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The article analyzes the dictionary «Hutsul dialect vocabulary and phrasemics in the Ukrainian literary language» as a source of modeling the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in Ukrainian fiction. The main provisions of the article are based on the fact that the basic components of the linguistic picture of the world are words as nominative units. In each national language, the designation (name) of the elements of the conceptual picture of the world is carried out primarily with the help of nominative units. In addition to the concept of a national linguistic picture of the world, there are regional linguistic pictures of the world, the linguistic basis of which are local dialects. The specificity of the regional-linguistic picture of the world is determined by dialectal language forms, as they name the realities of extralinguistic reality, for which no names were needed in the national language outside the dialectal area. The framework of the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in its artistic version consists of key dialectisms within certain thematic layers of vocabulary, lexicographically elaborated in the mentioned dictionary. Lexical elements of the linguistic picture of the world in the Ukrainian artistic language cover the most various spheres of life and activity of Hutsuls: life, production sphere, material and spiritual, culture, beliefs, demonology, nature, etc. The dictionary also deals with stable phrases - phrasemics, paremias, curses, etc., which significantly complement and enrich the artistic version of the Hutsul language picture of the world. The dictionary as a whole provides extensive information in the semantic characteristics of dialectal nominative units and in the context of their use in literary texts and in figurative and stylistic remarks, which allows to model the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world through the prism of Ukrainian artistic language.

The article is aimed at analyzing the Hutsul language picture of the world, which is modeled by the Ukrainian language of fi ction, by focusing on the nominative unit polonyna. The substratum of the regional and dialectal picture of the world constitutes subdialect as linguistic and territorial phenomenon, characterized by the predominant part, which corresponds to a literary language, and number of language units of different levels, characteristic only of this subdialect or of other closely related subdialects along with it. The specifi c nature of the regional and dialectal picture of the world is determined by dialectal language units naming extralinguistic realia, corresponding names for which were not needed in the national language beyond dialect area. The lexical Hutsul dialecticism polonyna is an example of de-dialectization of a dialectal lexeme and its inclusion in the vocabulary of a literary language, although it remains an important component of the Hutsul language picture of the world, represented by the Ukrainian language of fi ction. In fi ction, the lexical meaning of polonyna – “a high-mountain meadow used as a pasture in summer” – with different added semantic connotations form the basis of the semantic body of this dialecticism. These added semantic connotations include location, which extends beyond the one expressed by the lexical meaning, a landform, established ownership, an element of the culture of distant shepherding, identifi cation with and attribution to the Hutsul region, the Carpathians, etc. In this fragment, the H utsul language picture of the world is analyzed from the perspective of the Ukrainian language of fi ction, which introduced its components to it, associated, fi rst and foremost, with metaphorization, the fi gurative use of the dialecticism polonyna that expands and enriches its semantic body.

The article is devoted to understanding the functional range of borrowed vocabulary in the Russian-language literary text of a bilingual author. In modern science, there is an opinion that this range is limited to a specific nominative function. Moreover, there is a research position that the fact of borrowing vocabulary from an ethnic language is an indicator of interference, that is, in a broad sense, it indicates an unconscious, often erroneous, inclusion of a foreign language word in a literary text. Based on modern research in the field of literary bilingualism, we refute this thesis and strive to show that the functional load of borrowings in works of verbal creativity is very significant: lexical units with a national-cultural component play an important role in text and plot formation, have conceptual, archetypal, symbolic content, act as significators of onto-linguistic being and perform an aesthetic function.

