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info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Introduction Increased salience of drug-related cues over non-drug reinforcers can drive drug use and contribute to tobacco use disorder (TUD). An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug-cues on biasing behavior towards drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (e.g. pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerström score). Methods We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a one-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD. Results compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (non-drug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug “wanting” rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence. Conclusions these results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD. Implications section which should provide a brief description about what the study adds Most of the current measures of tobacco use disorder (TUD) rely on self-reports of consumption, dependence and craving and do not take into consideration the role of drug-related cu, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

SCOPUS: ed.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

(1) Background: Inhibitory and rewarding processes that mediate attentional biases to addiction-related cues may slightly differ between patients suffering from alcohol use (AUD) or gambling (GD) disorder. (2) Methods: 23 AUD inpatients, 19 GD patients, and 22 healthy controls performed four separate Go/NoGo tasks, in, respectively, an alcohol, gambling, food, and neutral long-lasting cueing context during the recording of event-related potentials (ERPs). (3) Results: AUD patients showed a poorer inhibitory performance than controls (slower response latencies, lower N2d, and delayed P3d components). In addition, AUD patients showed a preserved inhibitory performance in the alcohol-related context (but a more disrupted one in the food-related context), while GD patients showed a specific inhibitory deficit in the game-related context, both indexed by N2d amplitude modulations. (4) Conclusions: Despite sharing common addiction-related mechanisms, AUD and GD patients showed different patterns of response to (non-)rewarding cues that should be taken into account in the therapeutic context., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Addiction is a persistent, recurring condition characterized by repeated relapses despite the desire to control drug use or maintain sobriety. The attainment of abstinence is hindered by persistent maladaptive drug-associated memories, which drive drug-seeking and use behavior. This article examines the preliminary evidence supporting the combination of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques and memory editing (or reconsolidation) interventions as add-on forms of treatment for individuals with substance-related disorders (SUD). Studies have shown that NIBS can modestly reduce drug use and craving through improved cognitive control or other undetermined reasons. Memory reconsolidation, a process by which a previously consolidated memory trace can be made labile again, can potentially erase or significantly weaken SUD memories underpinning craving and the propensity for relapse. This approach conveys enthusiasm while also emphasizing the importance of managing boundary conditions and null results for interventions found on fear memory reconsolidation. Recent studies, which align with the state-dependency and activity-selectivity hypotheses, have shown that the combination of NIBS and behavioral interventions holds promise for treating SUD by reducing self-reported and physiological aspects of craving. Effective long-term outcomes for this procedure require better identification of critical memories, a deeper understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying SUD and memory reconsolidation and overcoming any boundary conditions of destabilized memories. This will enable the procedure to be personalized to the unique needs of individual patients., SCOPUS: sh.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

