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Keyuri Adhikari,1,* Khalid M Kamal,1,* Ki Jin Jeun,1 David A Nolfi,2 Mohammed Najeeb Ashraf,3 Christopher Zacker4 1Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA; 2Gumberg Library, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 3Medical Affairs, SciVoc Consulting Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 4Global Value & Access, Cerevel Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Khalid M Kamal, Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Email kkamal@hsc.wvu.eduBackground: Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder that confers a substantial disease burden globally. Oral antipsychotic treatments (OATs) are the mainstay for treating early and advanced stages of schizophrenia. Our systematic review aimed to synthesize literature describing real-world effectiveness, economic, and humanistic outcomes of OATs (asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lumateperone, lurasidone, olanzapine/samidorphan, paliperidone, and quetiapine) for successful management of the disease.Methods: PubMed, American Psychological Association PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies reporting real-world effectiveness, costs, humanistic, behavioral (eg, interpersonal relations, suicide ideation), medication adherence, and product-switching outcomes for selected OATs published in English from January 2010 to March 2022 were identified and evaluated qualitatively.Results: We included 48 studies with different designs providing extensive evidence on schizophrenia. All studies were conducted in countries outside of the United States. In most studies, antipsychotic medications were more effective than placebo, suggesting their value in the management of schizophrenia. Sixteen studies measured the economic outcomes of OATs. Eight studies assessed humanistic outcomes, while one reported behavioral outcomes in three second-generation antipsychotics. Medication adherence was described in two studies, while five studies evaluated product switching. Non-adherence was commonly reported for OATs. Medication non-adherence and treatment discontinuation were predominant factors contributing to the economic burden of schizophrenia.Conclusion: Our research showcased a significant knowledge gap across OATs spanning the humanistic and behavioral outcomes and medication adherence and switching, suggesting a need for robust evidence generation to help clinicians and payers make informed decisions regarding treatment opportunities and cost-effective strategies for patients with schizophrenia.Keywords: schizophrenia, behavioral outcomes, cost-effectiveness, humanistic outcomes, medication adherence, product switching

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of mentoring programs on undergraduate nursing students' mental health., Background: The study of nursing has been cited as stressful, with negative effects on academic and physical well-being and mental health in nursing students., Method: An integrative review of the literature using the method of Whittemore and Knafl was performed on mentoring programs designed to mitigate student stress. Electronic databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Embase, ERIC, and Scopus., Results: The eight studies included in this review suggest that mentoring has positive impacts on nursing students' mental health, reducing stress and anxiety and enhancing well-being and sense of belonging., Conclusion: Mentoring programs have positive effects on mental health outcomes in undergraduate nursing students. Implementation of structured programs at the start of undergraduate studies can facilitate increased mental and physical well-being and decrease stress and anxiety., Competing Interests: The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 National League for Nursing.)

