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Collegiate athletes are frequently exposed to pain/injury, which has the potential to negatively impact their physical and psychological health. This quasi-experimental study investigated the influence of gender and athletic status on deciding whether pain should be reported to the head coach in a vignette. Participants included 236 undergraduates who read four vignettes describing athletes (two men, two women) who were experiencing pain while playing a sport and made recommendations about whether the athlete should report the pain. Regardless of the gender of the athlete in the vignette, women and non-Division I athletes were more confident that the pain should be reported to the coach than men and athletes. Division I athletes’ recommendations for others to report pain did not align with what they reported practicing themselves. These results suggest that athletes and coaches should receive education about the factors that may lead an athlete to choose not to report pain.

Summary In a recent issue of Nature, Hoeffel et al. describe a novel pathway of sterile tissue repair utilizing a mouse model of sunburn. This wound healing pathway is coordinated by sensory neuron-derived TAFA4 that induces IL-10 production from Tim4+ dermal macrophages to prevent sustained inflammation and the emergence of tissue fibrosis.

O aprimoramento das comunicações nos Estados Unidos, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, tornou a imprensa um importante ator na política, sobretudo no campo da opinião pública. Com isso, jornais e revistas se configuraram vitrines das principais questões do país. Pela importância, a utilização dos jornais e revistas se constituiu instrumento de propaganda externa dos países interessados em aprimorar suas relações com os EUA, sobretudo no período da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este artigo objetiva compreender, a partir da análise da documentação diplomática, o assédio dos profissionais da propaganda e jornalistas estadunidenses ao governo Vargas (1930-1945) por espaços pagos na imprensa estadunidense com objetivo de criar matérias jornalísticas favoráveis ao Brasil nos Estados Unidos.

Pain among young athletes requires special attention given that symptoms occur during the ongoing development of the conditional, and in particular, the motor capacities, and while the musculoskeletal system is in a continuous process of growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence, location, context, and coping strategies regarding pain among young athletes. We chose survey data of young elite athletes from the highest level national basketball leagues in Germany, as this meant that health implications may be observed earlier and in a more pronounced manner. The German ‘Adolescents’ and Children’s Health in Elite Basketball study’ (ACHE study), a quantitative survey, was conducted between April and June 2016. Analyses were based on elite basketball players between 13 and 19 years of age from 46 German teams (n = 182). Constant, and to some extent severe pain, was part of daily life of young elite basketball players: eight out of ten players in the highest German leagues suffered from pain at the time of the survey. Knee, leg, and back pain occurred most frequently. For most players, occasional or frequent consumption of analgesics was the norm, in some cases these were also taken “prophylactically”. The consumption of multiple pharmaceutical substances, especially of cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen and diclofenac, is widespread among adolescent elite basketball players. Physicians involved in treating these athletes should address pain and its management preemptively. Coaches, sporting organizations and parents should be involved in this process from an early stage.

Reflective teaching is considered as the optimal approach to teacher education and it is suggested to be taught before the practicum starts. However, there is a lack of research investigati...

This paper investigates whether household beliefs on the determinants of success affect their stock market participation decisions. Using national survey data from China, I show that Chinese households believe that personal effort is the most influential factor in people’s success, followed by family social connections, aptitude, and luck. Moreover, households that believe more in effort are less likely to participate in the stock market, while those who place more emphasis on family social connections are more likely to participate. The negative (positive) effects of effort (family social connections) are more profound for agricultural (workplace-affiliated) households. Further, I offer belief mechanisms to explain the heterogeneity of stock market participation for different occupations.

Calls for the decolonisation of higher education in South Africa have been punctuated by comments on black pain. This is not surprising if it is acknowledged that violence inordinately marks so muc...

