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It is shown that there are a significant number of quasiparticles present in the superconductor even at the temperature far below the transition temperature and that those quasiparticles seriously contribute to the characteristics of superconducting thin-film resonators., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, and 1 table. It is submitted to IEEE TAS

Owing to recent advances in artificial intelligence and internet of things (IoT) technologies, collected big data facilitates high computational performance, while its computational resources and energy cost are large. Moreover, data are often collected but not used. To solve these problems, we propose a framework for a computational model that follows a natural computational system, such as the human brain, and does not rely heavily on electronic computers. In particular, we propose a methodology based on the concept of `computation harvesting', which uses IoT data collected from rich sensors and leaves most of the computational processes to real-world phenomena as collected data. This aspect assumes that large-scale computations can be fast and resilient. Herein, we perform prediction tasks using real-world road traffic data to show the feasibility of computation harvesting. First, we show that the substantial computation in traffic flow is resilient against sensor failure and real-time traffic changes due to several combinations of harvesting from spatiotemporal dynamics to synthesize specific patterns. Next, we show the practicality of this method as a real-time prediction because of its low computational cost. Finally, we show that, compared to conventional methods, our method requires lower resources while providing a comparable performance.

Inflation is the leading theory of the first instant of the universe. Inflation, which postulates that the universe underwent a period of rapid expansion an instant after its birth, provides convincing explanation for cosmological observations. Recent advancements in detector technology have opened opportunities to explore primordial gravitational waves generated by the inflation through B-mode (divergent-free) polarization pattern embedded in the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies. If detected, these signals would provide strong evidence for inflation, point to the correct model for inflation, and open a window to physics at ultra-high energies. LiteBIRD is a satellite mission with a goal of detecting degree-and-larger-angular-scale B-mode polarization. LiteBIRD will observe at the second Lagrange point with a 400 mm diameter telescope and 2,622 detectors. It will survey the entire sky with 15 frequency bands from 40 to 400 GHz to measure and subtract foregrounds. The U.S. LiteBIRD team is proposing to deliver sub-Kelvin instruments that include detectors and readout electronics. A lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna array will cover low-frequency bands (40 GHz to 235 GHz) with four frequency arrangements of trichroic pixels. An orthomode-transducer-coupled corrugated horn array will cover high-frequency bands (280 GHz to 402 GHz) with three types of single frequency detectors. The detectors will be made with Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers cooled to a 100 milli-Kelvin base temperature by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator.The TES bolometers will be read out using digital frequency multiplexing with Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifiers. Up to 78 bolometers will be multiplexed with a single SQUID amplidier. We report on the sub-Kelvin instrument design and ongoing developments for the LiteBIRD mission., Comment: 7 pages 2 figures Journal of Low Temperature Physics - Special edition - LTD17 Proceeding

A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to ~15 km. To develop and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from September to late November 2014, culminating in end-to-end observations, calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as 19 mas at ~350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters; this version with small changes to affiliations

LiteBIRD is a next-generation satellite mission to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. On large angular scales the B-mode polarization of the CMB carries the imprint of primordial gravitational waves, and its precise measurement would provide a powerful probe of the epoch of inflation. The goal of LiteBIRD is to achieve a measurement of the characterizing tensor to scalar ratio $r$ to an uncertainty of $\delta r=0.001$. In order to achieve this goal we will employ a kilo-pixel superconducting detector array on a cryogenically cooled sub-Kelvin focal plane with an optical system at a temperature of 4~K. We are currently considering two detector array options; transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers and microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKID). In this paper we give an overview of LiteBIRD and describe a TES-based polarimeter designed to achieve the target sensitivity of 2~$\mu$K$\cdot$arcmin over the frequency range 50 to 320~GHz., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

Interplay between magnetization dynamics and electric current in a conducting ferromagnet is theoretically studied based on a microscopic model calculation. First, the effects of the current on magnetization dynamics (spin torques) are studied with special attention to the "dissipative" torques arising from spin-relaxation processes of conduction electrons. Next, an analysis is given of the "spin motive force", namely, a spin-dependent 'voltage' generation due to magnetization dynamics, which is the reaction to spin torques. Finally, an attempt is presented of a unified description of these effects., Comment: Written in December 2008, published in July 2009

Strongly warped regions, also known as throats, are a common feature of the type IIB string theory landscape. If one of the throats is heated during cosmological evolution, the energy is subsequently transferred to other throats or to massless fields in the unwarped bulk of the Calabi-Yau orientifold. This energy transfer proceeds either by Hawking radiation from the black hole horizon in the heated throat or, at later times, by the decay of throat-localized Kaluza-Klein states. In both cases, we calculate in a 10d setup the energy transfer rate (respectively decay rate) as a function of the AdS scales of the throats and of their relative distance. Compared to existing results based on 5d models, we find a significant suppression of the energy transfer rates if the size of the embedding Calabi-Yau orientifold is much larger than the AdS radii of the throats. This effect can be partially compensated by a small distance between the throats. These results are relevant, e.g., for the analysis of reheating after brane inflation. Our calculation employs the dual gauge theory picture in which each throat is described by a strongly coupled 4d gauge theory, the degrees of freedom of which are localized at a certain position in the compact space., Comment: 25 pages; a comment added

