0.05\ \textrm {T}$ ), attains a maximum value and decreases with further increase of the magnetic field strength ( $B > 0.05\ \textrm {T}$ ). The rate of change of the surface potential in the presence of a $B$ -field mainly depends on the background plasma and types of material of the objects. The results show that the surface potential of the magnetic sphere is higher (more negative) compared with the non-magnetic spherical probe. Hence, the smaller magnetic sphere collects more negative charges on its surface than a bigger non-magnetic sphere in a magnetized plasma. The different sized spherical probes have nearly the same surface potential above a threshold magnetic field ( $B > 0.03\ \textrm {T}$ ), implying a smaller role of size dependence on the surface potential of spherical objects. The variation of the surface potential of the spherical probes is understood on the basis of a modification of the collection currents to their surface due to charge confinement and cross-field diffusion in the presence of an external magnetic field.

An unsteady mixed convectional boundary layer flow of a Casson nanofluid having magnetic ( Fe3 O4) and non-magnetic ( Al2 O3) nanoparticles suspension within two different types of base fluids, water (Newtonian) and sodium alginate (non-Newtonian), which incorporates viscous dissipation effects over a nonlinear stretching sheet with magnetic field effects. Some suitable non-dimensional similarity transformations are applied to convert the governing coupled nonlinear partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations and then solved by using differential transformation method in association with Pade-approximation. A comparison has been made with already published results to assure the validity and reliability of the computational results, good agreement is found between the current and previous studies. The impacts of different physical parameters active on flow, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration have been discussed both numerically and graphically. The impact of radiation, internal heat sink/source, viscous, and ohmic dissipation was discussed for magnetic and non-magnetic nanofluid categories. We have also presented the tabular results of various emerging parameters to discuss the nature of skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers. It was observed that performance of non-Newtonian (sodium alginate) fluid in heat and mass transfer is slightly better than Newtonian (water) based fluid but no major difference was seen in heat and mass transfer when comparison was made with magnetic and non-magnetic nanoparticles.

Multiplexed bead-based assays that use Luminex xMAP® technology have become popular for measuring antibodies against proteins of interest in many fields, including malaria and more recently SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. There are currently two formats that are widely used: non-magnetic beads or magnetic beads. Data is lacking regarding the comparability of results obtained using these two types of beads, and for assays run on different instruments. Whilst non-magnetic beads can only be run on flow-based instruments (such as the Luminex® 100/200™ or Bio-Plex® 200), magnetic beads can be run on both these and the newer MAGPIX® instruments. In this study we utilized a panel of purified recombinant Plasmodium vivax proteins and samples from malaria-endemic areas to measure P. vivax-specific IgG responses using different combinations of beads and instruments. We directly compared: i) non-magnetic versus magnetic beads run on a Bio-Plex® 200, ii) magnetic beads run on the Bio-Plex® 200 versus MAGPIX® and iii) non-magnetic beads run on a Bio-Plex® 200 versus magnetic beads run on the MAGPIX®. We also performed an external validation of our optimized assay. We observed that IgG antibody responses, measured against our panel of P. vivax proteins, were strongly correlated in all three of our comparisons, however higher amounts of protein were required for coupling to magnetic beads. Our external validation indicated that results generated in different laboratories using the same coupled beads are also highly comparable, particularly if a reference standard curve is used.

Metallic waste classification benefits the environment, resource reuse and industrial economy. This paper provides a fast, non-contact and convenient method based on eddy current to classify metals. The characteristic phase to characterize different conductivity is introduced and extracted from mutual inductance in the form of amplitude and phase. This characteristic phase could offer great separation for non-tilting metals. Although it is hard to classify tilting metals by only using the characteristic phase, we propose the technique of phase compensation utilizing photoelectric sensors to obtain the rectified phase corresponding to the non-tilting situation. Finally, we construct a classification algorithm involving phase compensation. By conducting a test, a 95 % classification rate is achieved.