Introduction Suicide is a leading cause of death among college students. In order to advance understanding of suicide risk factors in this population, the present study provides a theoretically grounded test of associations between experiences in sports and both facets of capability for suicide (i.e., fearlessness about death and pain tolerance). Secondarily, the present study aimed to explore possible distinctions between subjective and objective pain tolerance. Methods Undergraduate students (N = 153) completed the study at a single timepoint. A pressure algometer was used to measure objective pain tolerance, and self-report questionnaires assessed subjective pain tolerance, fearlessness about death (FAD), sports participation, sports-related injuries, level of contact in sport, and weight manipulation practices for sport. Results Athletes had greater capability for suicide (i.e., higher objective and subjective pain tolerance and greater FAD) relative to non-athletes. Sports-related injuries were positively associated with both FAD and subjective pain tolerance, and level of contact in sport was positively associated with FAD. Objective and subjective pain tolerance were moderately correlated. Conclusions Sports-related injuries and level of physical contact in athletics are associated with the facets of capability for suicide among college student athletes. Discrepancies in results between subjective and objective pain tolerance suggest important distinctions between these constructs.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, many governments have implemented national or regional lockdowns to slow the spread of infection. The widely anticipated negative impact these interventions would have on families, including on their mental health, were not included in decision models. The purpose of this editorial is, therefore, to stimulate debate by considering some of the barriers that have stopped governments setting the benefits of lockdown against, in particular, mental health costs during this process and so to make possible a more balanced approach going forward. First, evidence that lockdown causes mental health problems needs to be stronger. Natural experimental studies will play an essential role in providing such evidence. Second, innovative health economic approaches that allow the costs and benefits of lockdown to be compared directly are required. Third, we need to develop public health information strategies that allow more nuanced and complex messages that balance lockdown's costs and benefits to be communicated. These steps should be accompanied by a major public consultation/engagement campaign aimed at strengthening the publics' understanding of science and exploring beliefs about how to strike the appropriate balance between costs and benefits in public health intervention decisions.

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Willie Banks OLY is smiling, he usually is. Olympian, former world record holder and world champion. Inventor of the now ubiquitous track and field competitor overhead hand clap. Successful businessman and international sports leader. Life has been good thanks to elite-level sport. There’s just one snag, Willie has osteoarthritis in his knees and hips. He is in constant pain and attributes his osteoarthritis to past sporting injuries. Willie is not alone. Olympians and former elite athletes often link their past sporting injuries to their current musculoskeletal pain. There are many benefits to a life devoted to elite sport, with numerous studies reporting the positive effects of sport including a lower risk of morbidity, better self-reported health in later life and higher quality of life.1–4 Despite this, major injuries including anterior cruciate ligament tears and substantial meniscal tears can contribute to radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis,5–8 and the risk of osteoarthritis in elite athletes may be higher than that in the general population.4 This reality raises questions. Is enough being done to educate and support athletes and their entourages so they can minimise the long-term …

“No pain, no gain” is a rather strange saying, exhorting us actively to embrace what we ordinarily abhor and are desperate to avoid. It promotes the idea of good pain. This essay excavates the historical and metaphysical roots of this idea and situates the modern slogan in the context of a profound change in the experience of presence.

Reductive representationalist theories of consciousness are yet to produce a satisfying account of pain’s affective component, the part that makes it painful. The paramount problem here is that that there seems to be no suitable candidate for what affective experience represents. This article suggests that affective experience represents the Darwinian fitness effects of events (roughly, the effects that an event has on a creature’s chances of propagating its genes). I argue that, because of affective experience’s close association with motivation, natural selection will work to bring affect into covariance with the average fitness effects of types of event, and that this covariance makes fitness effects a promising candidate for what affect represents. I also argue that this account is to be preferred to Cutter and Tye’s recent proposal that affect represents harmfulness, and answer an objection that Aydede and Fulkerson recently offered against representational accounts of affect.

