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This paper presents the results of a systematic review that analysed the literature on factors influencing societal acceptance and stakeholders’ perceptions of hydrogen related technologies. This study found that the most influencing factors include prior knowledge, perceived cost/risks, environmental knowledge, higher education and income, personal and distributive benefits, infrastructure availability and close proximity to hydrogen facilities. There was low hydrogen awareness in more than 60% of the countries analysed in the reviewed studies. Although stakeholders had diverse perceptions, there was agreement that infrastructure availability, affordability, local community engagement, regional skill capability development, preservation of biodiversity, and safety and distributive benefits to the community were essential for a successful hydrogen industry. Future research could examine consumer acceptance at different geographical scales, analyse pre-and post-hydrogen project implementation, and social impact of hydrogen infrastructure on local communities. We also recommend diversifying hydrogen research projects and investigating the policy and regulatory arrangements for community-owned hydrogen projects.

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) may contribute to decarbonisation of the transport sector and has the potential to offer value to consumers and electricity grid operators through its energy storage capabilities. While electricity tariffs can play an important role in consumer uptake of EVs, little is known about how EV charging tariff design affects EV users’ behaviour in participating in applications that can support the electricity grid, such as those applications classed under Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). Examining the case of Australia, this study reviews the literature on electromobility with a focus on EV charging tariffs and its impact on consumer behaviour within the V2X context. The main findings drawn from up-to-date publications show that a well-designed EV tariff structure, available parking, and EV charging facilities can increase consumer participation in V2X. However, cooperation between EV users and grid operators is needed to establish a form of controlled charging agreement to harness the full potential of the EV electricity storage system for grid stability and battery support operations. To achieve this, the right tariff structure will have to be established to incentivise EV consumers to subscribe to V2X services. We also present recommendations for EV tariff design to support Australian consumer participation in V2G. Finally, we identify research gaps for further research.

Nigeria has embarked on various programmes and policies in trying to make its energy system efficient. Renewable energy (RE) is one at the heart of this reformation. However, the country's energy reforms within the ambit of RE suffer setbacks, owing to poorly utilized RE resources and initiation of relevant policies. Consequently, these setbacks widen the gap between energy demand and supply. This has motivated the need to appraise the effectiveness, efficiency, equity and institutional feasibility of Nigeria's RE legal and policy framework. The study adds to literature by adopting a case study approach to initiate improvement of the effectiveness and efficiency of the Nigerian RE legal and policy framework. Our results disclose an urgent need to drive a coordinated and consistent legal intervention, specific and time-bound targets, political commitment, policy choice and design, funded research and development activities, social awareness and public engagement, in order to improve RE development and deployment in Nigeria. Additionally, enacting well-conceived RE laws in Nigeria and building relevant institutions, were identified to be crucial in achieving expansive and sustainable RE development for the country.

Due to the adverse impacts of energy production and consumption on the climate, countries across the world are now charged with developing effective strategies that provide energy security and protect the climate. However, studies exploring pathways to reduce energy demand and GHG emissions in Nigeria are limited and have not really focused on what is technically feasible within the country. In this research, we use the Nigerian Energy Calculator 2050 to examine and compare the energy balances and GHG mitigation potentials for four alternative low carbon scenarios which are possible by 2050. Results show that the alternative low carbon pathways will reduce energy consumption, GHG emissions, and air pollution compared to the business-as-usual case. However, our analysis indicates that fossil fuels will still dominate the Nigerian energy system in all scenarios by 2050. Thus, efforts that successfully decouple economic development from GHG emissions are still needed to keep Nigeria on the path of low carbon transition. Our findings further suggest that bioenergy and energy efficiency will play significant roles towards decarbonizing Nigeria. Policy implications for low carbon transition based on our analysis are also discussed. This paper may serve as a reference for developing energy and climate policies in Nigeria.

Nigeria's energy demand for a population of over 180 million people is yet to be sufficiently met by the country's current energy structure. Scaling up energy production and supply had a pronounced...