Background. The authors of Ukrainian grammar books published before 1933 were consentient that appellation expressed by a noun requires the use of the vocative case only. In 1933, new People’s Commissar of Education of the USSR V. Zatonskyi formed the commission ‘for auditing the work on the language front’. On the 26th of April, the Commission adopted several resolutions, among which there was the provision to review scholar and didactic books to reveal ‘nationalistic deformation’. After they had been made public, in the Soviet handbooks for higher and secondary education, one can find a statement that the ‘vocative form’ is used to express appellation. However, the “nominative case” can also occasionally perform this function.Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to compare the morphological variability of appellation expressing codified in the Soviet handbooks and the accurate appellation expressing in dramas of the 1920s – 30s of the XX century. To find out the presence or absence of the pragmatic differences between vocative and nominative in this function is in the focus of our analysis as well.Methods. The methodological base of research is the discourse-analytical approach, within we compound discourse analysis method (to descry the designing new syntactic norm in the linguistic-didactic discourse of the end of the 1930s – the beginning of the 50s) and content-analysis method (to find out the real means of expressing appellation in social realists’ dramas of the 1920s – 30s of the XX century).Results. Theory about vocative as non-case and legitimization of the term ‘called form (vocative form)’ to denote it became dominant in all Soviet Ukrainian language handbooks for secondary and higher education. There are no remarks about another qualification in this grammatical category in the analyzed handbooks, and it evidences the monologue style of the Soviet linguistic-didactic discourse. The authors of these handbooks codify a double language norm to express an appellation – the vocative form and the nominative case. The thesis about nominative as a means to denote an appellation is usually formulated in the way of a superficial remark that may be apprehended by a recipient as upon the table fact. The study of the morphological manifestation of appellations in the drama of late 1920–30s created by the authors transmitting the official party ideology proves that vocative case predominates. Nominative to denote appellation has mainly a pragmatic effect or is one of the means of creating characters. Moreover, only in O. Korniychuk’s plays the use of morphological forms of appellations does not follow any regularities.Discussion. Spreading the nominative case to denote appellation in modern colloquial speech is conditioned by the complex of factors. On the one hand, it is a loosening of language norm in Soviet handbooks and on the other hand, it is the fact that morphological forms of vocative and nominative in plural nouns and singular nouns of neutral gender are homonymous. However, this thesis is needed verification on more comprehensive language material that represents different functional styles of the Ukrainian language., Статтю присвячено дослідженню витоків позиційної конкуренції вокатива й номінатива у функції звертання. Проаналізовано тактики формулювання синтаксичної норми щодо експлікації звертання у вишівських і шкільних граматиках кінця 30-х – початку 50-х рр. ХХ ст. На матеріалі драматичних творів соцреалістів простежено реальні засоби вираження звертання в мовній практиці, що передувала кодифікації мовної норми в цих підручниках.

Typologically, the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages preserve features lost in Modern Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish), especially zero arguments and inactive constructions. Both phenomena present difficulties for the analysis of the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages as configurational, and generative linguists often choose a reductionist strategy, claiming that at the level of deep structure, configurational structure persists. Based on Middle Danish, my claim will be that zero arguments are semantically different from – and therefore cannot be reduced to – pronouns, and secondly, that inactive constructions do not have oblique subjects, but oblique first arguments (A1s). The meanings of the case forms nominative and oblique differ, depending on their constructional context. Any functional theory must respect the relevant grammatical sign contrasts of the language analysed, not try to explain them away.

الملخص عنوان البحث (( أسماء السيف في العربية: دراسة لغوية) يهدف إلى دراسة أسماء السيف التي ذکرها اللغويون وتجاوز عددها (70) اسما، والکشف عن الظواهر اللغوية التي تمثلت في الظواهر الصوتية، مثل: القلب المکاني، والإبدال، والمخالفة الصوتية. وظواهر صرفية، مثل: الأوزان الصرفية التي کان أغلب اشتقاقها من الثلاثي الصحيح والمعتل، ثم أوزان الرباعي من الصحيح السالم، والمعرب. کما اشتملت الدراسة على ظواهر دلالية تتمثل في الدلالات المتقاربة، والدلالات المتقابلة، والتضاد، والمشترک اللفظي، ومظاهر التطور الدلالي کتخصيص الدلالة، وتعميمها، وتغيير الدلالة لعلاقة المشابهة، ولغير المشابهة؛ مما يفسر ظاهرة تعدد الأسماء للشيء الواحد التي تعد رافدا مهما في إثراء العربية. Abstract This study (titled Names for ‘Sword’ in Arabic: A Linguistic Study) aims to explore the names of the sword linguists mentioned, exceeding (70) names, and to explore the linguistic aspects that were represented in phonetic representations, such as: metathesis, substitution, and assimilation; morphological phenomena, such as: morphological analogy, most of which were derived from the three-letter-stem verb, with or without vowels and morphological analogy of nominative and accusative cases from the four-letter- stem verb. The study also included semantic representations displayed in hyponyms, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and manifestations of semantic development such as specific connotation, general connotation, and changing connotation for similarity and non-similarity relationships. All of these phonemic, morphological and semantic aspects account for the phenomenon of multiple names for the same thing, which is an important source enriching the Arabic Language.