PurposeThe current research contributes to the marketing literature by examining, and more importantly, better understanding a presentation format (i.e. PACE) in which caloric information is complemented with physical activity time required to offset consumption. The purpose of this paper is to systematically evaluate the impact of this approach in both actual and simulated consumption settings while providing evidence of its contribution to healthier decision-making. This research uncovered several important insights into how consumers are influenced by, and respond to, the presence of physical activity time.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used experiential designs in five studies to examine how the presence of physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) information affects consumption. The studies measured both intended and actual consumption behavior. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance as well as bootstrapping methods.FindingsThe paper establishes that PACE information reduces consumption compared to NLEA-mandated information. We show that the effectiveness of PACE information differs based on consumers’ level of health consciousness as well as food type. Our research also uncovers a moderating effect based on perceived difficulty of the featured activity. Finally, we show the psychological process underlying the effectiveness of PACE information.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research can address the generalizability of current findings across different consumption domains and contexts. Our work focuses on the efficacy of information delivery at the point of consumption. The results of the current study may differ when the decision is being made at the point of purchase for future consumption.Practical implicationsThe paper’s findings represent a win-win scenario for consumers and manufacturers alike. Manufactures stand to benefit from PACE information as many consumers are seeking healthier food options and are willing to pay a premium for items that help them make more healthful choices. Consumers will benefit as well, given the struggle with obesity and other diet-related ills, by being provided with a more effective means of making healthier choices.Social implicationsObesity and diet-related chronic diseases are global pandemics affecting consumers throughout the world. This paper contributes to this issue by presenting manufacturers and researchers with a better understanding of how consumers can be encouraged to make healthier choices and overcome the barriers to healthier lifestyles.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a gap in the literature as well as an important social concern by better understanding how healthier nutrition choices can be encouraged.

This paper investigates former elite female gymnasts’ views and experiences of pain and injury. The purpose of the study was to examine how participants engaged with pain and injury discourses and interrogate the ways in which certain knowledge and practices had become dominant. A Foucaultian theoretical framework underpinned the study, making use of Foucault’s work on discourses, power and resistance. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews with seven former elite gymnasts. By analysing the participants’ talk through poststructural discourse analysis, three themes were identified. Firstly, participants’ persistence through pain and injury was due to the desire to compete. Secondly, participants differentiated between ‘good pain’ and ‘bad pain’. Thirdly, participants had a higher tolerance for pain than for injury. This research raises questions about the dominance of a ‘no pain, no gain’ discourse, and the ways in which gymnasts may develop an uncritical acceptance of particular ‘t...

Summary Allometric relationships between organism size and shape are often described in developmental or evolutionary terms. A new study characterizes a collapsing birch tree mutant and provides a genetic entry point into the biomechanical control of tree allometry.

The treatment of haemorrhoids remains challenging: multiple treatment options supported by heterogeneous evidence are available, but patients rightly demand a tailored approach. Evidence for newer surgical techniques that promise to be less painful has been conflicting. We review the current evidence for management options in patients who present with varying haemorrhoidal grades. A review of the English literature was performed utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases (31 May 2019). The search terms (haemorrhoid OR haemorrhoid OR haemorrhoids OR haemorrhoids OR “Hemorrhoid”[Mesh]) were used. First- and second-degree haemorrhoids continue to be managed conservatively. The easily repeatable and cost-efficient rubber band ligation is the preferred method to address minor haemorrhoids; long-term outcomes following injection sclerotherapy remain poor. Conventional haemorrhoidectomies (Ferguson/Milligan-Morgan/Ligasure haemorrhoidectomy) still have their role in third- and fourth-degree haemorrhoids, being associated with lowest recurrence; nevertheless, posthaemorrhoidectomy pain is problematic. Stapled haemorrhoidopexy allows quicker recovery, albeit at the costs of higher recurrence rates and potentially serious complications. Transanal Haemorrhoidal Dearterialization has been promoted as nonexcisional and less invasive, but the recent HubBLe trial has questioned its overall place in haemorrhoid management. Novel “walk-in-walk-out” techniques such as radiofrequency ablations or laser treatments will need further evaluation to define their role in modern-day haemorrhoid management. There are numerous treatment options for haemorrhoids, each with their own evidence-base. Newer techniques promise to be less painful, but recurrence rates remain an issue. The balance continues to be sought between long-term efficacy, minimisation of postoperative pain, and preservation of anorectal function.

Creative people are highly valued in all parts of the society, be it companies, government, or private life. However, organizations struggle to identify their most creative members. Is there a “magic ingredient” that sets the most creative individuals of an organization apart from the rest of the population? This paper aims to shed light on a part of this puzzle by introducing a novel method based on analyzing body language measured with sensors. We assess an individual’s creativity with the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, while their body signals are tracked with the sensors of a smartwatch measuring heart rate, acceleration, vector magnitude count, and loudness. These variables are complemented with external environmental features such as light level measured by the smartwatch. In addition, the smartwatch includes a custom-built app, the Happimeter, that allows users to do mood input in a two-dimensional framework consisting of pleasance and activation. Using multilevel regression, we find that people’s creativity is predictable by their body sensor readings. We thus provide preliminary evidence that the body movement as well as environmental variables have a relationship with an individual’s creativity. The results also highlight the influence of affective states on an individual’s creativity.