Background: A limited understanding exists on the associations of neighborhood environment with subclinical atherosclerosis and its progression., Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review was to explore associations of neighborhood environments and socioeconomic status (SES) with subclinical atherosclerosis and its long-term progression., Results: Three themes were identified: environmental exposure affects the natural history of atherosclerosis, neighborhood characteristics are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, and individual SES is associated with development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis more so than neighborhood SES. Some variations in results were noted based on the vascular site examined., Clinical Implications: Disadvantaged neighborhoods and low SES are associated with greater subclinical atherosclerosis. Inconsistencies in a few studies seemed to be related to lack of coronary artery progression among the relatively young adults. This suggests further examination is needed of the contextual associations of neighborhood and SES with markers of generalized atherosclerosis, such as carotid intima-media thickness., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review was to explore the beliefs and practices used to promote physical and mental health among youth ages 18-25 years, identifying as LGBTIQ+ experiencing housing insecurity., Method: The approach used strategies described by Whittemore and Knafl. Peer-reviewed, published research articles in English were identified using eight electronic databases. Eighteen research reports using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods were identified. Articles were evaluated for quality using the American Association of Critical Care Nurses Evidenced-Level Hierarchy evaluation tool. Data were analyzed and synthesized using Braun and Clarke's method., Findings: Four themes related to the purpose were extracted: pervasive experiences of stigma and discrimination, constantly attuned to navigating risks, inconsistent engagement in health information and care, and inner strength developed through personal and community experiences., Discussion: There are strong implications for future research, public health nursing practice, and health policy. Public health nurses should incorporate social determinants of health (addressing harmful social processes such as homophobia and racism) as well as a strength-based upstream approach in research, education, and health care practices. More research must also be done to assess engagement in physical and mental health information and care., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Sleep issues occur at higher rates in children with neurodevelopmental disorders than in the typical population. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on sleep issues in this population METHOD: This integrative review aimed to characterize studies during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022) addressing the prevalence and management of sleep issues in children and youth with neurodevelopmental disorders.Comprehensive database searches were used to identify articles, and 31 studies were considered suitable for this review., Results: Most studies reported worsening sleep disturbances during COVID-19 restrictions. All studies were conducted when clinics were closed; only two studies addressed treatment options such as music therapy and sleep hygiene education and found improvement in sleep issues., Discussion: Future research needs to concentrate on developing interventions to assist families remotely and empower families with a toolkit of preparedness in times of crisis., (Copyright © 2022 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In previous work, we showed that highly proliferative cells and cancer cells, but not cells with normal growth rate, have tubules rich in alpha-1,2 fucosylated epitopes that extend radially from the nucleus to the cell periphery and form an unusual uptake system. The importance of alpha-1,2 fucosylation in forming tubules was demonstrated by proving that down-regulating the two corresponding fucosyltransferases (FUT1 and FUT2) causes tubule fragmentation. Here, we present evidence that in the prostate cancer cell line DU145, the tubules arise in actively growing cells from vesicles in the medial and trans elements of a partially fragmented Golgi complex, while in not actively growing cells the tubules become completely independent from the Golgi complex. Formation and elongation of the tubules proved to depend on the actin cytoskeleton, since the alpha-1,2 fucosylated protein(s) segregate with the cytoskeleton proteins, and not in the membrane fraction, as do the Golgi markers and other fucosylated proteins, while depolymerization of the actin filaments causes tubule fragmentation and shifting of the alpha-1,2 fucosylated proteins into the membrane fraction., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: After stroke, individuals face a variety of impairments that impact function. Increasingly, rehabilitation for these impairments has moved into the community and home settings through the use of home programs. However, adherence to these programs is often low, limiting effectiveness., Objective: This scoping review investigated home program implementation and measurement of adherence with persons post-stroke to identify commonly reported practices and determine areas for further research., Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PEDro were searched. Studies focused on post-stroke rehabilitation with an independent home program were selected. Qualitative studies, commentaries, and single-case studies were excluded. Title and abstract screenings were completed by two reviewers with a third for tie-breaking. The full-text review was completed by two reviewers using consensus to resolve any differences. Of the 1,197 articles initially found only 6% (n = 70) met criteria for data extraction. Elements for data extraction included: type of study, area of intervention, description of home program, presence of strategies to support adherence, methods to measure adherence and reported adherence., Results: Most commonly reported strategies to support home practice were the use of technology, personalization, and written directions. Only 20 studies reported achieving adherence at or greater than 75% and 18 studies did not report adherence outcomes., Conclusions: Future investigations that directly compare and identify the most effective strategies to support adherence to home programs for this population are warranted. The implementation of guidelines for reporting adherence to home programs is recommended.

Background: Bariatric surgery research, often longitudinal, bears the challenge of maintaining retention and decreasing attrition of participants to avoid bias., Objectives: To explore factors influencing the retention and attrition for bariatric surgical research participants., Methods: Databases searched included: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and others. As a secondary aim, studies reporting on retention/attrition factors in clinical follow-up visits were included., Results: Of the 1145 articles retrieved, 44 met inclusion criteria, and underwent qualitative analysis. Four descriptive articles focused on longitudinal research participation and 40 on clinical follow-up visits. Willingness to participate in research was high (92%) and decreased with more invasive procedures or extra visits. A large observational longitudinal study presented 24-month retention/attrition data (92% for some data and 66% visit completion) and the retention strategies employed. One study indicated that research follow-up possibly increased clinical follow-up and another demonstrated a higher retention by increasing compensation. No consistent, modifiable demographic or psychosocial variables associated or predictive of retention or attrition in clinical follow-up were identified., Conclusions: Research on factors related to participant retention and attrition is sparse. It is essential for studies to document retention/attrition data. Existing research has demonstrated a patient willingness to participate in research and that retention strategies have been successful in the short term. Further research should explore the motivations, perspectives and attitudes of bariatric surgical research participants regarding participation and explore predictors to develop evidence-based retention strategies. Research has yet to identify consistent and modifiable demographic or psychosocial variables predictive of clinical follow-up, possibly due to the heterogeneity of follow-up across studies. Further investigation into follow-up definition, content, counseling approaches, and new telemedicine technologies may prove helpful in developing predictors and evidence-based strategies. The relationship between research and clinical retention and attrition deserves further characterization., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)