This paper examines the impact of climate variability and change (CV&C), and energy policies on the future energy system in Australia. Scenarios were developed to represent CV&C impacts and policy options, which were analysed with the Long-range Energy Alternative and Planning system for the period 2010–2050. The results indicate that although energy demand is likely to increase threefold in the business-as-usual scenario, CV&C further increases demand to 150 petajoule. A combined policy option involving modal shift and penetration of electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles results in a 49–53% decrease in transport fuel demand and emissions. The economic analysis reveals a substantial decline in sales revenue and increase in generation costs due to CV&C impacts. Higher renewable energy integration results in lower wholesale electricity prices across independent electricity markets. Cumulative cost-benefit analysis indicates that economic benefits increase to US$4.9 trillion in an advanced renewable energy scenario. Emissions and energy consumed increased under climatic conditions, but decreased after policy intervention. Ignoring the influence of CV&C may result in underestimation of future energy demand and installed capacity in Australia. Therefore, energy and climate policies should consider long-term economic benefits over short-term system costs.

The second target of goal number 11 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations emphasized the need to provide sustainable transport systems for all. Here, we applied the Nigerian Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning systems model to evaluate different scenarios for low-carbon transport in Nigeria. Three scenarios were developed based on fuel substitution: business-as-usual (BAU), countermeasure 1 (CM1), and countermeasure 2 (CM2). Our results indicate that under BAU, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to reach 39 MtCO2eq in 2040. However, due to a shift to cleaner fuels, this value is expected to drop by 33% and 42% in CM1 and CM2 scenarios, respectively. We also observed significant reductions in final energy demand in CM1 and CM2 scenarios. In addition, we analyzed the cobenefits of the low-carbon scenarios from the perspective of local air pollutants emissions. Finally, we argue that more dedicated policies will be needed to keep the Nigerian transport sector on the path of sustainability.

The African Union 2063 Agenda confirms that Africa bears the brunt of the impact of climate change. It becomes more troublesome for older adults who are frail and vulnerable. Lack of eco-friendly policies and activities in Nigeria is a challenge. The study sampled 11 older adults aged over 65 years who dwell within the Nsukka campus of the University of Nigeria. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques was adopted, while analysis was done thematically. Findings showed that the older adults reported health, economic, and social implications of climate change on them. They suggested the need for vanguards of ecological rights, promotion of eco-friendly culture for Nigeria, and promulgation of policies addressing climate change, so as to cushion the impacts of climate change on them. The roles “green-oriented” social workers could play are discussed.

The power sector exercises huge impacts on global warming through emitted greenhouse gases [GHGs], with Australia not an exception. Over the years, the effectiveness of policies that have emerged to curtail GHGs emissions from electricity generation seem barely investigated. To address this gap, the study identifies potential energy reduction policies and climate change scenarios for the Australian power sector by applying approaches from combined backcasting and exploratory scenario. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system and its integrated Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) was used for optimisation analysis. Results identified cost optimisation scenarios as a least-cost generation pathway with less climate change impact, followed by renewable energy target and energy productivity scenarios. Economic analysis shows that emission reduction policy will result in added cost to the economy, while carbon tax policies will yield economic benefit in installation cost, resource savings and environmental externalities reductions by 2050. The environmental analysis reveals that emission reduction policy will increase cumulative emissions, while future temperatures may double the emissions from the base case scenario. We conclude that future low-carbon pathways lie in clean energy substitutions and innovative energy policies, while global warming raises the need to switch to clean energy technologies early.

This study estimates the short- and long-term impacts of climate change on electricity demand in Australia. We used an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with monthly data from 1999 to 2014 for six Australian states and one territory. The results reveal significant variations in electricity demand. We then used long-term coefficients for climatic response to simulate future electricity demand using four scenarios based on the representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Our results show a gradual increase in electricity consumption due to warmer temperatures with the possibility of peak demand in winter; however, demand tends to decrease in the middle of the twenty-first century across the RCPs, while the summer peak load increases by the end of the century. Finally, we simulated the impact of policy uncertainty through sensitivity analysis and confirmed the potential benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation.