This article presents 16 grave inscriptions from Assos in the Troad, dating between the fifth century BC and the end of the second century BC. Thirteen of these inscriptions were discovered between 1981 and 2005 and 3 were found in the third excavation term (2006-ongoing).Two of the inscriptions discovered between 1989 and 1994 are mentioned in R. Stupperich’s excavation reports and all but two are printed in majuscules in J.Freydank’s doctoral dissertation (published 2000). None, however, have been the subject of a comprehensive evaluation. From the dialectal point of view, these inscriptions greatly contribute to the epigraphic corpus of Assos. The composition of the inscriptions that display specific features of the Lesbian dialect is unremarkable in most cases; they usually consist only of the deceased’s name in the nominative case, while in five cases a patronymic follows in the genitive. Nevertheless, two inscriptions are remarkable since they document for the first time the use of an adjective of possession in the Lesbian dialect. In addition, these inscriptions add several new names to the onomastic repertoire of Assos and Asia Minor: Eratophanes, Simmeia, Aigidaia, Phaeia, Amphereidaia/Ampheridaia, Kleotthis, Oligidas, Agasikles, Nikasis, Sphodrias, Agias, Soter, Kydrantha, Isodikos, Euandros, Sosigenes, Phileia, Zoila, Sotadas, Peristera, [..]stratidas, Anaxagoras, and Mikkylos.

Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that takes two different things by identifying one with another. By using metaphor, it helps speakers or writers to give a clear description through comparison or contrast. Music is the attribute of sound in every background of human. To investigate the form and the meaning of metaphor found in the lyrics of the songs of Adele aims at the readers, especially the students of English Literature Major to use lyrics of the songs as a media in studying meaning. The method which is used in this research is descriptive method. In collecting data, the writer focused on identifying the words, phrases or noun. The result shows in terms of the identified metaphors, the writer found that the lyrics of the songs can be categorized as metaphor nominative subjective, metaphor nominative objective, metaphor predicative and metaphor sentence. The parts of sentences identified as metaphors are analyzed based on Lakoff is theory about tenor and source. Tenor refers to the underlying idea or principal subject of metaphor while source conveys the underlying; the borrowed idea, or the thing that has been resembled. The result of this study shows that the metaphor contains a certain meaning based on the context and each of them refers to a certain object of tenor and source.

This article deals with the nominative statusof acronyms – acrophonetic abbreviations, having syllabic structure corresponding to the English orthoepic norm and designed in capital letters.

