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Xylanase is a type of enzyme that hydrolyzed of β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in xylan, breaking it down into its constituent monomers. Xylanolytic enzymes are pivotal in processes such as bio-bleaching of pulp, textile manufacturing, and the recycling of waste paper. Successful bioconversion of xylan or lignocellulose relies on the collaborative action of various xylanolytic enzymes, including endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and other accessory enzymes. Docking simulations using Auto Dock 4.2 were conducted to analyze the interaction between ligands and xylanase, utilizing PDB 1B3V and 1FCE. Ligand interaction with xylanase was further investigated through molecular dynamics. The xylanase from Penicillium simplicissimum (PDB 1B3V) exhibited comparable affinities for α-D-xylopyranose and β-D-xylopyranose. In contrast, the xylanase from Clostridium cellulolyticum (PDB 1FCE) demonstrated a stronger affinity for β-D-glucopyranose than for 4-thiouridine. Molecular dynamic investigations indicated the stability of both structures against the tested ligands. These findings provide a foundation for potential experimental validations and the application of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics techniques. Such approaches could unveil the detailed catalytic mechanism and bolster the industrial efficacy of the enzyme.

Pesticide active ingredients have widespread toxicity effects on target and non-target organisms. Continuous exposure to pesticides causes cancer. Kelakai is thought to have potential cytotoxic activity against the growth of cancer cells. The aim of this research is to examine the potential activity of chemical compounds on Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) proteins exposed to organophosphate pesticides in silico. Protein and ligand preparation with the Chimera program, Docking using SwissDock, as well as virtual screening using the pkCSM web and ProTox. Ethion and neophytadiene have the most negative ∆G values of -8.62 kcal/mol and -8.39 kcal/mol, respectively. The binding site for ethion and neophytadiene compounds with the ALK protein is right at the active site of the ALK protein. Ethion is the most toxic organophosphate pesticide and has the potential to be cytogenic. Neophytadiene from kelakai compounds has the potential to act as a competitor in inhibiting the ALK protein. The similarity in the type and number of binding residues in ethion and neophytadiene in the ALK protein indicates competition between ethion and neophytadiene.

Candida albicans grows rapidly when the microflora becomes imbalanced due to a variety of factors. Its ability to infect a host is aided by its virulence factors, such as biofilm. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of clover honey in inhibiting and degrading the biofilm formation of C. albicans in vitro. This study used a true experimental design with an in vitro post-test-only control group design approach. The microtiter plate assay was used to grow planktonic cells and biofilm. This method was carried out to obtain the Optical Density (OD) value for each test, measured by a Microplate Reader. Cell viability was measured using the MTS Assay kit, the biofilm matrix was measured using the Crystal Violet Assay, and the morphology of C. albicans biofilms was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Probit and One-way ANOVA tests were applied to determine the MIC50 of both planktonic and biofilm, as well as statistical analysis. The results showed that clover honey exerted inhibitory activity against C. albicans planktonic cells at a MIC50value of 31.60% w/v. At the highest concentration, clover honey exhibited antibiofilm activity by lowering the extracellular matrix and viability of C. albicans cells by 64.59% and 72.09%, respectively. Based on SEM observation, clover honey changed the cell morphology of C. albicans and reduced the thickness of the biofilm. Overall, our findings concluded that clover honey exhibited antifungal properties against C. albicans by inhibiting biofilm formation and degrading mature biofilm.

According to data from the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, the region of West Java has witnessed 819 cases of child violence. The West Java Province records indicate that Bekasi Regency has the highest incidence of child violence cases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the implementation of Law No. 35 of 2014, which amended Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, in the region of Bekasi Regency. This study used the qualitative research method with six variable of policy implementation are examined; 1) resources, 2) policy measures and standards 3) implementing agents' traits, 4) implementers' attitudes and tendencies, 5) interorganizational communication, and 6) social, economic, and political circumstances. The research outcomes indicate that the legislative policy has been effectively executed with respect to its scale and policy benchmarks, the attributes of the implementing actors, the disposition and inclination of the implementers, and inter-organizational communication. The enhancement of child protection in Bekasi Regency necessitates improvements in resource allocation, as well as the social, economic, and political circumstances.

