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Purpose: To investigate the relationship between pre- and postpartum anxiety and self-assessment of perinatal depression (PD) risk in pregnant women. Methods: We recruited volunteers for an anonymous questionnaire survey using an app service for pregnant and nursing mothers (Luna Luna Baby, MTI Co Ltd) from November 19 to 30, 2018. The questionnaire consists of 30 items on anxiety during and after pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with age, occupation, history of pregnancy, and self-assessment of PD risk as explanatory variables. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata software, Version 15.0. The study was approved by the ethics committee. Results: A total of 1987 pregnant women responded. In both pregnancy and postpartum periods, women aged 19 years or younger felt the most anxious about their financial situation (17/25, 68%). Women in their 20's to 30's were the most worried about the baby’s safety (1162/1893,60.1%). Those with a higher self-estimated risk of PD tended not to list the baby’s safety as an anxiety item, but listed money, financial situation, and mother's own health as concerns. The percentage of those who worried about the baby’s safety was significantly lower in women with a self-assessed PD risk of 90% or higher. Conclusions: The causes of the anxiety in the pregnancy and postpartum periods a may be correlated with age and risk of PD. Health care providers may need to consider the possibility of PD development in pregnant women with high anxiety regarding their financial conditions, health, or raising children.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its receptors have been identified in female reproductive tissues. CRH regulates follicular maturation, ovulation, luteolysis and steroidgenesis. A CRH-related peptide stresscopin (SCP), or urocortin III (Ucn3), has recently been identified, but its functions in the ovary remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SCP/Ucn3 on progesterone production in cultured human granulosa-lutein cells.The presence of SCP/Ucn3 and CRH type-2 receptor (CRHR2) in cultured granulosa-lutein cells from 21 infertile women (aged 22-36 years) was examined by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The concentration of SCP/Ucn3 in follicular fluid, human serum and culture medium was examined by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone production by cultured granulosa-lutein cells treated with SCP/Ucn3 was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.SCP/Ucn3 and CRHR2 mRNAs and proteins were expressed in granulosa-lutein cells. SCP/Ucn3 was detected in culture media of granulosa-lutein cells and follicular fluid. Treatment of cultured granulosa-lutein cells with 0.1, 1.0 or 10 nM SCP/Ucn3 decreased progesterone secretion when compared with untreated control (all P0.05). Concomitant treatment with the CRHR2 antagonist antisauvagine-30 counteracted the inhibitory effects of SCP/Ucn3 on progesterone secretion, suggesting a mediatory role of CRHR2.The present results suggest that the SCP/CRHR2 system is present in human ovaries and treatment with SCP/Ucn3 inhibits progesterone production by cultured granulosa-lutein cells through interaction with CRHR2.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) takes a role in the regulation of the onset of parturition. Stresscopin (SCP) is a high affinity ligand for CRH receptor (CRHR)-2. CRHR-2 inhibits VEGF-induced neovascularization. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CRH and SCP on VEGF expression in early placental extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). Isolation and culture of trophoblasts differentiating into EVTs were performed by the enzymatic digestion of anchoring early placental villi. The presence of CRH, SCP, CRHR-1, and CRHR-2 in cultured EVTs was examined by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The effects of CRH and SCP on VEGF mRNA levels in cultured EVTs were assessed by real-time RT-PCR. CRH, SCP, CRHR-1, and CRHR-2 were expressed in cultured EVTs at mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with either 100 nM CRH or 100 nM SCP for 24 h decreased VEGF mRNA levels in cultured EVTs. The CRH- and SCP-induced decrease in VEGF mRNA levels was counteracted by the concomitant treatment with CRHR-2 antagonist antisauvagine-30, but not with CRHR-1 antagonist antalarmin. We demonstrated that CRH and SCP inhibited VEGF mRNA expression in cultured EVTs through the interaction with CRHR-2, suggesting that CRH and SCP may inhibit angiogenesis during early placentation.

Relaxin promotes softening of the uterine cervix and inhibits uterine contractility in rats, mice and pigs. Little information, however, is available about the role of relaxin in humans. In 2002, LGR7 and LGR8 were discovered to be receptors for relaxin and those receptors were identified in the human placenta. Thus, in this study, effects of recombinant H2 (rH2) relaxin on human early placental extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) were examined. Isolation of EVTs from early placental trophoblasts was performed using the procedures established in our laboratory. After 48-h subculture, the presence of relaxin receptors in cultured EVTs was characterized by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. The cultured EVTs were treated with different doses (0.3-3 ng/ml) of rH2 relaxin for 24 h. The effects of rH2 relaxin on MMP-2, -3, -9 and TIMP-1 mRNAs levels were examined by real-time RT-PCR. RT-PCR and immunoblotting revealed that relaxin receptors are present in early placental EVTs. Treatment with rH2 relaxin increased MMP-2 and -9 mRNAs levels and decreased TIMP-1 mRNA levels in cultured EVTs, whereas rH2 relaxin did not affect MMP-3 mRNA levels. These results suggest that relaxin may promote the invasive potential of early placental EVTs through up-regulating MMP-2, -9 mRNAs and down-regulating TIMP-1 mRNA in EVTs.