ظاهرة نصب الجزأين مع (إن وأخواتها) في ضوء الاستعمال اللهجي إبراهيم سند إبراهيم أحمد قسم النحو والصرف والعروض، کلية دار العلوم، جامعة المنيا، مصر. البريد الإلکتروني: Ibrahim.ahmed1@mu.edu.eg الملخص: نصب الجزأين في الجملة الاسمية المنسوخة بـ (إن وأخواتها) ظاهرة نحوية، عرفت في استعمالات العربية الفصحى، وتعددت شواهدها في أقوال فصحاء العربية، فهي عادة کلامية لبعض القبائل، مثل: [تميم، وعکل، وهذيل،... وغيرها]، وعلى الرغم من مخالفة هذا الاستعمال للقاعدة النحوية الأشهر تداولا [بنصب اسم إن وأخواتها ورفع خبرها]، إلا أنه استعمال فصيح، تداولته مستويات العربية المختلفة. وقد استشهد نحاة الکوفة بعدد من الشواهد [الشعرية والنثرية]؛ لتأکيد استعمال هذه الظاهرة، أما البصريون فلم يجيزوا نصب الجزأين مع (إن وأخواتها)، وأولوا شواهدها إما بالنصب على الحال، أو على أنه خبر (کان) المحذوفة، وإن رأي الکوفيين هو الأقرب إلى الواقع اللغوي؛ لتداول الظاهرة بين أبناء العربية. وتهدف الدراسة إلى بيان المقصود بنصب الجزأين في الجملة الاسمية المنسوخة بـ (إن وأخواتها)، وعرض شواهدها، والتأکيد على فصاحتها، ومدى ارتباطها باللهجات العربية، وبيان موقف النحاة [البصريين والکوفيين] منها. وتعتمد الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي الذي يعنى بدراسة الظاهرة وتحليلها؛ وذلک من خلال رصد جهود النحاة في تناول ظاهرة (نصب الجزأين) مع الجملة الاسمية المنسوخة بـ (إن وأخواتها)، وموقف اللغويين المحدثين منها. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج، منها: التأکيد على تداول نصب الجزأين مع (إن وأخواتها) في الاستعمال العربي؛ وذلک على خلاف بين نحاة العربية [تأييدا واعتراضا]، والتزام محققي الدواوين الشعرية في تخريج شواهد نصب الجزأين وفق اللغة الأشهر في الاستعمال، أما النحاة فقد أشاروا إلى جواز استعمال اللغتين معا، وهذا يدل على دقة النحويين في رواية أشعار العرب، إضافة إلى کثرة استعمال نصب الجزأين مع (إن وأخواتها) في الشواهد النثرية عن الشواهد الشعرية. الکلمات المفتاحية: التوجيه النحوي، نصب الجزأين، إن وأخواتها، الاستعمال اللهجي. The Accusative of the Two Parts[1] with (Inna and its Sisters) in light of the Dialectical Usage Ibrahim Sanad Ibrahim Ahmed Department of Grammar, Morphology and Prosody, Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom, Minia University, Egypt Email: Ibrahim.ahmed1@mu.edu.eg Abstract: The accusative of the two parts of the nominative sentence beginning with Inna and its sisters is a grammatical phenomenon known in the uses of classical Arabic. It has several instances in the speech of eloquent speakers of Arabic. It is a verbal habit of some tribes, such as Tamim, Akel, and Hudhail. Although this use contravenes the most widely used grammatical rule [putting in the accusative case the subject of (Inna and its sisters) and putting its predicate in the nominative case], it is an eloquent use shared by different levels of Arabic. A number of [poetic and prose] instances were cited by the grammarians of Kufa to confirm its use. The grammarians of Basra did not allow the accusative of the two parts with (Inna and its Sisters). They interpreted the instances either as the accusative of Haal (circumstantial adverb) or as the predicate of the omitted (Kana). But the opinion of the grammarians of Kufa is closest to the linguistic reality because the usage confirms the existence of this phenomenon. The study aims to clarify what is meant by putting in the accusative the two parts of the nominative sentence beginning with (Inna and its sisters), presenting its instances, emphasizing its eloquence, its connection with Arabic dialects, and stating the position of grammarians regarding it. The study adopts a descriptive approach that deals with studying and analyzing this phenomenon. This is done by observing the efforts of grammarians in dealing with the accusative of the two parts of the nominative sentence beginning with (Inna and its sisters), and the position of modern linguists regarding that. The study reaches a number of conclusions, including: emphasizing the use of the accusative of the two parts with (Inna and its sisters) in Arabic. This point is debatable among Arabic grammarians (some grammarians approve, others disapprove). The commitment of the auditors of the poetic collections to produce the instances of the accusative of the two parts according to the most widely used language rule, while the grammarians have indicated the permissibility of the two uses ​​together. This is indicative of the accuracy of grammarians in narrating Arabic poetry. Instances of the use of the accusative of the two parts with (Inna and its sisters) in prose are greater than those in poetry. Keywords: Grammatical orientation, The accusative of the two parts, Inna and its sisters, Dialectical Usage.