The spatial variation of the local density of states in optimally doped Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{1.6}$La$_{0.4}$CuO$_{6+\delta}$ (superconducting transition temperature is 34 K) is studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy at 4.2 K in zero magnetic field. Two-dimensional density-of-states modulation aligned with the Cu-O-Cu bond with a periodicity of about five lattice constants is observed. It is found that this modulation accompanies the appearance of a new energy gap of approximately 10 meV, whose gap edge peak is spatially modulated in intensity. This gap coexists with the superconducting gap, the value of which ranges from 10 meV to 60 meV., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn accepted

We present observations of the 3P1-3P0 fine structure transition of atomic carbon [CI], the J=3-2 transition of CO, as well as of the J=1-0 transitions of 13CO and C18O toward DR15, an HII region associated with two mid-infrared dark clouds (IRDCs). The 13CO and C18O J=1-0 emissions closely follow the dark patches seen in optical wavelength, showing two self-gravitating molecular cores with masses of 2000 Msun and 900 Msun, respectively, at the positions of the catalogued IRDCs. Our data show a rough spatial correlation between [CI] and 13CO J=1-0. Bright [CI] emission occurs in relatively cold gas behind the molecular cores, neither in highly excited gas traced by CO J=3-2 emission nor in HII region/molecular cloud interface. These results are inconsistent with those predicted by standard photodissociation region (PDR) models, suggesting an origin for interstellar atomic carbon unrelated to photodissociation processes., Comment: 11 pages Latex, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

We discuss the weak coupling expansion of lattice QCD with the overlap Dirac operator. The Feynman rules for lattice QCD with the overlap Dirac operator are derived and the quark self-energy and vacuum polarization are studied at the one-loop level. We confirm that their divergent parts agree with those in the continuum theory., Comment: 19pages, 7figures, latex; added references :final version for publication

In higher dimensional models where the gauge and gravity fields live in the bulk and the matter fields only in a brane, we point out the importance of the brane (transverse) coordinate modes, which are the Nambu-Goldstone bosons appearing as a result of spontaneous breaking of the translation symmetry. The brane recoil effect suppresses the couplings of higher Kaluza-Klein modes to the matter, and gives a natural resolution to the divergence problem caused by the exchange of infinitely many Kaluza-Klein modes., Comment: 11 pages, 1 eps figure, references added

We derive the effective action of the light fermion field of the domain-wall fermion, which is referred as $q(x)$ by Furman and Shamir. The inverse of the effective Dirac operator turns out to be identical to the inverse of the truncated overlap Dirac operator, except a local contact term which would give the chiral symmetry breaking in the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. This result allows us to relate the light fermion field and the fermion field described by the truncated overlap Dirac operator and to understand the chiral property of the light fermion through the exact chiral symmetry based on the Ginsparg-Wilson relation., Comment: 35 pages, LaTeX2e, references added and updated, minor corrections

C-type asteroid 162173 Ryugu was observed by remote sensing apparatus onboard Hayabusa2 spacecraft and found to be very dark object whose reflectance is (1.60 ± 0.15) % at 0.55μm and showed a small 2.7μm absorption band indicative of phyllosilicates. The optical navigation camera detected color variations of Ryugu’s surface in the wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.95μm: Bluer spectra are ob-served at both poles and on the equatorial ridge, both of which are topographic highs and thus may be fresh material exposed by gradual erosion. On the other hand, many locations at middle-latitude areas exhibit redder and darker colors. Similar color variations are also detected in the near-infrared wavelength range. These observations suggest that a surface-correlated process is responsible for the color variation, most prob-ably from blue to red, but the mechanism for the change is not yet identified. Space weathering is one possible mechanism responsible for the color variation, but the spectral changes of C-type asteroids from space weathering are far from being fully understood. Past experimental studies using hydrous carbonaceous chondrites such as Murchison and Tagish Lake show that He exposure (simulating solar wind irradiation) changes spectra to bluer and brighter. Recently our He exposure experiments indicate that spectral changes depend on physical properties such as porosity of exposed material. In this study, we per-formed further He exposure experiments using Murchison CM chondrite in order to understand energy dependence on the spectral changes. We found that He energy is a critical parameter, as well as physical properties of the samples, that affects spectral changes of space weathering of hydrated C-type asteroids.