Every year, around 12 million animals are used for the purpose of scientific research in the European Union alone. The procedures performed on them often cause significant pain and suffering. Despite regulations aimed at reducing this suffering, we can expect millions of research animals to continue to suffer in the near to mid-term future. Given this reality, we propose the use of gene editing to create research animals with a reduced capacity for suffering, in particular, from pain. We argue that our proposal would be in line with moral principles embedded in European regulations regarding animal research, and that it would facilitate compliance with these regulations. We also respond to the strongest argument against our proposal&mdash, the &lsquo, no pain no gain&rsquo, argument.

Objectives Recent studies have shown that physiotherapy can induce pain in children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP). There is a lack of knowledge of children's pain experiences during therapy sessions and the specific causes of pain. The main objective of this study was to better understand the experience of children and young adults with CP during physiotherapy sessions and to analyse the coping strategies used by children and therapists. Methods Qualitative study with focus groups. Eighteen children/young adults with CP who experienced pain during physiotherapy were interviewed, using focus groups as a source of data collection in a phenomenological perspective. Data collection and analysis were consecutive to ensure that the data saturation point was reached. The transcripts were coded manually using thematic analysis. First, interesting features of the verbatim were coded, then codes were collated into potential themes and then the themes were checked to ensure they worked in relation to the coded extracts. Multiple coding was performed by 3 different researchers, and results were merged at each step. Results This study confirmed that among the 18 children interviewed (mean [SD] age 13.17 [4.02] years, 10 girls), physiotherapy, particularly stretching, induced pain. Participants reported that the experience of pain led to a dislike of physiotherapy, although some believed that the pain was necessary to show that the treatment was effective. The use of distraction techniques and the relationship with the physiotherapist were key elements associated with the perception and experience of pain. Conclusions This study confirmed that patients with CP experience pain during physiotherapy. Stretching seems to be the main source of pain. Beliefs and practices regarding the concept of pain show that physiotherapists need training in this field.

Community college students are less likely to graduate than university students, perhaps because their difficult life circumstances increase their vulnerability to misinterpreting the identity implications of experienced difficulty with schoolwork. Without guidance, they may fail to take a “no pain, no gain” perspective in which experienced difficulty with schoolwork implies the importance of succeeding in school. Two studies support this prediction: Study 1 (N = 1035) finds that education is associated with higher likelihood of interpreting experienced difficulty as signaling task importance among adults. This effect is pronounced for racial minorities. Study 2 (n = 293) finds that students who disagreed that experienced difficulty implies impossibility were more certain about attaining their academic possible identities and more willing to sacrifice to attain these identities. Moreover, community college students benefited more than university students from being guided to consider what experienced difficulty might imply or from considering that experienced difficulty implies importance, rather than impossibility.

The literature on serious games and gamification suggests that game elements have a positive influence on learning and performance in cognitive tasks. However, the mechanisms by which game elements affect these outcomes are not well understood. Building on theorizing in the self-control literature, the present research investigated whether game elements change the subjective experience of a cognitive task in terms of the positive affect, motivational conflict, and subjective effort experienced. Further, we tested whether people with a low versus high level of self-control benefit more from game elements in terms of their performance. The results of two experimental studies suggest that the gamification of an n-back task did not improve task accuracy (i.e., correct responses) directly but reduced task disengagement (i.e., non-responses). Further, gamification prevented positive affect from dropping over the course of the task and reduced motivational conflict and subjective effort experienced. Only positive affect mediated the effect of game elements on task disengagement. Further, game elements had an indirect effect on task accuracy via subjective effort. There was no indication that individuals with lower delay of gratification or lower trait self-control would profit more from gamification. The implications of these findings for the literature on self-control and gamification are discussed.