This paper considers language evolution from a cognitive-grammar (CG) perspective taking Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial stage of maximal subjectivity in which the ground (G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a process of objectification such that g entities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions of identification and predication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives rise to the full, nominative-marked, baseline existential core (C∃) comprising the existential predicate (P∃) and the existential subject (S∃). The truncation (T) of a verb’s nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yielding the existential predicate minus (P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the semantic function of processual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the semantic function of referential modification, anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of reality.

This article employs conversation analysis to investigate the workings of the so-called ‘nominative’ particle ga in storytelling sequences in naturally occurring Japanese conversation. Drawing on prior research, it is suggested that conversational stories are a natural habitat for ga—which is routinely found in the course of stories—in story initiations, within background information, in the articulation of the key sequence of events leading to the climax, as well as in the delivery of the climax itself. The current study looks at storytellers' deployment of ga for projecting and implementing a context-dependent mapping of a NP onto a Predicate, in interaction with story-recipients. Typically produced in the form NP ga Predicate, the mapping can be said to be demonstrably directed toward evoking or invoking varying types and degrees of identification or association of the NP with the Predicate. The identification or association appears to be profoundly shaped by the local interactional context as well as having a critical impact on the development of the story-telling sequence.

This paper examines the tone in Harar Oromo, a language widely spoken in Ethiopia. The focus is on tone in nouns. The examination implements acoustic analysis of tone using pitch contours, which helps in determining the type and position of tone in roots and in nominative and accusative case. The results show that roots can have either L or H tone, while case suffixes always have H tone. This suggests that tone is predictable in suffixes, but not in roots. The analysis suggests that Harar Oromo has a restricted tone system that is similar to stress-like languages.

The article proposes a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the topographic repertoire of Ukrainian spells. Peculiarities of topographical and toponymic vocabulary functioning in the most ancient texts of ritual folklore are deduced. It has been determined that the spells reflect different geographical areas with the help of 7 structural-and-semantic types of topolexes; their artistic-and-aesthetic focus has been identified. Geographical names as culturally loaded onyms in folklore texts carry a huge layer of culturally significant information in their semantics. In this case the name is an abridged history of the inner life and spirit of the people. The cultural component of the language at the vocabulary level (hence the proper names) to some extent fixes the culture of the people - the native speakers, reflects the inherent worldview of the people. It has been proved that the disclosure of the functional load and mechanisms of onomastic vocabulary in folklore texts will contribute to the clarification and deepening of the theoretical foundations of onomastics as a linguistic science. Each geographical name, entering folklore texts, is combined with a complex range of relations that can be restored only on the basis of a comprehensive systematic analysis of all manifestations of spiritual and material culture of the people, taking into account regional data distribution and knowledge of typologically related cultures. One of the toponyms’ functions in the texts of the spells is a targeted one, but this category of proper names in folklore texts performs not only a nominative function, but often acquires a generalized abstract meaning, adds other semes to their lexicographically fixed meaning, which implicitly contain people's attitudes to the world. It has been proved that geographical names appear in folklore genres as peculiar concepts of the linguistic-and-figurative sphere of the Slavic mentality.