There is an attempt by conventional oil and gas companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through sustainability practices to maintain a position of relevance in a low-carbon energy future. One of such measures is the idea of upstream energy integration (or field electrification), yet emerging and in its nascency. The concept of energy integration is to electrify upstream petroleum production operations through renewables to reduce carbon intensity and mitigate process emissions. While this seems promising, its dynamics and wider ramifications remain unexplored in the scholarly literature. Drawing on the socio-technical transition theory and adopting a qualitative approach to energy systems analysis, this perspective type piece identifies and discusses the implications of the emerging trend of upstream energy integration. The analysis proceeds with three thematic parallels and five central motifs that potentially set research and policy framing agendas to complement existing energy governance frameworks. These include Process energy needs, Resources and materials sourcing, Embodied energy implications, Scalar deployment costing and Temporal dynamics for transition (the PREST framework).

This paper applied a scenario-based analysis to explore Nigeria's future energy demand, supply and associated GHG emissions from 2010 to 2040 using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model. The impact of different energy policies are analysed for the Nigerian energy system by considering four scenarios: the reference scenario (REF), the low-carbon moderate scenario (LCM), the low-carbon advanced scenario (LCA), and the green optimistic scenario (GO). By considering aggressive energy policies and strategies from LCM to LCA, and even more aggressive options in the GO scenario, we find that under the REF scenario energy demand is expected to reach 3,075 PJ and a corresponding increase in GHG emissions of 201.2 Mt Co2e by 2040. More aggressive policy intervention by the Nigerian government, as in the GO scenario, would lead to a decrease in energy demand (2,249 PJ) and GHG emissions (124.4 Mt Co2e) in 2040. A cost-benefit and energy system analysis were also carried out in the study.

Climate change governance has metamorphosed from multilateral pacts such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement to the enactment of country-specific dedicated legislation for mitigation and adaptation. A common feature of this phenomenon is the establishment of an expert committee on climate change, or simply, a climate change commission (CCC). For effective climate change governance, a multidisciplinary CCC will play a key role. The objective of this study is to inquire into the multidisciplinary requirements of a CCC and how multidisciplinarity can influence the efficacy of climate governance measures. Accordingly, it inquires into transnational circumstances on the disciplinary/multidisciplinary composition of CCCs and samples the perspectives of over 120 climate policy experts&mdash, through a structured survey&mdash, to draw insights into how countries could establish a suitable multidisciplinary CCC in legislative and policy processes. Key results from transnational circumstances and expert perspectives reveal the propriety of establishing CCCs to drive robust mitigation and adaptation policies. As the study shows, multiple countries have already incorporated diverse domains and backgrounds of expertise in the composition of their CCCs. Furthermore, our experts&rsquo, survey reveals overwhelming support among respondents (98%) for CCCs, and all those who support these commissions believe they should be, to some degree, independent and multidisciplinary. Experts&rsquo, perspectives reveal a spectrum of specific desirable multidisciplinary categories&mdash, legal, physical science, biosciences, energy and engineering, economics, planning, social sciences, ethics, governance, health, and communication. We also highlight some caveats regarding multidisciplinarity and reflect on the existence of quasi-institutions across countries without dedicated CCCs.

This study develops a scenario-based model to analyze the impact of energy policies that may influence Queensland’s transition towards a low carbon society by 2050. The Schwartz scenario methodology was applied in techno-economic and environmental contexts and the Long-range Energy Alternative and planning system was used to analyze the performance of the scenarios. The scenarios include a Business as Usual (BAU) case and three alternative scenarios which represent the policy options added in incremental order. The three alternative scenarios and BAU scenario were compared in terms of energy, economic and environmental aspects. The results show that if Queensland expanded its current renewable energy target and increased energy efficiency policies, increased benefits in emission and cost savings could be achieved by 2050. A sensitivity analysis showed that the increased penetration of renewables in the electricity grid would not only diversify Queensland energy mix, but ensure energy security and economic benefits of 54.4–57.2% cost savings depending on the policies implemented. Therefore, this study recommends an increased share of renewables in Queensland energy mix above 83% by 2050, since the investment cost today will outweigh the high fueling cost, environmental pollution and energy security concern in the future.