Geophysical surveying (both gravity and magnetic) is of great help in 3D modeling of granitic bodies at depth. As in any potential-field geophysics study, petrophysical data (density [r], magnetic susceptibility [k] and remanence) are of key importance to reduce the uncertainty during the modeling of rock volumes. Several works have already demonstrated that ∂18O or [SiO2] display a negative correlation to density and to magnetic susceptibility. These relationships are particularly stable (and linear) in the so-called “non-magnetic” granites (susceptibilities falling within the paramagnetic range; between 0 and 500 10-6 S.I.) and usually coincident with calc-alcaline (CA) compositions (very common in Variscan domains). In this work we establish robust correlations between density and magnetic susceptibility at different scales in CA granites from the Pyrenees. Other plutons from Iberia were also considered (Veiga, Monesterio). The main goal is to use the available and densely sampled nets of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data, performed during the 90’s and early 2000’s, together with new data acquired in the last few years, as an indirect measurement of density in order to carry out the 3D modelling of the gravimetric signal. We sampled some sections covering the main range of variability of magnetic susceptibility in the Mont Louis-Andorra, Maladeta and Marimanha granite bodies (Pyrenees), all three characterized by even and dense nets of AMS sites (more than 550 sites and 2500 AMS measurements). We performed new density and susceptibility measurements along two main cross-sections (Maladeta and Mont Louis-Andorra). In these outcrops, numerous measurements (usually more than 50) were taken in the field with portable susceptometers (SM20 and KT20 devices). Density data were derived from the Arquimedes principle applied on large hand samples cut in regular cubes weighting between 0.3 and 0.6 kg (whenever possible). These samples were subsampled and measured later on with a KLY-3 susceptibility bridge in the laboratory. Additionally, some density data were derived from the geometry and weighting of AMS samples. After the calibration of portable and laboratory susceptometers, density and magnetic susceptibility were plotted together. Regressions were derived for every granite body and they usually followed a linear function similar to: r = 2600 kg/m3 + (0.5 * k [10-6 S.I.]). As previously stated, this relationship is only valid in CA and paramagnetic granites, where iron is mostly fractioned in iron-bearing phyllosilicates and the occurrence of magnetite is negligible (or at least its contribution to the bulk susceptibility). These relationships allow transforming magnetic susceptibility data into density data helping in the 3D modelling of the gravimetric signal when density data from rock samples are scarce. Given the large amount of AMS studies worldwide, together with the quickness and cost-effectiveness of susceptibility measurements with portable devices, this methodology allows densifying and homogenizing the petrophysical data when modelling granite rock volumes based on both magnetic and gravimetric signal.

The microstructure and magnetic properties of three face-centered cubic (FCC) FeCoNiCrCu(x) high entropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0, 0.5, 1) are investigated. Interestingly, addition of the nonmagnetic element Cu to FeCoNiCr HEA is found to enhance exchange interactions and low temperature saturation magnetization. The paramagnetic to ferromagnetic Curie transition temperature increases from 85 K for FeCoNiCr to 118 K for FeCoNiCrCu. This is counterintuitive since Cu is nonmagnetic; however, atom probe tomography revealed Cu rich clusters containing 5 at% Ni and 1 at% each of Fe, Co, Cr, within FCC matrix, these clusters altered the matrix composition and consequently its magnetic properties.

Additive manufacturing (AM) allows printing parts of complex geometries that cannot be produced by standard technologies. Besides, AM provides the possibility to create gradient materials with different structural and physical properties. We, for the first time, printed gradient soft magnetic materials from paramagnetic powders (316L steel and Cu-12Al-2Fe (in wt.%) aluminium bronze)). The magnetic properties can be adjusted during the in-situ printing process. The saturated magnetization value of alloys reaches 49 emu g−1. The changes in the magnetic properties have been attributed to the formation of the BCC phase after mixing two FCC-dominated powders. Moreover, the phase composition of the obtained gradient materials can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by the CALPHAD approach, thus providing efficient optimization of the performance. The obtained results provide new prospects for printing gradient magnetic alloys.