Blogging is an integral part of modern Internet communication. It allows us to push the boundaries of time and space, making it possible for people around the world to interact online: find like-minded individuals, learn, communicate, get up-to-date information, etc. The most popular video format of such interaction today is video blogging. Video bloggers (vloggers) often find themselves in the position of a leader: their lifestyle and speech characteristics become a model for the channel’s subscribers; people listen to vloggers and try to copy them. Since each social role corresponds to a certain type of speech behaviour and a set of language tools, it can be assumed that the speech of vloggers also has some specific features. This paper is an integral part of a multidimensional study of the speech of modern vloggers from the embroidery community on YouTube and considers the active processes of word formation in their speech. The material included Russian-language YouTube videos dedicated to embroidery posted from 2016 to 2020. The research showed that the appearance of derived words in the colloquial speech of embroiderers is not accidental. Words are derived quite often and borrowed by vloggers from each other. They perform various functions, the main being nominative and emotionalevaluative. The creative component of embroiderers’ activity is reflected in their speech: the process of forming new words is characterized by imagery, metaphoricalness, and abundance of diminutives with positive connotations. For citation: Balakay A.A. Active Processes of Word Formation in the Speech of Modern Vloggers (Based on Russian-Language Embroidery Vlogs on YouTube). Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal’nogo universiteta. Ser.: Gumanitarnye i sotsial’nye nauki, 2021, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 22–30. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1505-V114

The features of the organization of the artistic world of a fantastic work are considered. The material was the works of O. Gromyko, written in the genre of fantasy. The main parameters of the organization of the artistic world are analyzed: artistic space, artistic time and the picture of the heroes’ world, understood as a system of their value attitudes and rules. The relevance of the study is due not only to the wide popularity of works of science fiction, but also to the ability to analyze the linguistic means of creating a “secondary world” using this material. The scientific novelty of this work is seen in the fact that linguistic nominative means of forming the main categories of the artistic world: space, time and the picture of the world are investigated. It is shown that the understanding of a fantastic work as a special “otherness of reality” is associated in literary science with the problem of artistic convention. Attention is paid to the description of the main scientific approaches to understanding the primary and secondary artistic conventions. It is noted that the idea of creating a special artistic world in fiction correlates with secondary conventions and fiction, which are interpreted as essential features of any work of art. The author concludes that the exceptional plausibility of the universe under consideration is due to the conceptuality, associativity and duality of the created narrative.

The present paper argues that ECM subjects undergo A-movement to Spec of ForceP in the subordinate clause, but not to the matrix object position, in Japanese ECM constructions where a complementizer is required for the embedded clause. ECM subjects are argued to move to Spec of ForceP, accessible to the matrix predicate, while a topic fills the lower TopP. It is suggested that an ECM subject appears in ForceP on the grounds that it enters into ϕ-feature agreement with the Force head, and that the Case feature of the ECM subject is valued as accusative by the matrix verb. It is further shown that when a major subject construction, where both major subject and thematic subject are marked with nominative case, is embedded under the ECM verb, the major subject rather than the thematic subject of the embedded predicate is raised to Spec of ForceP to serve as an ECM argument.

This paper is devoted to the main fragments of the English-speaking representation of the world, being presented by linguistic peculiarities of the ethnocultural aspect in language objectification of the Russian ethnos by the British linguocultural community. Attention is focused on the attempt to investigate ethnic stereotypes that exist in people’s cognition of the world of another nation; they appear to be ethnonominations and create the specific ethnocultural image of the multinational world that influence the organization of interethnic communication: the choice of appropriate nominative units and strategic deployment of communication. The research and perception of another culture are always depicted through the prism of national values and character’s peculiarities, accordingly, the perception of the Russians, in particular, by the English supplies with the rich data for studying the English mentality. The author examines the stereotyped conception of the English about the national character and the peculiarities of the national mentality of the Russian ethnic community. The Russians are supposed to need a strong and strict leader as they have been used to following the idea of unprecedented submission to the authorities. The result asserts the fact that the positive assessment of facts, actions, or phenomena grants the object being depicted the characteristics of “own”. These are norms; ideals, and something positive that have been perceived by the society as “own” cultural values. The notions, being estimated negatively are treated as “alien” ones. Thus positive assessment is the characteristic of “own” and is taken for granted. The negative assessment is treated as “alien” and that is why undergoes some rejection. The very extralinguistic factors (political, social, and economic) determine the form of the communication of two nations: whether it is the form of a dialogue or a conflict. It is postulated the idea that the dominant features of national characters of the representatives of other cultures are turned out by the English into definite stereotypes that are stable formations not always correspond to the true state. In the situations of interethnic relations, the process of communication is being conducted based on identification and distancing strategies. These strategies regulate communicative actions of speakers with the possible assignment of explicit or implicit appraisal or description.