SCOPUS: ed.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: The severity of symptoms represents an important source of distress in patients with a psychiatric disease. However, the extent to which this endogenous stress factor interacts with genetic vulnerability factors for predicting suicide risks remains unclear. Methods: We evaluated whether the severity of symptoms interacts with a genetic vulnerability factor (the serotonin transporter gene-linked promoter region variation) in predicting the frequency of lifetime suicide attempts in patients with a psychiatric disease. Symptom severity and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were collected from a sample of 95 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Lifetime suicide attempt was the primary outcome, and antecedent of multiple suicide attempts was the secondary outcome. Results: The gene-by-symptoms interaction was associated with an excess risk of suicide attempts (OR = 4.39, 95CI[1.44, 13.38], p < 0.009) and of multiple suicide attempts (OR = 4.18, 95CI[1.04, 16.77], p = 0.043). Symptom severity (moderate, severe, or extreme) was associated with an approximately five-fold increase in the odds of a lifetime suicide attempt in patients carrying one or two copies of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR. No such relationship was found for patients carrying the long allele. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence for the gene-by-stress interaction on suicide attempt when stress is operationalized as symptom severity. Progress in suicide research may come from efforts to investigate the gene-by-symptoms interaction hypothesis in a variety of diseases., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: A reduced capacity to mentally simulate future scenarios could be of clinical importance in alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying episodic future thinking (EFT) impairment in AUD. Methods: We tested patients with severe AUD using two measures of EFT: the individual's own subjective experience of their imaginings (phenomenology) and the objective number of details included in imagined events, as assessed by an independent observer (examination). The comparison between the two measures allowed us to investigate the extent to which the subjective and objective characteristics of EFT are calibrated in healthy and AUD participants matched for age, education, and gender. The possible impact of cognitive functioning and disturbed mood on EFT measures was also investigated. Results: In terms of objective details of EFT, patients with AUD (n = 40) generated fewer episodic components and more non-episodic components than control participants (n = 40), even when controlling for cognitive functioning. However, self-ratings of phenomenological characteristics indicated that participants with AUD perceived imagined future events at a similar level of detail as control participants. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between objective and subjective measures in healthy individuals but not in the AUD group. A higher depression score in the AUD group was not associated with the EFT measures. Conclusions: These results suggest a distorted self-assessment of the richness of imagined future events in individuals with AUD. We discuss these apparent limitations in metacognitive abilities and verbal descriptions of imagined events among individuals with AUD and their clinical implications., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Experiencing acute stress is common in behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder. Additionally, like most substance-induced addictions, aberrant decision-making wherein a reactive habit-induced response (conceptualized as a Model-free [MF] in reinforcement learning) suppresses a flexible goal-directed response (conceptualized as a Model-based [MB]) is also common in gambling disorder. In the current study we investigated the influence of acute stress on the balance between habitual response and the goal-directed system., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Depuis 2004, la Commission des jeux de hasard (ci-après la CJH) a développé l’Excluded Persons Information System, dit EPIS, un système électronique qui reprend tous les joueurs exclus. Au 1er octobre 2022, 181.263 personnes sont répertoriées dans ce système dont 42.349 suite à une demande volontaire.De mars à juin 2022, une enquête a été menée par la CJH auprès de 2339 joueurs exclus entre janvier 2020 et avril 2022 ;275 personnes y ont participé. L’enquête explorait les profils de joueurs autoexclus (p.ex. type de jeu, sévérité de la dépendance), leur perception de l’accès à EPIS et leurs motivations à s’exclure, leur comportement de jeu avant et après l’exclusion et leur recours éventuel à l’aide disponible.L’âge moyen des répondants, en majorité des hommes, était d’environ 40 ans et la plupart d’entre eux jouaient en ligne.La majorité des personnes interrogées vivait une première expérience d’autoexclusion. L’enquête souligne que la grande majorité des joueurs autoexclus considérait le système EPIS facile à utiliser. Le plus souvent, ils ont trouvé de l’information utile à ce sujet via les sites de jeu. La motivation à solliciter EPIS la plus communément rapportée était les problèmes financiers liés à un usage problématique des jeux de hasard (ci-après JHA).D’après les autoexclus interrogés, les effets positifs de l’exclusion EPIS sont nombreux. Il s’agit d’assainir sa situation financière, se sentir mieux, arrêter de jouer, réduire le désir de jouer, et enfin améliorer les relations aux proches. Autrement dit, le système EPIS est efficace à la fois pour atteindre les objectifs des consommateurs, mais aussi pour atténuer un large éventail de dommages liés au jeu. Malgré les effets positifs de l’autoexclusion, de nombreux joueurs envisagent de demander la levée de cette mesure, possiblement en raison d’un désir persistant de jouer.Le recours à une aide professionnelle pourrait sans doute limiter cette perte de contrôle. L’enquête montre cependant au cours de la p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The tendency to continue or intensify gambling after losing (loss-chasing) is widely regarded as a defining feature of gambling disorder. However, loss-chasing in real gambling contexts is multifaceted, and some aspects are better understood than others. Gamblers may chase losses between multiple sessions or within a single session. Furthermore, within a session, loss-chasing can be expressed in the decision of (1) when to stop, (2) how much stake to bet, and (3) the speed of play after winning and losing. Using a large player-tracking data set (>2500 players, >10 million rounds) collected from the online commercial game Mystery Arena, we examined these three behavioral expressions of within-session loss-chasing. While the first two aspects (when to stop and how much stake to bet) have been examined previously, the current research is the first large-scale study to examine the effects of wins and losses on the speed of play in real gambling. The players were additionally assigned different involvement levels by the operator based on their gambling behavior on the operator's own platform, which further allowed us to examine group differences in loss-chasing. We found that after winning, both the high- and low-involvement groups were less likely to stop, and increased the stake amount, thus showing win-chasing instead of loss-chasing in these two facets. After losing, both groups played more quickly though, which may reflect an urge to continue gambling (as an expression of loss-chasing). Wins and losses had a smaller influence on the speed of play for the high-involvement players, suggesting that they might have reduced sensitivity to wins and/or losses. Future work can further examine chasing in different gambling products and in people with gambling problems to assess the generalizability of these findings., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published