Valuable minerals are defined as mineral which having good opportunities to economic and consireable important. The most commonly occurring sand mineral deposits are ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, cassiterite, monazite, tourmaline, zircon, kyanite, silimanite, and garnet. In Malaysia, mineral sand deposits is found in Langkawi which known as black sand Langkawi. Langkawi black sand having high amount of valuable minerals that is very crucial in the industrial and construction products. Characterizations of black sand acquire different techniques to concentrate and separate valuable minerals. These techniques utilize different in physical or chemical properties of the valuable and gangue (wastes) minerals. For magnetic is based on natural or induced differences in magnetic susceptibility or conductivity of the minerals.. They are used to distinguish and extract magnetic, slightly magnetic and non-magnetic components present in the heavy fraction (Rutile, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Garnets, Zircon and Monazite). All minerals will have one of three magnetic properties: ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic minerals (i.e. Magnetite and Ilmenite) are magnetic and easily attracted to the poles of magnet. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic minerals in the group magnetic, but if the mixture of paramagnetic and diamagnetic minerals are passed through a magnetic field, the paramagnetic minerals will be pulled into the field and diamagnetic minerals separated from the field. By varying the intensity of the magnetic field, it is also possible to separate different paramagnetic minerals from each other. In this study, techniques used to separate valuable minerals from black sand are magnetic separator.

In this work, a series of specimens was prepared by the casting method. Sharp cube-textured substrates were processed by heavy cold rolling and recrystallization annealing (i.e., the rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) method). Both the rolling and the recrystallization texture in the alloy tapes were investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron back-scatter diffraction, respectively. The results showed that a strong copper-type deformation texture was obtained in the heavy cold-rolled substrate. In addition, the recrystallization annealing process was found to be very important for the texture transition in the Cu–Ni alloy substrates. The cube texture content in the Cu60Ni40 alloy substrates reached 99.7% (≤10°) after optimization of the cold-rolling procedure and the recrystallizing heat-treatment process, whereas the content of low-angle grain boundaries (from 2° to 10° misorientation) in the substrate reached 95.1%.

We explored the effects of static magnetic fields on materials commonly classified as non-ferromagnetic and non-paramagnetic. By floating pieces of paper, wood, Teflon, and Nafion on different liquids and placing those objects near a neodymium magnet, we found that the objects moved consistently towards the magnet. As the distance between object and magnet diminished, the attraction strengthened. The results imply that objects currently classified as non-magnetic may in fact be at least weakly magnetic.

Asymmetrical hot rolling (ASHR) was proposed to acquire productive grain refinement for Fe-20Mn-4Al-0.3C and Fe-18Cr-18Mn-0.5N non-magnetic austenitic steels. The intensive additional shear deformation caused by ASHR promotes the nucleation of recrystallization and grain refining of steel plates. With the speed ratio of 1.2, the austenitic grains were refined to ∼5 μm on the surface, the recrystallization fraction was enhanced to ∼34.7%, and the thickness of fine-grained surface layer increases to ∼450 μm for Fe-20Mn-4Al-0.3C steel. The Fe-18Cr-18Mn-0.5N steel also exhibited an effective surface grain refinement with an average size of ∼3 μm, and the recrystallization fraction reached ∼76.9% at the speed ratio of 1.15.

Spin-dependent tunneling of light hole and heavy hole was discussed using transfer matrix method at the critical field where the potential of the heterostructure becomes zero. Bruno – Gnanasekar – Karunakaran – Chandramohan (BGKC) observed that the light hole travels faster than the heavy hole and the energy of resonance polarization for light hole is lower than the heavy hole [Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2017) 132: 279]. BGKC observation was verified at the critical magnetic field.

Experimental and numerical investigations of a magnetic ponderomotive force acting on non-magnetic body immersed in ferrofluid were carried out. The study was performed on a nonmagnetic sphere in a cylindrical container filled with the magnetic fluid and magnetized by a uniform magnetic field. The symmetry of the experimental setup allowed the simplification of the problem: 2D axisymmetric numerical simulation corresponded to the 1D experimental measurements. The magnetic ponderomotive force turned out to be non-monotonic: it has two extrema and one or three zero values depending on the geometrical parameters of the container and magnitude of the applied field intensity. It was shown that wall effects are crucial for this problem, because the ponderomotive force in the vicinity of the container’s bottom (or top) may change its sign (direction). This behaviour can be described only in the framework of the inductive approach, which takes into account all demagnetizing fields generated by the ferrofluid container. On the contrary, the simplified non-inductive approach is unable to explain the magnetic force behaviour, especially the wall effects.

Room temperature spin injection and detection in non-magnetic p-Si semiconductor have been studied in details in our Co2CrAl (CCA)/MgO/p-Si heterojunction. The electrical transport properties have ...