Background and objectives. Major negative life-events including bereavement can precipitate perceived positive life-changes, termed posttraumatic growth (PTG). While traditionally considered an adaptive phenomenon, it has been suggested that PTG represents a maladaptive coping response similar to cognitive avoidance. To clarify the function of PTG, it is crucial to establish concurrent and longitudinal associations of PTG with post-event mental health problems. Yet, longitudinal studies on this topic are scarce. The present study fills this gap in knowledge. Design. A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted. Methods. Four-hundred and twelve bereaved adults (87.6% women) filled out scales assessing PTG and symptoms of depression, anxiety, prolonged grief, and posttraumatic stress at baseline and 6 months later. Results. The baseline concurrent relationships between all symptom levels and PTG were curvilinear (inverted U-shape). Cross-lagged analyses demonstrated that symptom levels did not predict levels of PTG 6 months later, or vice versa. Conclusions. Findings suggest PTG after loss has no substantive negative or positive effects on mental health. Development of specific treatments to increase PTG after bereavement therefore appears premature.

The present study aimed to advance insight in the role of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in the recovery process, by focusing on the strenuousness of LTPA. It was proposed that-compared with less strenuous LTPA-more strenuous LTPA would show stronger positive relationships with recovery through higher levels of mental disengagement from stressors resulting from more strenuous LTPA. This hypothesis was examined in two studies, in which participants' positive and negative affective states were included as indicators of recovery. Study 1 was a 10-day daily diary study (3 measurements daily) among 74 employees. Each day, participants reported the time they had spent on mild, moderate, and strenuous LTPA. Multilevel path analysis showed that only strenuous LTPA was related to beneficial changes in the two indicators of recovery before bedtime and in the next morning through its positive relationship with psychological detachment from work. Study 2 was an experiment with two between-participants conditions, in which-after a stress-inducing task-44 participants engaged in either (a) a 20-min moderate intensity cycling task, or (b) a 20-min high intensity cycling task. Results showed that high intensity exercise was indirectly related to higher recovery as indicated by a lower level of participants' negative affective state, through lower levels of rumination about the stress-inducing task in this condition. The results of these two studies indicate that to fully savor LTPA's beneficial effects through mental disengagement from stressors, it is best conducted with a high level of strenuousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study is threefold: first, to empirically examine the effect of attitudes on people's intentions towards starting a new physical activity in three weight groups; second, to explore differences within various demographic groups; and finally, to offer research and practical implications for social marketers who are working in the area of physical activity. A total of 1459 respondents participated in an online survey. Our findings indicate that when individuals hold both negative and positive attitudes towards physical activity, they will have higher intentions to start a new physical activity. Empirical examination identified that overweight and obese people have more negative and less positive attitudes than healthier people toward physical activity. The results indicate that overcoming negative attitudes and reinforcing positive attitudes remain as a necessary condition to influence volitional behaviours such as physical activity, which requires cognitive processing and actions in order for the behaviour to be changed. People engaging in physical activities understand both positive and negative effects of physical activities, and they may engage in physical activities despite knowing there are short-term costs.

Objective It is almost a matter of fact for both clinicians and patients that pharmacological agents exert wanted as well as unwanted effects. In contrast, unwanted events of psychotherapy have long been neglected. Method The present study investigated the frequency and correlates of wanted and unwanted effects of psychotherapy in 85 participants with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The study was performed anonymously over the Internet in order to reduce response biases. Results Most patients showed ambivalent appraisals: 95% named at least one wanted effect, whereas 93% named at least one adverse treatment reaction (i.e., side-effect) and 89% indicated at least one instance of (subjective) malpractice. Complaints about unethical behavior were named by 14% of the participants. Wanted and unwanted effects were negatively correlated. Prevalent side-effects included development of new symptoms in 29% of the participants, for example, in the course of exposure treatment. Conclusions Our findings corroborate prior reports that adverse effects in psychotherapy are common, even if treatment is successful. Results refute a “no pain no gain” view: adverse events negatively impact outcome. Findings await confirmation in well-characterized in- and outpatient samples.