Stunting often a result of inadequate nutrition or malnutrition, can be mitigated by ensuring both sufficient food quantity and dietary diversity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between food quantity and diversity with stunting incidence in toddlers. Employed a cross-sectional design, this observational research involved 39 randomly selected toddlers from a Surabaya Public Health Center in Indonesia. Researchers assessed nutritional status, diagnosing stunting using anthropometric measurements. Food quantity and diversity in the children’s diets were evaluated through a semi-Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed a significant relationship (p=0.001) between dietary diversity with stunting incidence but found no significant link (p=0.892) between food quantity with stunting. Stunting has multifactorial causes, some originating even before a child’s birth. After birth, several factors beyond dietary patterns influence stunting. Thus, addressing the causes of stunting necessitates a case-by-case approach and tailored interventions for each child.

This study aims to determine the reasons for not using rice straw in the rice field landscape of Mandikapau Barat Village, Banjar Regency. Landscape ecology data extracted from Google Maps. Types, rice production, farmer profiles, and knowledge of rice straw utilization were identified through interviews. The relationship between profile and reasons for not using rice straw was determined by bivariate analysis. Results showed that fragments’ shape is generally elongated (70%) and others hexagonal (30%). The corridor in dry rice fields is 40-50 cm narrow, while in wet rice fields, the embankment width is about 60-80 cm. The average ownership of rainfed rice fields was about ±3,917.6 m2. From nine rice field fragments observed, the average area was ±14,788.4 m2. The most widely grown local rice varieties are Siam Pandak Laut and Siam Cantik. The local rice production rate reached ±2.6 Ton Ha-1, while rice straw production was ±3.6 Ton Ha-1. Most respondents are women (76%), smallholders (80%), and aged 40-50 years (48%). Most respondents (84%) stated rice straw could not be used and had been passed down from generation to generation (64%). There was a relationship between gender and knowledge of straw utilization (p=0.036

Pendidikan merupakan suatu sistem yang terdiri dari beberapa komponen yaitu subyek didik, pendidik, tujuan yang akan dicapai, materi atau bahan pelajaran, serta evaluasi yang digunakan. Komponen- komponen tersebut saling berkaitan satu sama lainnya dalam upaya meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Jika salah satu dari komponen tersebut kurang berfungsi, maka secara keseluruhan jalannya sistem pendidikan akan terganggu. Proses pembelajaran akan berjalan dengan lancar apabila didukung tersedianya bahan ajar dan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) untuk mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) yang memiliki pengetahuan luas. Kualitas pembelajaran tercapai apabila siswa menunjukkan tingkat penguasaan yang tinggi terhadap tugas-tugas disekolah sesuai dengan kebutuhannya dalam kehidupan. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisa penggunaan lembar kerja siswa berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa bidang studi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) kelas VII MTs N 5 Bojonegoro. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu (kuasi eksperimen). Quasi eksperimen didefinisikan sebagai eksperimen yang memiliki perlakuan, pengukuran dampak, unit eksperimen namun tidak menggunakan penugasan acak untuk menciptakan perbandingan dalam rangka menyimpulkan perubahan yang disebabkan perlakuan.Kemudian penelitian juga dilakukan terjun langsung di lapangan yaitu di MTs N 5 Bojonegoro.

Abstract: Dyslipidemia is a degenerative disease occurred with increased levels of fat and cholesterol levels in blood. One of the proteins used as anti-cholesterol is an HMG-CoA-Reductase. Hesperidin in orange peel can reduce cholesterol levels by interacting with HMG-CoA-Reductase. To prove this, an in silico method was used by using swissdock.ch (http://swissdock.ch/docking#). The receptor protein in dyslipidemia was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org) namely HMG-CoA-reductase receptor with code PDB: 1HW9. The natural ligand, hesperidin, was obtained from PubChem with code: 10621 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Protein was prepared by omitting the natural ligand residues present in the protein. Ligand and protein preparations were used by the chimera 1.15. The result of this study indicated that the interaction of hesperidin with several amino acid recidues was predicted to provide inhibitory activity on HMG-CoA reductase as the protein target. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase will reduce mevalonate synthesis so that cholesterol levels will decrease. Keywords: hesperidin, HMG-CoA-Reductase, cholesterol, dyslhahipidemia

