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5. A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation

Author

Brakes, Philippa, Carroll, Emma L., Dall, Sasha R. X., Keith, Sally A., McGregor, Peter K., Mesnick, Sarah L., Noad, Michael J., Rendell, Luke, Robbins, Martha M., Rutz, Christian, Thornton, Alex, Whiten, Andrew, Whiting, Martin J., Aplin, Lucy M., Bearhop, Stuart, Ciucci, Paolo, Fishlock, Vicki, Ford, John K. B., di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo, Simmonds, Mark P., Spina, Fernando, Wade, Paul R., Whitehead, Hal, Williams, James, and Garland, Ellen C.

Published
2021

9. Animal cultures matter for conservation

Author

Brakes, Philippa, Dall, Sasha R. X., Aplin, Lucy M., Bearhop, Stuart, Carroll, Emma L., Ciucci, Paolo, Fishlock, Vicki, Ford, John K. B., Garland, Ellen C., Keith, Sally A., McGregor, Peter K., Mesnick, Sarah L., Noad, Michael J., di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo, Robbins, Martha M., Simmonds, Mark P., Spina, Fernando, Thornton, Alex, Wade, Paul R., Whiting, Martin J., Williams, James, Rendell, Luke, Whitehead, Hal, Whiten, Andrew, and Rutz, Christian

Published
2019

27. When does cultural evolution become cumulative culture? A case study of humpback whale song

Author

Garland, Ellen C., Garrigue, Claire, Noad, Michael J., Garland, Ellen C., Garrigue, Claire, and Noad, Michael J.

Abstract

Culture presents a second inheritance system by which innovations can be transmitted between generations and among individuals. Some vocal behaviours present compelling examples of cultural evolution. Where modifications accumulate over time, such a process can become cumulative cultural evolution. The existence of cumulative cultural evolution in non-human animals is controversial. When physical products of such a process do not exist, modifications may not be clearly visible over time. Here, we investigate whether the constantly evolving songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are indicative of cumulative cultural evolution. Using nine years of song data recorded from the New Caledonian humpback whale population, we quantified song evolution and complexity, and formally evaluated this process in light of criteria for cumulative cultural evolution. Song accumulates changes shown by an increase in complexity, but this process is punctuated by rapid loss of song material. While such changes tentatively satisfy the core criteria for cumulative cultural evolution, this claim hinges on the assumption that novel songs are preferred by females. While parsimonious, until such time as studies can link fitness benefits (reproductive success) to individual singers, any claims that humpback whale song evolution represents a form of cumulative cultural evolution may remain open to interpretation.

Published
2022
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36. Supplementary material including links to CMS documents, glossary, species examples, recommendations and companion to figure 2 from A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation

Author

Brakes, Philippa, Carroll, Emma L., Dall, Sasha R. X., Keith, Sally A., McGregor, Peter K., Mesnick, Sarah L., Noad, Michael J., Rendell, Luke, Robbins, Martha M., Rutz, Christian, Thornton, Alex, Whiten, Andrew, Whiting, Martin J., Aplin, Lucy M., Bearhop, Stuart, Ciucci, Paolo, Fishlock, Vicki, Ford, John K. B., Di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo, Simmonds, Mark P., Spina, Fernando, Wade, Paul R., Whitehead, Hal, Williams, James, and Garland, Ellen C.

Abstract

A key goal of conservation is to protect biodiversity by supporting the long-term persistence of viable, natural populations of wild species. Conservation practice has long been guided by genetic, ecological and demographic indicators of risk. Emerging evidence of animal culture across diverse taxa and its role as a driver of evolutionary diversification, population structure and demographic processes may be essential for augmenting these conventional conservation approaches and decision-making. The animal culture was the focus of a ground-breaking resolution under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), an international treaty operating under the UN Environment Programme. Here, we synthesize existing evidence to demonstrate how social learning and animal culture interact with processes important to conservation management. Specifically, we explore how social learning might influence population viability, be an important resource in response to anthropogenic change and provide examples of how it can result in phenotypically distinct units with different, socially learnt behavioural strategies. While identifying culture and social learning can be challenging, indirect identification and parsimonious inferences may be informative. Finally, we identify relevant methodologies and provide a framework for viewing behavioural data through a cultural lens which might provide new insights for conservation management.

Published
2021
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46. Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) social call production reflects both motivational state and arousal

Author

Cusano, Dana A., Indeck, Katherine L., Noad, Michael J., and Dunlop, Rebecca A.

Abstract

ABSTRACTIn many terrestrial species, there is a relationship between the acoustic features of vocal signals and the underlying motivational state and arousal level of the signaller. This information may be particularly important during complex social interactions, which are common in species where males compete for access to females during the breeding season. However, research into how information on motivation and arousal is used in marine mammals during these interactions is limited. Here, we examined changes in the calling behaviour of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) female-calf groups with the addition of escorts to investigate if and how potential information on motivation and arousal is encoded within their non-song vocal signals. Female-calf pairs had low overall call rates and used primarily single calls. However, the addition of one or more escorts to the group resulted in a significant increase in individual call rates, the use of long bouts of calls, and a more variable vocal repertoire. These results indicate that humpback whales convey both motivation and arousal by modifying various features of call production, as well as using specific call types, which contributes to our growing understanding of their complex communication system.

Published
2022
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50. Adult female-calf acoustic communication signals in migrating east Australian humpback whales

Author

Indeck, Katherine L., Girola, Elisa, Torterotot, Maëlle, Noad, Michael J., and Dunlop, Rebecca A.

Abstract

ABSTRACTHumpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calf survival during migration is dependent upon them maintaining contact with their mothers, and acoustics likely plays a significant role in this. Here, we analysed calls (n = 255) produced by migrating humpback whale adult female-calf pairs (n = 15) off the east coast of Australia. First, we identified nine common call types that were then quantitatively separated into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained calls that were considerably longer in duration, lower in frequency, and narrower in bandwidth than those in the second cluster. These are proposed to have been produced by the adult females and calves, respectively. We then compared acoustic features within presumed age class. Minimum, peak, and maximum frequencies were significantly different across both adult females and calves (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05), suggesting that their calls encode socially relevant information regarding physical signaller attributes (i.e. age and body size). This study established a baseline adult female-calf call repertoire produced during the migration of east Australian humpback whales. Potential vocal masking from anthropogenic noise is of particular concern for communications between adult females and their calves, as it may put calves at risk of becoming separated from their mothers.

Published
2021
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