Although current-generation metallic-backbone drug-eluting stents are extremely safe and highly efficacious in preventing restenosis, they exhibit a small but steady rate of failure in the years following device implantation [(1,2)][1]. Recent insights from autopsy and intravascular imaging studies

The body-building world may seem strange, the champions are both adulated and considered ‘monsters’. Here we find the conclusions of Duret for whom ‘internal recognition and external rejection’ are part of the logic of the gym. Women’s bodybuilding pushes this logic to its paroxysm, for ‘Being a bodybuilding woman, especially a champion, condemns out of this milieu to be cited not for the ideal beauty sought but as a monster of ugliness’ (2005: 42). This article will be devoted to analysing the entry into a group of body-builders. Far from wanting to seduce newcomers, the coach subjects them to a double infernal trial. One becomes body-builder after months of intensive work, financial, food and personal sacrifices. Body-builders sacrifice everything, so much so that Ewald and Jiobu (1985) show that they forget their family duties, their health, or their work. They are willing to sacrifice their mental health or physical well-being for success, accepting draconian diets, overtraining, weight control, injuries (Wasielwski, 1991; Johns, 1997). Daily meal planning, scrupulously followed, is part of their daily routine. One of the early learning of novices is that of purity or impurity of food.

The relationship between risk and return in finance seems controversial. While the crucial implication of the standard models dictates—the higher the risk, the higher the expected return—the empirical evidence seems to contradict this expectation. Emerging evidence has proven that the standard measures of realized risk, including volatility or systematic risk, negatively predict abnormal returns. Surprisingly, some other measures related to tail risk or downside risk have proven as positive predictors of performance. Importantly, all the measures might help investors to predict abnormal returns. In this chapter, the authors carefully reviewed the risk-based return-predictive signals along with their theoretical and empirical evidence and conducted thorough tests of example strategies across 24 international equity markets.

The subculture of bodybuilding is rife with people willing to do whatever is necessary to achieve the perfect physique. One particularly concerning behavior is the injection of site-enhancing-oils (SEO) into lagging muscle groups to achieve instant size and symmetry. The typical SEO is a combination of lidocaine, alcohol, and oil; it is rarely, if ever, administered by a qualified professional. As a result, there are a variety of potential complications that can manifest in the skin and other organ systems. In our case, a 41-year-old former competitive bodybuilder was referred to our clinic for excision of a subcutaneous nodule. The initial histopathology was concerning for lymphoma, but a more thorough history and review of systems were completely negative. The patient underwent a negative systemic lymphoma workup and it was not until we discussed the prospects of radiation and other forms of treatment that he revealed a history of SEO use, as well as other identical nodules on his body. Subsequent excisions revealed a more classic sclerosing lipogranuloma-type reaction pattern. Owing to the taboo nature of SEOs, most patients are reluctant to provide this vital piece of historical information, highlighting the importance of patient rapport and clinical-pathologic correlation in our specialty.

There is a rising evidence that the proverbial statement "No pain, No gain" first coined at the light of pioneering clinical experiences with canonical chemotherapy still holds true in the era of modern treatments of cancer. This close relationship between the occurrence of specific drug-related toxicity and treatment outcome has been confirmed since then with a large variety of treatments, ranging from cytotoxics, hormonotherapy, targeted therapy and much interestingly even with the latest immune checkpoint inhibitors. In the current context of precision medicine, and along with the constant quest for identifying predictive biomarkers, close monitoring of treatment-related toxicities could therefore be convenient to help predicting therapeutic response, but presents several caveats. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe these relationships across the different treatments, to comment on possible underlying mechanisms and to comment on possible strategies aiming at exploiting this relationship while keeping the maximal safety ensured in patients with cancer. In particular, this review will investigate on how drug exposure along with germinal and somatic genetic issues does impact on the "No Pain, No Gain" aphorism, and why the temptation to use treatment-related toxicities as a cheap and convenient way to predict clinical outcome or to adapt dosing should be resisted. We do advocate instead for developing comprehensive genomic support along with extensive biomathematical modeling to better customize dosing and shift towards a new "No Pain, Maximal Gain" paradigm.

Peripheral sensory nerves expressing TrkA, the high-affinity receptor for NGF, densely innervate the surfaces of long bones, a privileged location for the regulation of biomechanical signaling. In this study, we used several genetically engineered mouse models to examine the role of NGF-TrkA signaling in skeletal adaptation to mechanical loads. Our results support a model in which mechanical signals up-regulate the expression of NGF in osteoblasts on the bone surface that, in turn, activates TrkA sensory nerves, leading to the release of osteogenic cues that modulate osteocytic Wnt/β-catenin signaling and support bone formation.