The purpose and objectives of the article is to analyze the metalanguage of “coronavirus” neoplasms; to present a possible typology of methanominations of covid vocabulary; to characterize the ways of formation of methanominations, to predict the possibilities of growth of methanominations in covid-lexicon. The object of research is media texts, web materials, linguistic research related to the topic of coronavirus infection. The subject of study is the formation and development of the metalanguage of the covid dictionary. The material for the study was the corpus of “covid” methanominations, which includes about 100 units. The research used general scientific methods of observation and description, as well as the techniques of the definitive and contextual methods. As a result of scientific work, thematic groups of methanominations of covid neologisms were identified, the mechanisms of their formation were analyzed; the prospect of further expansion of the meta-vocabulary is considered. The author of the work came to the following conclusions. In the Russian linguistic space in the past two years, along with the formation of a nominative field of designations for a new phenomenon — coronavirus infection — a kind of metalanguage is also being formed, including the names of: 1) sets of new lexemes; 2) types of new words themselves; 3) sections of linguistics; 4) the very process / fact of the appearance of covid words in the language. Methanominations of all subgroups are mainly formed according to the models: “A + C”, “C + C” and C + (AC). Linguistic terms are used as pivotal lexemes: language, speech, word, etc. The list of attributes includes lexemes expressing the relationship between the designated item and the coronavirus situation. In most of the subgroups, there are composite methanominations with the first component covid or corona. Several methanominations are blends. The topic of Covid-19 continues to be popular, which in turn suggests that the circle of “pandemic” methanominations may expand for some time.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the semantic and functional specificity of the core words thatrepresent the meteorological discourse (climatic, meteorological, prognostic, synoptic) and reflect a fragment of its verbalnetwork. The object of the research is a verbal-semantic level of the linguistic personality of weather forecaster NatalkaDidenko, and its subject is a verbal network of adjectives derivated from nouns. The source base of the research isthe texts of weather forecasts, presented on Facebook page of Natalka Didenko who is the main weather forecaster ofthe country. Component, contextual-interpretive and grammatical analyses are used in the work as the main methodsfor research of functional features of basic adjectives. The result of studying the problem is proving that the semanticstructure of adjectives derivated from nouns in meteorological discourse is expanding. It occurs due to the layering ofsemantic- stylistic shades on attributive semantics. Conclusions. The verbal network of meteorological discourse containsstandard adjectival-substantive phrases, which are the core of the weather forecast, and author’s formations, which organizeits periphery. The latter create a unique atmosphere of communication, reflect the creative nature of the linguisticpersonality of the weather forecaster in the meteorological discourse and serve as a marker that attracts the attention ofreaders. The highest frequency of use in weather forecasts has the adjective synoptic, which is active in the transformedphraseologisms. The adjective meteorological functions mainly as an element of complex nouns. Adjectives climatic andprognostic are not common in meteorological discourse due to their narrow compatibility and demand in the composition ofterminological compounds. Verbal network of the studied discourse of Natalka Didenko includes standard and occasionalphrases, where each type performs a corresponding function (nominative, emotional, pragmatic).

The alternations k~c, g~z, and x~s occurring before i in Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS) noun declension stem from the Second Palatalization of Velars, but are no longer phonologically conditioned. In the dative-locative singular of nouns with nominative in -a, they are favored or hindered by a combination of morphological criteria. In the dative-instrumental-locative plural of masculine nouns, they are almost exceptionless. In the same three cases of neuter nouns they occur more when the noun is directly after a preposition, less when other words intervene between the preposition and the noun, a phenomenon that has not previously been remarked in the literature. We exemplify it with the noun pazuho ‘armpit’.

