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The study was carried out to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of pawpaw seeds powder (PSP) on the proximate composition, growth and histological structure of Nile tilapia gonads. Nile tilapia were treated with pawpaw seeds powder at four levels at 0 g, 4 g, 8 g and 12 g PSP/kg feed for 60 days. The proximate composition of the carcass of the Nile tilapia showed that the 8 g PSP/kg feed treatment group had the highest values (mean ± SE) of Crude protein and ash (53.97 ± 0.094 and 20.05 ± 0.35) respectively. The highest body weight gain and specific growth rate was achieved at the 8 g PSP/kg treatment level but this treatment level showed the lowest feed conversion ratio. Histology of gonads of Nile tilapia treated with different levels of PSP revealed that ovaries and testes of 0 g PSP/kg feed were normal. Ovaries of the 4 g PSP/kg feed had degenerative stromas while testes had scanty spermatozoa. At 8 g PSP/kg feed, the ovaries showed increased atretic follicles and testes had degeneration of spermatozoa.Treatment with 12 g PSP/kg feed resulted in severe atretic follicles of the ovaries and deformation of seminiferous tubules and erosion of spermatozoa of the testes. The results of this study showed that pawpaw seeds powder can be used to control the breeding of Nile tilapia in production units.

Makala haya yanachunguza mtindo wa usimulizi katika tamthilia za Kithaka wa Mberia na kutoa ufafanuzi wake. Tamthilia zenyewe ni Natala (1997), Kifo Kisimani (Death at the Well, 2001) na Maua Kwenye Jua la Asubuhi (Flowers in the Morning Sun, 2004). Vipera vya usimulizi vinavyo-chunguzwa ni methali, nyimbo/ngoma, sauti na hadithi. Usimulizi ni mbinu ya fasihi simulizi iliyo na jadi ndefu. Kutokana na msingi huu, wa Mberia alioanisha usimulizi na ujumbe wa tamthilia zake ana¬powasawiri wahusika wake kupitia matendo yao na mazungumzo yao jukwaani. Umuhimu wa matu¬mizi ya mbinu ya usimulizi katika tamthilia teule unaonekana kupuuzwa na wahakiki wengi. Kwa hivyo, madhumuni ya makala haya ni kuangazia umuhimu wa usimulizi katika usawiri wa maudhui mbalimbali na kuthibitisha kuweko kwa matumizi ya usimulizi katika tamthilia teule. Ni makala ambayo yatawafaidi wanafunzi katika vyuo vinavyotoa masomo ya fasihi. Makala haya yanamdhihi¬risha wa Mberia kama mtunzi shupavu, anayeteka makini ya hadhira yake kwa kuiwezesha kutafakari zaidi kuhusu masuala anayojadilia tamthiliani, kwa matumizi ya usimulizi. This paper analyses narrative style in Kithaka wa Mberia’s plays. The plays analysed are Natala (1997), Kifo Kisimani (Death at the Well, 2001) na Maua Kwenye Jua la Asubuhi (Flowers in the Morning Sun, 2004). The elements of narrative style analysed are proverbs, songs/dances, voice and epic. Narrative style has a long history in oral literature. It has been integrated into written literature and thus lost its initial outlook which had led to its disregard by many analysts in the past. The objectives of this essay are to discuss narrative style in the selected plays, and to show how it functions to create empathy on the part of the reader which helps her/him to internalyse the themes conveyed. Furthermore, this essay intends to stimulate further research on narrative style in Swahili drama.