Nigeria’s electricity mix is made up of 85% fossil fuel and this share is projected to increase in the future due to the projected increase in socioeconomic activities. This will lead to an increased emission level despite the abundant solar energy resources which is a suitable alternative for sustainable energy development in Nigeria. This paper addresses the issue by evaluating the technical and financial viability of deploying domestic Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in the Nigeria households using the RETScreen modelling framework. Performance, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation and financial analyses were performed for six selected cities in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Results indicate that a single evacuated tube SWH can produce a maximum solar fraction of 69% for Nigeria’s households. The results further suggest that SWH can play a major role towards energy security and GHG emission mitigation in the country. The results of the financial analysis showed that SWH is economically viable in most parts of Nigeria with exception of the south-south geopolitical zone where the R1 category of households in Port Harcourt city still requires financial support for the viability of SWH. This study recommends the increased adoption of policies enhancing the penetration of SWH systems in order to transcend Nigeria towards a low carbon pathway.

This study investigates consumer preferences for green electricity service connection in rural residential households of East Shewa and Arsi zone of Ethiopia by considering solar photovoltaic and mini-hydroelectricity sources. The main objective of the study is to identify consumer preference for green electricity attributes by rural residents. The discrete choice experiment method was applied taking into consideration attributes such as no externality, reliability, level of electricity use and cost of connection. The results show that ‘no externality’ is a relatively more important attribute, followed by usage level in multinomial and conditional logit model whereas usage level and reliability in mixed logit model, for rural residential households of Ethiopia, implying a preference of solar photovoltaics to mini hydro-electricity. A preference of rural households towards solar photovoltaics attributes is in line with the country’s green energy policy for rural electrification programmes. The study also estimated marginal willingness to pay for each attributes in each model. For instance the mean WTP for no externality, reliability, and multiple services usage is USD 3.67, 28.06 and 25.10 per year, in mixed logit model, respectively. These findings are important for private investors, government and other stakeholders who are interested in investing in green electricity for rural households of East Showa and Arsi zone and other parts of Ethiopia with similar socioeconomic conditions.

Climate change has become a great challenge to our generation and its impact is felt in almost every society in the world. Nigeria as a developing country with a population of about 180 million is likely to be adversely impacted by climate change due to its vulnerability and low coping capability. Evidences have shown that climate change impacts on Nigeria arises from various climate change related causes experienced due to the increase in temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, impact on fresh water resources, extreme weather events, flooding, drought in the north and increased health risk. The study reviews some existing literatures, information, policies, and data on climate change in Nigeria and its impact on the various sectors of the economy. The finding for this paper indicates that many sectors of Nigerian economy appear to be directly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as agricultural sector, health, energy, etc. This generally affects the growth of economy. The impacts of climate changed highlighted in this study raise the need for more support in research and education awareness on the impact of climate change in Nigeria. This review attempts to create awareness on the impacts of climate change in Nigeria and presents some policy recommendations for adaptation and mitigation measures to tackle the challenges.

This study investigated the possibility of achieving a low carbon development in Nigeria through the application of some sustainable strategies. The investigation was through a review of some low carbon policies applied in some country’s cases. The strategies were then explored to ascertain the possibilities of replication in the Nigerian context. It was necessary due to the increase in climate change activities experienced in Nigeria. The strategies were based on some successful country case in a bid to improve their transition towards a low carbon economy. These strategies applied by other nations were investigated and explored for replication possibilities in the Nigerian context. They include; thinking and adopting the green growth ideology, energy policy reforms, long-term energy planning and target, energy regulations and standards, environmental tax reforms, urban planning, efficient building design, the efficiency of the energy system, efficiency of passenger transport system, and renewable energy options. The Mini-review Article