Previous studies have shown that punishing people through a large penalty for volunteering incorrect information typically leads them to withhold more information (metacognitive response bias), but it does not appear to influence their ability to distinguish between their own correct and incorrect answers (metacognitive accuracy discrimination). The goal of the current study was to demonstrate that punishing people for volunteering incorrect information-versus rewarding volunteering correct information-produces more effective metacognitive accuracy discrimination. All participants completed three different general-knowledge tests: a reward test (high points for correct volunteered answers), a baseline test (equal points/penalties for volunteered correct/incorrect answers) and a punishment test (high penalty for incorrect volunteered answers). Participants were significantly better at distinguishing between their own correct and incorrect answers on the punishment than reward test, which has implications for situations requiring effective accuracy monitoring.

The cognitive control theory of Botvinick, Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 356-366 (2007) integrates cognitive and affective control processes by emphasizing the aversive nature of cognitive conflict. Using an affective priming paradigm, we replicate earlier results showing that incongruent trials, relative to congruent trials, are indeed perceived as more aversive (Dreisbach & Fischer, Brain and Cognition, 78(2), 94-98 (2012)). Importantly, however, in two experiments we demonstrate that this effect is reversed following successful responses; correctly responding to incongruent trials engendered relatively more positive affect than correctly responding to congruent trials. The results are discussed in light of a recent computational model by Silvetti, Seurinck, and Verguts, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5:75 (2011) where it is assumed that outcome expectancies are more negative for incongruent trials than congruent trials. Consequently, the intrinsic reward (prediction error) following successful completion is larger for incongruent than congruent trials. These findings divulge a novel perspective on 'cognitive' adaptations to conflict.

Drawing on an overarching framework of transactional stress theory, this study develops and tests an affect-based model of developmental job experience (DJE) that explicates the affective mechanisms through which DJE is associated with both positive and negative individual outcomes—advancement potential and turnover intention— and the buffering role of emotional intelligence (EI) in the affective processes. In a sample of 214 early-career managers, we found DJE to be related to increased advancement potential by boosting employees’ pleasant feelings, but also that it can fail in this regard by increasing their unpleasant feelings. Moreover, whereas it is not surprising that there was a negative relationship between DJE and turnover intention mediated by pleasant feelings, our results also demonstrated a positive relationship via unpleasant feelings, depending on employees’ levels of EI. Specifically, they suggested that DJE was positively related to turnover intention for only low-EI employees, but not for high-EI employees

ObjectivesTo assess the use of healthcare, and reasons not to seek healthcare, by climbers with a chronic injury.MethodRetrospective survey.SettingWeb-based questionnaire.Participants667 active climbers (385 with chronic injuries).Outcome measureUse of healthcare (including reasons not to seek healthcare if the patient was not attended by health professionals), performance level in sport climbing, onset of a climbing-related injury, site of injury, preferred style of climbing and gender differences.ResultOf the 667 respondents, 385 had experienced a chronic injury in the past 6 months. Climbers with a chronic injury are reluctant to seek healthcare, and male climbers are less likely to seek healthcare than female climbers. The two most frequent reasons not to seek healthcare were: (1) an assumption that the injury was not serious enough (70%) and (2) a belief that a health professional could not help (60%). Only one in five of the climbers with a finger injury sought healthcare. The more experienced climbers were less likely to seek healthcare than recreational climbers.ConclusionUse of healthcare among climbers with a chronic injury is limited and injured climbers self-assess the injury before seeking medical aid. Experience is a strong predictor for not seeking healthcare after an injury. These findings open up the possibility that some of those who do not seek healthcare after self-assessing the injury are underestimating the seriousness of the injury due to lack of confidence in the health professionals’ abilities to help treating chronic climbing related injuries.

In postmodern society, the field of consumption has replaced the world of production as the main arena in which dominant stereotypes of masculinity and femininity are communicated and reinforced. P...

This lecture presents a concise review of the current status of hard QCD and electromagnetic processes as probes of the quark–gluon plasma.