Abstract: Salmonella typhi is a gram-negative bacteria species that causes typhoid fever. Salmonella typhi is sensitive to antibiotics such as amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole. However, there has been some increase in antibiotic resistance, so there is a need for new antibacterials that do not have a resistance effect to treat infection. Bligo fruit (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) contain saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids which have antibacterial power. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the bligo fruit extract (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn) and bitter melon extract (Momordica charantia L.) on the minimum inhibition of Salmonella typhi bacteria. The method used is narrative literature review. The results of the journal study showed that the extract of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) was more effective in inhibiting Salmonella typhi bacteria than the extract of bligo (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn) with a minimum inhibitory power at a concentration of 20%, namely 8.5 mm. Keywords: Bligo Fruit (Benincasa hispida (Thunb) Cogn), Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.), Salmonella typhi.

Botanical insecticides are considered biodegradable, environmentally compatible, and less toxic to non-target organisms than synthetic insecticides. Unfortunately, they are not attractive to Indonesian farmers due to its instability against light, temperature, and microbes, as well as they, have short storage time. This research was intended to produce a distinctive botanical insecticide that is resilient against the light, microbes, and durable. The role of curcumin in the stability and efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract as a botanical insecticide against soybean pod sucking bug, Riptortus linearis was evaluated in the laboratory. This research was conducted at the Organic Chemistry Laboratory of Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology Airlangga University and the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Indonesia, from March to October 2016. The results explained that curcumin is no effect on increase the stability of neem leaves extract solution towards UV light irradiation. However, it can increase the insecticide activity of neem leaves extract solution up to 96% mortality against soybean pod sucking bug, R. linearis. The increase of the bioactivity refers to the anti insecticidal activity of ferulic acid formed from the degradation of curcumin.

The use of non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels is very contrary to the concept of sustainable development. The principles of green chemistry can be applied to laboratory work through experiments based on environmental issues such as energy. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to replace fossil fuels which can be made through the process of transesterification of oils. This research aims to apply the principles of green chemistry in biodiesel synthesis experiments; designing and conducting thoughtful and efficient experiments; characterizing biodiesel products and knowing students' responses to green chemistry-based experiments in biodiesel synthesis. The results showed that the principles of green chemistry were successfully applied in the synthesis of biodiesel. Biodiesel products have a bright yellow colour, pH of 7, and density between 0.866-0.892 g/mL. Water contents range from 1.67-3.3, and acid numbers range from 0.69-4.3. 90/10 tests show the results between range 0.5-3% and kinematic viscosity from 4.195-4.995. Students showed a positive response of 75.36% in designing experimental procedures for greenchemistry-based biodiesel synthesis.

Seaweeds are macroscopic, multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic organisms, and are a source of chemical diversity with powerful biological activities for diversified industrial applications including cosmeceuticals. Red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) are good sources of Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) for photoprotectant and antiphotoaging compounds. In addition, Rhodophyta are also good sources for hydrogel compounds that are used widely in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries as gelling agents, moisturizers or for their antiphotoaging effects. Our survey and ongoing studies revealed that the biodiversity of Indonesian Rhodophyta is rich and is a treasure trove for cosmeceutical agents including MAA and hydrogels. This study delivers valuable information for identifying potential red seaweeds in screening and searching for cosmeceutical agents.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan alat peraga Algebraic Experience Material (AEM) terhadap Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Banyuputih Tahun 2019 / 2020 ditinjau dari tes kemampuan matematika serta untuk mengetahui faktor – faktor yang menyebabkan siswa keliru dalam menyelesaikan tes kemampuan matematika. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode campuran (Mixed Methods) dengan desain quasi eksperimen. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol dalam segala aspek. Siswa dikategorikan mampu menyelesaikan tes kemampuan matematika. Faktor – faktor yang menyebabkan siswa keliru dalam menyelesaikan tes kemampuan matematika diantaranya adalah kelas eksperimen kurang teliti dalam proses penyelesaian hasil akhir sehingga membuat hasil tidak maksimal. Sedangkan kelas kontrol kurangnya pemahaman terhadap soal, ketidak lengkapan dalam membaca soal dan tidak fokus dalam proses pembelajaran.