Sustainable energy development focuses on maintaining the provision of energy in a manner that can enhance the short-, medium-, and long-term economic development of a country. The provision of sustainable energy requires the development and implementation of technologies that can improve the energy situation of a given country, such as renewable energy, energy-efficient technologies, and the proper use of conventional energy resources. To achieve this, effective energy policy options must be instigated that can adjust to changing circumstances. In Nigeria, the development of sustainable clean modern energy is an immense challenge, as is the proper use of the country׳s conventional energy resources. This is as due to the lack of effective support policies and poor participation by the government in clean energy development. The energy situation in Nigeria could be improved by the provision of adequate energy policy options designed to augment existing energy policies. This study critically reviews the current status of energy resources in Nigeria and the associated policies. Important policies, unavailable under current government strategies, are proposed and prioritised based on their likelihood of success in short, medium and long term. Among the most important policies based on priorities are policies to address crude oil theft, complete deregulation of the petroleum subsectors, utilisation of associated gases, creation of favourable business climate for private investors, increase attraction for Foreign Direct Investment in clean energy technology, Renewable Portfolio Standards development, introduction of Tendering Schemes, use of efficient fuel stoves, development of Demand-Side Bidding and Energy Efficiency Standard Law. We believe that these proposed policy options could improve the sustainable development of Nigeria׳s energy resources.

This paper investigated the oil export dependency of Mexico, Indonesia and Nigeria, which are major oil-producing countries in their respective geographical regions, and how their oil export have evolved over the last two decades. Oil export importance was analysed by relating it to the effective export price, oil export importance, oil dependence and energy intensity of Mexico, Indonesia and Nigeria for the period 1986–2010. The trends were analysed for Mexico, Indonesia and Nigeria, while the decomposition result showed that price effect had the most influential factors to revenue changes in the three countries. Indonesia and Nigeria were less oil export intensive in the last period, 2001–2010, and the three countries had an improvement in their energy efficiency due to a decrease in energy intensity. The authors recommend that energy efficiency improvements and reduction in oil export dependence, with the diversification of export will improve the country’s revenue and safeguard their economies...

Energy availabilty is crucial for the economic growth of any nation in the world today. Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy are necessities in achieving a sustainable development in the modern world. Energy poverty in a country can be said to be a situation where its citizens lack electric power to meet even their own basic needs such as lighthing and cooking. Nigeria, as a country described as the “giant of Africa and the most populated black nation in the world still faces the crisis of energy poverty. Nigeria is blessed with an abundant energy resources of both fossil fuels and renewable energy, but the main challege is the country’s inability to adequately and efficiently utilize these energy resources. This lack of efficent energy utilization has led to the near depletion of the fossil fuel resources within the country’s boarder and the energy crisis afflicting Nigeria is expected to be on the rise if the government does not act immediately by the diversification of country’s energy sources and exploit the abundant natural renewable resources avaliable in the country. This paper reviews the standpoint of efficent energy management with strategic concentration on the demand side energy savings and renewable energy resource potential in Nigeria to ensure sustainable development. The energy situation in the country is reviewed with the consumption parttern of the various fossil fuel resources in the country. The paper also examined the various renewable energy potentials, locations and present ways in which they can be harnessed for useful and uninterrupted energy supply. Some effective strategies and energy policy are presented in order to overcome the energy poverty situation in Nigeria.

Supplemental material, Appendix for The impact of climate change on electricity demand in Australia by Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi, Taha Chaiechi and ABM Rabiul Alam Beg in Energy & Environment

This study aims to assess Myanmar&rsquo, s upstream petroleum fiscal regimes by applying comprehensive indicators to rank the level of attractiveness of Myanmar. The indicators include government take (GT), front loading index (FLI), and composite score (CS). The decision maker&rsquo, s attitude for GT and FLI were considered in CS linear weighting method in ranking the fiscal terms attractiveness. The results showed that Myanmar&rsquo, s upstream petroleum fiscal regime has low attraction compared to its competing countries from the investor&rsquo, s point of view, both in terms of the risk to the investor in the earlier part of the project and in terms of evaluation with or without the time value of money. Also, royalty and cost recovery were identified to have an impact on the attractiveness rank of petroleum fiscal regime in Myanmar. Therefore, Myanmar should consider improving its fiscal regimes that are not neutral&mdash, particularly, royalty, tax, profit split, and cost recovery&mdash, for a favorable investment climate.

This chapter concludes the study with a brief summary of the results of the scenarios and analyses. Based on the implications derived from the scenarios analyzed, cost-benefit analysis and least-cost of electricity generations, some policy recommendations were presented. The chapter also presents limitations from the study and offer suggestions for future research.