This paper develops the proposal put forth by Aldridge (2015, 2016) for the emergence of ergative alignment in a first-order subgroup of the Austronesian family. I first provide new evidence for reconstructing Proto-Austronesian (PAn) as accusative rather than ergative. I then propose a significantly revised approach to Aldridge’s proposed reanalysis. On the basis of evidence from Tsou, I propose that the reanalysis took place in biclausal constructions embedded under motion or locative verbs. Since such biclausal constructions are contexts for restructuring, no accusative case is available for an object. This forced objects which needed structural licensing to value nominative case with T. I additionally show that subjects were assigned inherent non-nominative case in PAn when objects needed to enter into Agree with T, as when valuing nominative case. These conditions yielded a new ergative clause type in a daughter of PAn, which Aldridge (2015, 2016) calls “Proto-Ergative Austronesian”. No change took place in clauses lacking an object needing structural licensing. Consequently, subjects in intransitive clauses and transitive clauses with indefinite objects continued to surface with nominative case, yielding the type of ergative alignment prevalent in Formosan and Philippine languages today.

This paper investigates two instances of alignment change, both of which resulted from reanalysis of a nominalized embedded clause type, in which the external argument was marked with genitive case and the internal argument was focused. We show that a subject marked with genitive case in the early development of Austronesian languages became ergative-marked when object relative clauses in cleft constructions were reanalyzed as transitive root clauses. In contrast to this, the genitive case in Old Japanese nominalized clauses, marking an external argument, was extended to mark all subjects. This occurred after adnominal clauses were reanalyzed as root clauses. Japanese underwent one more step in order for genitive to be reanalyzed as nominative: the reanalysis of impersonal psych transitive constructions as intransitives. With these two case studies of Austronesian and Japanese, we show that reanalysis of nominalization goes in either direction, ergative or accusative, depending on the syntactic conditions involved in the reanalysis.

In this article, I consider the use of seemingly old nominative forms (ONF) in object position. The phenomenon is noted for the dialects of Vasterbotten (in Northern Sweden) by several authors. Earlier works imply that the phenomenon is rather recent (early 1900s) and that the phenomenon is in more common usage in the inland rural areas than by the more urban coast. I discuss the structural analysis presented by Holmberg in the 1980s, which involves a restriction on “subject forms” to noun phrases that are assigned Case and Theta role from different heads. I present both theoretical and empirical reasons to doubt that account. Instead, I opt for a phonological account, which claims that the ONFs are used, if and only if they are strong (stressed). The suggestion is corroborated by new data from a few informants. I end the paper by giving the details of case forms for strong and weak first- and second-person pronouns in the old and modern dialects. The modern dialect is claimed to have lost its strong object forms and now resorts to using the only available strong forms (ONFs) in both subject and object position. (Less)

The article attempts to structure the motivational side, as well as the principles of nomination in the formation of the zoonemic layer of onomastic vocabulary. From the point of view of the onomasiological approach, the onomastic nomination is analyzed in the aspect of modeling of the nominative situation, where the specific properties of zoonyms as one of the bits of the names of their own are taken into account. Terminological definition is carried out in connection with the polyemanticity of the term “zoonym”. It is concluded that the reconstruction of the nominative situation (initial motives of the nomination) allows to interpret it as much as possible in order to further use this information in the identification of associative relations. Factors that create a nominative situation when creating a zoonim have been identified. These include both linguistic and extralinguistic: the purpose of the nomination, the age of the nominee, phonetic features of the supposed onim, the inner world of man, associative connections, the influence of zoonimical stereotype. Each component in the nomination process affects the selection of a ready-made name or the creation of a new one in its own way. Synthesis of participation of factors in creation of a nominative situation when forming a zoonim allowed to formulate the basic principles of the nomination characteristic of area of a zoonimiya and also levels on which these principles are based (actually object, object and subject). The distribution of principles by named levels is reflected. It is concluded that the main principles are the nomination of an object by its properties; Nomination as a result of the intended effect of the perception of others; Nomination as a reflection of the inner world and the nominee 's interests, emerging associations; Nomination taking into account the scale of zoonomic stereotypes. It is concluded that the creation of zoonyms is the result of a conscious strategy of the nominee, which reflects the peculiarities of the national specificity of thinking and relevant associative ties in the process of creation.