Abstract: The Canna Striata fish is a potent source of albumin as an antioxidant. Albumin is a protein capable of binding to free radicals in plasma and has 17 disulfide bonds linking sulfur-containing amino acids. The existence of thiol group bonds in albumin extract of Canna Striata fish is possible to bind to diphenylphycril hydrazyl (DPPH), causing the antioxidant capacity of Canna Striata fish extract to be high. The accumulation of free radicals produced by the administration of antituberculosis drugs from the results of isoniazid metabolism can cause hepatic necrosis. So it requires antioxidants that can reduce free radical levels, which in this study was tested in white rats induced with isoniazid and then treated with albumin protein extract Canna Striata fish. This research method is the first experimental method done is the characterization of albumin protein extract Canna Striata fish with temperature 25˚C and 40˚C by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Then the antioxidant level was tested by measuring the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) after 2 last week treatment period in 5 groups of white rats are positive control group, negative control group and 3 treatment groups induced Isoniazid toxic dose are 37.8 mg accompanied by giving of albumin protein extract Canna Striata fish with content of 20ml/kg, 40 ml/kg and 60 ml/kg. The result of this study showed that there were ten albumin protein profiles with size 15,41 kDa, 19,74 kDa 28,6 kDa, 38,87 kDa, 46,08 kDa, 72,45 kDa, 94,42 kDa , 120.82 kDa, 142.80 kDa, and 155.97 kDa. Based on One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey statistic test, it were found that there was the significant influence and differentiation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) level on giving of albumin protein extract in white rats induced by Isoniazid with p-value 0,002. The most effective decrease in MDA levels is high levels of albumin protein extract of 60 ml/kg. Keywords: Albumin Protein Extract of Canna Striata, Malondialdehyde, Isoniazid

Moringa Oleifera is a plant that contains chemical compounds that are useful, such as flavonoids. The ability of this flavonoid compound that can capture free radicals cause damage and hepatoprotektan hepar. Purpose of study was to determined levels of Moringa leaf extract which can overcome the effects of liver damage caused by toxic doses of paracetamol through MDA, SGOT and SGPT Method used in this laboratory experimental study is a Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design with the following stages: 1. Moringa Leaf Extraction with Ethanol 96%; Try 2.Preparasi animals, 3. Treatment of Animals Try the extract of leaves of Moringa 3 dose is: 250mg / 200BB rat (dose of A), 500mg / 200BB mice (dose B), 1000mg / 200BB mice (dose C) for 14 days in combination with paracetamol 2 g / 200BB mice, compared to the negative control group (group given just paracetamol 2 g / 200BB rat) and the positive control group (the group who were given regular feed) for 14 days. Results : turned out to be no difference in the reduction in SGOT levels are statistically significant between the negative control group with high-dose treatment group ie the dose C with =0,016 smaller than 0.05, whereas a decrease in ALT levels were significantly decreased in the treatment group high dose is the dose C with =0,009 smaller than 0.05. While MDA group treated with the negative control group experienced an overall decline for the dose A with =0,05, dose B with =0,0011 and dose C with =0,001. Conclusion of this study showed that the extract of Moringa leaves can be potentially as an antioxidant in all doses at once can be as hepatoprotektor at high doses is 1000mg / 200BB Rattus Novergicus.

Hepar tempat utama metabolisme obat yang disebut juga sebagai biotransformasi dan hasil akhir dari reaksi ini berupa substansi yang tidak aktif dan lebih larut dalam air, sehingga cepat diekskresi melalui empedu dan urin. Setiap gangguan hati dapat menghambat fungsi normal tubuh. Kerusakan sel-sel hepar dapat disebabkan antara lain oleh obat, virus, dan berbagai senyawa kimia lain mempunyai daya hepatotoksik, antara lain adalah parasetamol.Penelitian ini menggunakan 5 kelompok Tikus Putih (masing-masing kelompok 5 ekor tikus) yang diinduksi parasetamol dosis toksik kemudian diberikan ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera) dengan dosis 250mg/200BB, 500mg/200 BB, dan 1000mg/200BB selama 7 hari untuk kelompok P1, P2 dan P3 sedangkan kelompok Kontrol positif hanya diberi pakan dan minum biasa, serta kelompok control negatif hanya diberikan parasetamol dosis toksik saja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok perlakuan P3 dengan pemberian ekstrk etanol dosis tinggi yaitu 1000 mg/200 BB dapat melindungi hepar tikus yang telah diinduksi dengan parasetamol dosis toksik, hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan melihat gambaran histopatologi hepar tikus yang mengalami pengurangan baik dari sisi peradangan, nekrosis maupun degenerasi.

Bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics has driven a search for new antibiotics from marine actinobacteria. Bioactivity and genetic screening of actinobacteria associated with red algae Gelidiella acerosa were conducted to discover new antibacterial compounds against Vibrio alginolyticus. A total of 14 actinobacteria isolates were obtained from G. acerosa. The isolates were subjected to genetic screening for nrps (non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) and FADH2-dependent halogenase genes. The isolates’ ability to produce secondary metabolites was examined by fermentation in various media in a six-well mini plate. The bioactivity of the secondary metabolites was screened using a microtiter assay and the agar overlay method. The results showed that all 14 isolates had the nrps gene, whereas none had the halogenase gene. Meanwhile, eight of the actinobacteria isolates showed antibacterial activity against V. alginolyticus.

Transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of inter- and intra-molecular e-(l-glutamyl) lysine (GL) crosslinks, plays an important role in surimi-based products production. The development and the diversification of surimi-based products have recently been getting popular in Indonesia. These surimi-based products can be made from various types of fish. These products generally exhibit good gel strength properties, depending on the fish type and the processing method used. Transglutaminase plays an important role in generating such properties. Fish’s endogenous TGase reduces quickly after it is caught and is almost completely destroyed by freezing it, applying exogenous TGase may improve fish’s gel forming ability. Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) can potentially be used to increase gel properties. In this research, a total of 228 Streptomyces strains from marine and terrestrial environments were screened and selected based on their ability to produce MTGase. Strain TTA 02 SDS 14 exhibited the highest activity; and therefore, it was selected for further study. The 16S-rRNA gene analysis showed that it shared 99% similarity to S. thioluteus. In order to optimize MTGase activity, enzyme production was carried out using six different formulas media, designated as media A, B, C, D, E, and F. The result shows that the highest MTGase activity was observed in medium B that contains pepton (1.5%), MgSO4.7H20 (0.1%), KH2PO4 (0.5%), Na2HPO4 (0.5%), soybean powder (2%), potato starch (2%), and glucose (1.5%). The MTGase activity reached the highest level (1.45 U/ml) after 4 days of incubation

Abstract: Preeclampsia is multisystem specific disorder in pregnancy. Preeclampsia has signed by increased cytokine Interleukin-6 and β hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin). Spirulina is green-blue alga has bioactive compound namely antioxidant, vitamin, mineral. And has benefit namely antinflamation. The aim of this research was to know how spirulina influence to repair trophoblast in Hcg concentration on rat pregnancy (biology material collecting). The type of this research is an experimental laboratoric with post test only control group design. A total of 25 rats with pre-eclampsia models induced by Interleukin 6 are divided into 5 groups: the untreated control group, the positive control group with Interleukin 6 induction for three days, the treatment group with a dose of 10 mg / day, 20 mg / day and 40 mg of spirulina. / day for five day, then the blood serum produced was measured with β hCG levels using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). The results of the Spirulina 10 mg / day are higher at 85.11 ± 25.70 mIU / ml from a dose of spirulina 20 mg / day at 79.65 ± 10.65 mIU / ml . In the level of β hCG, the dose group of spirulina 10 mg / day and the group there is no significant difference (0.730> 0.05), the β hCG level group of spirulina 40 mg / day was 93.28 ± 17, 12 mIU / ml from the dose group of spirulina 10 mg / day was 85.11 ± 25.70 mIU / ml. The administration of spirulina for five days was able to reduce β hCG levels at a dose of 10 mg / day, 20 mg / day and 40 mg / day and the dose that was most effective in reducing β hCG levels significantly (P

Seaweeds produce great variety of metabolites benefit for human. Red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) are well known as producer of phycocolloids such agar, agarose, carragenan and great variety of secondary metabolites. This review discusses the red algal secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. The chemical constituents of red algae are steroid, terpenoid, acetogenin and dominated by halogenated compounds mainly brominated compounds. Novel compounds with intriguing skeleton are also reported such as bromophycolides and neurymenolides. In summary, red seaweeds are potential sources for antibacterial agents and can serve as lead in synthesis of new natural medicines.