The chapter presents the status quo of Nigeria’s energy sector and is divided into five sections. The first extensively reviews the various conventional and renewable energy resources in Nigeria. The second and third sections presents the primary energy supply and consumption, respectively. The forth section presents an insight into the various government ministries, parastatals, and agencies that are relevant in the Nigerian energy sector. The last section in this chapter explores the Nigerian energy policies and strategies.

This chapter is divided into three sections; the first section presents model used in this study, the reason for the selection of the model, and the algorithm of the LEAP and OSeMOSYS model. The second section describes the LEAP and OSeMOSYS data requirement, explains the data collection process, parameters, variables, and presents the datasets used in the development of the Nigeria LEAP Model. The last subsection explains the scenario development techniques, processes, and extensively discusses each scenario developed.

This chapter presents results of the Nigerian Energy Policies Strategies for Sustainable Development using LEAP model from 2010 to 2040. The chapter is divided into six sections; the first section presents results of the forecasted energy demand and supply, electricity supply, GHG emissions, and energy balance. The second section provides an in-depth analysis of the interrelations between energy, environment, and the society in Nigeria from 2010 to 2040 under the four scenarios proposed. The third section presents the least-cost electricity generation for the developed scenarios, which includes the GHG emissions. The fourth section analyzes the cost-benefit of the developed scenarios. The fifth section discusses sustainable strategies which are in line with the scenarios developed in this study. Finally, the sixth section summarizes the chapter with policy implications.

Access to electricity is vital for economic development. Developing countries around the world have made various effort to improve electrcity access. In order to improve electrcity access, the obstacles need to be properly identified. Nigeria’s electrcity access have been low for a very long time with no improvement in sight. This paper examined the obstacles hindering the improvement of electricity access in Nigeria. The obstacles identified includes; low efficiency and performance, security of fuel source for power generation, data inadequacy, regulatory barriers, lack of institutional arrangement, poor grid structure, delapidated transmission and distribution network, low financial investment, lack of policy and project continuity. A way forward was presented in order to improve electricity access in Nigeria.

The Brazilian electricity sector has witnessed numerous technological changes and has evolved to become a global leader in clean technology sales, both to the domestic and foreign market. A lot of factors contributed to the innovative activities in its electricity sector which includes both government and FDI contribution. This paper reviewed the past and current technology innovation in the country’s electricity sector with some concentration on the patent, and research and development. Some advanced economy such as Korea, USA, Japan, Germany and France were also compared in reference to their patent data, policies and renewable energy attractiveness to identify the options that contributes to their innovative capability in renewable energy technologies. Some policy recommendations were provided in order to foster innovation in Brazil.

This study investigates the factors influencing the Chinese manufacturing industry’s innovation and industrial performance utilizing a panel data approach on a sample of Chinese manufacturing enterprises over the period of 2008–2013. The industries were grouped according to related sectors into five groups, a general group was also created which included the whole data sample. The study found that research and development (R&D) expenditure positively influenced the growth of product innovation and industrial performance, but not necessarily knowledge innovation and export performance. Also, expenditure on new product development had a positive impact on both innovation and industrial performance. The growth of patent application was discovered to be influenced by an R&D project and foreign patent license. Finally, the number of enterprises and firm size (i.e. number of employees) contributed positively to the industrial output performance. The findings suggest that industrial R&D and new product development influences the success of product innovation and sales performance. The study recommends that the government should set up policies that will stimulate industrial R&D, while supporting technology transfers from foreign partners. Most importantly, government policies on the development of the industry should be addressed on a sectorial level and not a “one-size-fit-all” type of policy.

This literature review explores the factors influencing a firm’s decision to patent its innovation. From the review of the available literature, some factors were identified which are related to the degree of codification or simplicity of knowledge and characteristics of a company or firm. We discovered that patent propensity vary among firms, industry, and country. The influencing factors on a firm’s patent propensity were discovered to be both internal and external. The literature review will provide assistance to researchers in understanding the factors influencing patent propensity.