The aims of this study were to investigate lymphocyte proliferation activity and to identify chemical constituents of active fractions of star fish Acanthaster planci. A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol and water, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-methanol-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol. The active compound had been purified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The lymphocyte proliferation activity was measured based on % Stimulation Index (SI) from sample absorbency and control absorbency. The result showed that the 3 fractions of hexane fraction exhibited lymphocyte proliferation activity. Fraction 1 was able to increase lymphocyte proliferation at 48 hours and 72 hours by 55% (80 µl/ml) and 88% (160 µl/ml) increase, and fraction 2 had 77% (160 µl/ml) and 86% (640 µl/ml) increase. Meanwhile, fraction 3 had 75% (640 µl/ml) and 89% (640 µl/ml) increase. Metabolite analysis of active fraction using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents that was dominated by fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunostimulator.

Natural halogenated compounds (halometabolites) are produced mainly by marine organisms, including marine Actinobacteria. Many commercially important compounds for pharmaceuticals contain halogen, and the halogen is responsible for the physical and chemical properties as well as bioactivities and toxicities. In the exploration of marine environment that is supported by advanced structure elucidation, varied panel bioassays and high-throughput screening have accelerated number of halometabolites isolated from marine Actinobacteria to date. The metabolites exhibited unique structures and promising bioactivities. This review focuses on the chemodiversity and bioactivities of marine halometabolites from marine Actinobacteria reported in the last 15 years (2003−2018).

ABSTRAK Pencemaran logam berat krom (Cr) menjadi masalah penting saat ini. Metode alternatif untuk mengatasi pencemaran Cr adalah biosorpsi, yaitu menggunakan biomassa sebagai biosorben. Aspergillus niger merupakan salah satu spesies yang dapat digunakan sebagai biosorben untuk mengikat logam berat. A. niger mudah dibiakkan pada medium agar, ekonomis dan aman bagi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan biomassa A. Niger sebagai biosorben Cr(III). Biosorpsi Cr(III) dilakukan pada variasi pH, konsentrasi dan waktu kontak. Proses recovery dilakukan dengan metode batch dan kolom. Pencucian biomassa pada proses recovery menggunakan HCl. Gugus fungsi biomassa sebelum dan sesudah interaksi dengan Cr(III) dianalisis dengan spektroskopi inframerah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH optimum adsorpsi terjadi pada pH=5. Konsentrasi logam terbaik pada 10,0 ppm dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 0,155 mg ion Cr(III)/g biomassa. Sedang waktu optimum adsorpsi terjadi pada 1 jam pertama. Recovery Cr(III) dengan metode kolom sebesar 60,23% sedangkan dengan metode batch sebesar 33,42%. Hasil analisis gugus fungsi menunjukkan adanya peran gugus hidroksil, gugus karboksil, dan disulfida dalam biomassa yang berinteraksi dengan Cr(III). ABSTRACT The heavy metals pollution, like Chrom is a major concern now. One of the alternatif method to handle heavy metals pollution is using biomass as biosorbent. Aspergillus niger is one of Aspergillus genus, it has the ability as an adsorbent to take up heavy metals ions. A. niger growth easily on agar medium, this biomass was also cheap and harmless to environment. The aims of this research were to find out the ability of biomass A. niger to adsorb Cr(III). The effect of treatment on Cr3+ adsorption of A. niger biomass was investigated in various pH, concentration and contact times at optimum conditions. Cr(III) recovery was measured in both methods, coloum and batch. The bound-metals ion were recovered by treatment with HCl. The results showed that, opmimum adsorption occurred at pH=5, in 1 our time periode, and with 10,0 ppm concentration. Capacity of adsorption is 0,155 mg Cr(III)/g biomass The recovery of Cr(III) with coloum method at 60,23% and batch method at 33,42%. In addition, by the infrared spectra, the hydroxyl groups, the carboxylate groups and disulfide groups in biomass were found by interaction with Cr(III).

Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kajian termodinamika adsorpsi hibrida merkapto-silika dari abu sekam padi terhadap ion Co(II). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kapasitas dan energi adsorpsi hibrida merkapto-silika (HMS) dan silika gel (SG) terhadap ion Co(II). Pada penelitian ini, silika gel dibuat menggunakan natrium silikat dari abu sekam padi. Selanjutnya, senyawa organik 3-(trimetoksisilil)-1-propantiol diimobilisasi pada SG menghasilkan HMS. Adsorben dikarakterisasi menggunakan difraktometer sinar-X dan spektrofotometer FTIR. Larutan Co(II) kemudian dikontakkan dengan SG dan HMS pada variasi pH, waktu, dan konsentrasi awal. Hasil penelitian kapasitas adsorpsi yang diperoleh HMS hampir tiga kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan SG, dengan besarnya kapasitas adsorpsi masing-masing yaitu 250,00 mg/g dan 90,91 mg/g. Sedangkan energi adsorpsi yang diperoleh adalah 51,69 KJ/mol untuk SG, dan 23,65 KJ/mol untuk HMS. Kata kunci : sekam padi, hibrida merkapto-silika, adsorpsi, ion Co(II) Abstract A research on the study of the thermodynamics of adsorption mercapto-silica hybrid from rice husk ash to the ions Co (II) has been done. This study aims to determine capacity and energy adsorption of hybrid mercapto-silica (HMS) and silica gel (SG) to the ions Co (II) . In this study, silica gel was made using sodium silicate from rice husk ash. Furthermore, the organic compound 3-(trimethoxysilil )-1-prophantiol immobilized on SG to HMS produced. Adsorbents were characterized using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectrophotometer. Solution of Co (II) is then contacted with the SG and HMS at the variation of pH, time , and initial concentration. The results obtained by HMS adsorption capacity is almost three times larger than the SG, the magnitude of adsorption capacity of each is 250.00 mg / g and 90.91 mg / g . While the adsorption energy obtained is 51.69 KJ / mol for SG , and 23.65 KJ / mol for HMS. Keywords : rice husk, mercapto-silica hybrid , adsorption , ion Co(II)

Metode alternatif untuk mengatasi pencemaran logam berat adalah biosorpsi menggunakan biomassa sebagai adsorben. Telah dilakukan penelitian kajian adsorpsi campuran Pb2+ dan Zn2+ pada biomassa Imperata cylindrica sebagai adsorben. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui kemampuan biomassa mengadsorpsi Pb2+ dan Zn2+. Preparasi biomassa dilakukan dengan aktivasi menggunakan asam nitrat dan amonium hidroksida. Adsorpsi dilakukan dengan sistem batch. Parameter yang diukur adalah pH optimum, waktu kontak optimum, kapasitas adsorpsi dan recovery ion logam. Analisis kadar logam dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (AAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pH optimum adsorpsi Pb2+ dan Zn2+ masing-masing pada pH 5 dan pH 6. Waktu kontak optimum adsorpsi Pb2+ dan Zn2+ masing masing pada 40 menit dan 30 pertama. Kapasitas adsorpsi Pb2+ dan Zn2+ pada konsentrasi awal 10 ppm masing-masing adalah 90,95% dan 43,60%. Recovery Pb2+ dan Zn2+ masing-masing 84,45% dan 57,13%.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polymers is generally considered the rate-limiting step to methane production in anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass. The present study aimed to investigate how the hydrolytic microbial communities of three different types of anaerobic digesters adapted to lignocellulose-rich wheat straw in continuous stirred tank reactors operated for 134 days. Cellulase and xylanase activities were monitored weekly using fluorescently-labeled model substrates and the enzymatic profiles were correlated with changes in microbial community compositions based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to identify key species involved in lignocellulose degradation. The enzymatic activity profiles and microbial community changes revealed reactor-specific adaption of phylogenetically different hydrolytic communities. The enzymatic activities correlated significantly with changes in specific taxonomic groups, including representatives of Ruminiclostridium , Caldicoprobacter , Ruminofilibacter , Ruminococcaceae , Treponema , and Clostridia order MBA03, all of which have been linked to cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity in the literature. By identifying microorganisms with similar development as the cellulase and xylanase activities, the proposed correlation method constitutes a promising approach for deciphering essential cellulolytic and xylanolytic microbial groups for anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass., Competing Interests: NJ is employed by the company NIRAS A/S. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Jensen, de Jonge, Dolriis, Kragelund, Fischer, Eskesen, Noer, Møller, Ottosen, Nielsen and Kofoed.)

The breast cancer gene, BRCA2, is essential for viability, yet patients with Fanconi anemia-D1 subtype are born alive with biallelic mutations in this gene. The hypomorphic nature of the mutations is believed to support viability, but this is not always apparent. One such mutation is IVS7+2T>G, which causes premature protein truncation due to skipping of exon 7. We previously identified a transcript lacking exons 4-7, which restores the open-reading frame, encodes a DNA repair proficient protein and is expressed in IVS7+2T>G carriers. However, because the exons 4-7 encoded region contains several residues required for normal cell-cycle regulation and cytokinesis, this transcript's ability to support viability can be argued. To address this, we generated a Brca2 knock-in mouse model lacking exons 4-7 and demonstrated that these exons are dispensable for viability as well as tumor-free survival. This study provides the first in vivo evidence of the functional significance of a minor transcript of BRCA2 that can play a major role in the survival of humans who are homozygous for a clearly pathogenic mutation. Our results highlight the importance of assessing protein function restoration by premature truncating codon bypass by alternative splicing when evaluating the functional significance of variants such as nonsense and frame-shift mutations that are assumed to be clearly pathogenic. Our findings will impact not only the assessment of variants that map to this region, but also influence counseling paradigms and treatment options for such mutation carriers., (Published by Oxford University Press 2016. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

Neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 (NAP-1) has sequence similarity to platelet factor-4 (PF-4) and to NAP-2 (a truncated from of connective tissue activating protein-III [CTAP-III(des 1-15)]. We compared chemotactic activity for neutrophils of these related proteins. We also included for comparison CTAP-III, CTAP-III(des 1-13), the C-terminal dodecapeptide of PF-4 [PF-4(59-70)], and C5a. Chemotactic potency (EC50) was highest for NAP-1 and C5a. Although chemotactic efficacy (peak percentage of neutrophils migrating) was comparable for C5a, NAP-1, and NAP-2, the NAP-2 response occurred only at concentrations 100-fold higher than the NAP-1 EC50 of 10(8) M. Data for the CTAP-III proteins confirmed that CTAP-III is not an attractant and that chemotactic activity appears as a result of cleavage of residues at the N-terminus to make CTAP-III(des 1-13) or NAP-2 [CTAP-III(des 1-15)]. Chemotactic activity of PF-4 was low and variable, with no significant response by neutrophils from six of nine subjects. In contrast, PF-4(59-70) regularly induced high chemotactic responses, although the EC50 of 1.6 x 10(5)M was 1,000-fold greater than that of NAP-1. The binding of fluoresceinated NAP-1 to neutrophils was inhibited by unlabeled NAP-1 or NAP-2 but not by PF-4 or PF-4 (59-70). This suggests that NAP-2 interacts with the neutrophil NAP-1 receptor. Despite the low chemotactic potency of NAP-2, it is a potential attractant at sites of injury because of the relatively large amounts of the parent CTAP-III released from platelets, as indicated by a serum concentration of approximately 10(-6) M.

The chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe-Lys is a potent chemoattractant for human blood monocytes. However, only one-third of the monocytes respond. To determine whether or not lack of response reflected absence of attractant receptors, we equilibrated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with fMet-Leu-Phe-Lys-FITC and analyzed binding by flow cytometry. The fluoresceinated peptide bound rapidly at 0 degree C, and the amount bound approached saturation with increasing concentration. The percentage of blood monocytes that bound the peptide was 60 +/- 8 (SEM for seven experiments). In contrast, only 36 +/- 3% (SEM for 16 experiments) of monocytes responded to the attractant by directed migration. It follows that, among the 64 nonmigrating monocytes per 100 total monocytes, approximately 40, or two-thirds of them, fail to bind attractant; the remaining one-third bind attractant but do not respond with directed movement.