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The paper analyzes the development of law enforcement regarding the ability of certain contractual structures to change the legal regime of the marital property. Prior to the introduction of a mandatory notarial form of an agreement on the marital property division (Federal Law No. 391-FZ of December 29, 2015 «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation») and clarification in paragraph 1 of Article 256 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of the type of contract establishing the legal regime of the community property (Federal Law No. 217-FZ of July 19, 2018 «On Amendments to Article 256 of Part One and Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation»), law enforcement proceeded from the possibility of changing the community property regime (or part thereof) both following a marriage contract and any other agreement (contract) that does not contradict the current legislation. After legislative changes, the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography, the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation took different positions. In the activities of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, there has been a tendency not to qualify the terms of purchase and sale agreements, participation in shared construction and other transactions involving the emergence of shared ownership of spouses as a contract containing elements of an agreement on the community property division or a prenuptial agreement. The discrepancies between the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the form of the transaction concluded in fulfillment of the obligation of the recipient of the state certificate for maternal (family) capital to purchase a real estate object in the shared ownership of the second spouse and children are revealed. It is concluded that the dilemma between the freedom of choice of legal forms for the spouses to achieve the desired legal result with minimizing organizational, time and material costs, on the one hand, and ensuring that each of the spouses understands the coming legal consequences (which should be facilitated by notarization of the transaction) on the other hand, should be allowed at the legislative level.

The paper is devoted to the legal and factual function of the family law agreements. The paper analyzes the views concerning the legal and factual possibilities of agreements in general and family law agreements in particular. The author concludes that despite the fact that family law agreements are not independent grounds for the emergence of legal relations between its parties, they carry out the legal-factual function. The paper describes the legal-factual function with its inherent static and dynamic aspects manifested, among other things, in the ability of family law agreements to entail non-contractual consequences of a private and public legal nature: some agreements in family law are involved in the acquisition of a particular family legal status of persons participating in them; family law agreements are able to directly generate rights and obligations of its parties in relation to other persons; a family law agreement may affect the exercise of the rights of third parties in relation to its participants (or otherwise become a legally significant circumstance in relations with other persons). Since one of the practical tasks of experts is to determine the moment of occurrence of the legal consequences of making of a family law agreement, the author touches on the practical aspects of determining the moment of occurrence of legal consequences under a marriage contract and an agreement on the division of common property of spouses. The author thoroughly analyzes the deferred effect of the marriage agreement that, at the same time, brings specifics to the limitation period calculation for claims of invalidity of the marriage contract. The paper also considers the problem of determining the moment when the legal regime of immovable property (or other property, the rights to which are subject to registration) changes due to the conclusion of a marriage agreement or an agreement on the division of common property of spouses.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to show how smart cities can drive the reorganization and efficiency of existing cities.Design/methodology/approach: The paper describes modern achievements in the field of a smart city, the latest achievements of cities and technological solutions they introduce. The paper analyzes when and why this concept appears, development stages and prospects of this concept. The world problems of the urbanization process in new territories and ways to solve them.Research findings: The paper considers relevant reports and studies highlighting the problems and solutions of urbanization and the ecological situation in cities, the negative impact on the environment.Practical implications: One of the ways to solve such problems is the implementation of a set of solutions included in the smart city concept. How modern technological solutions and large data volume assist in the communal and economic resource management, overcome environmental challenges of today and make the city more accessible to its residents. How historical cities can actively integrate and improve urban environment with minimal intervention.Originality/value: Attempts are made to answer whether cities need to become smart, what the consequences may be. As a consequence of emerging issues, many problem must be discussed in future research.

The right of Russian citizens to their health protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, there are peculiarities of the exercise of this right by a minor category of patients. The article analyzes the legal status of a minor patient, considers his social and individual rights in medical care. The peculiarities of the exercise of the child's right to information about the state of his health are revealed, the aspects of deciding on consent or refusal from medical care are considered. Given the fact that minor patients do not have full civil legal capacity, i.e. they cannot be responsible for their health and are not able to protect themselves, the article examines the relationship between the child's right to give his consent to medical intervention with the volume of civil legal capacity, as well as the conditions for the participation of a minor in contractual relations in the field of health care. The authors analyzed peculiarities of the exercise of rights by certain categories of minor patients: those who suffer from mental disorders, orphans and children left without parental care, minors, drug addicts, etc.

In the last decade,invitroexperiments have shown that mechanical properties of the bases could markedly influence the efficacy of differentiation of the induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells and their development into the mature phenotype. By changing of mechanical, elastic and structural characteristics of the base, it is possible to increase the percentage of stem cells that differentiate to cardiomyocytes. The study was aimed at evaluation of the effects induced by changing physical characteristics of the base on the formation of phenotypic characteristics of cardiac cells. This included the comparison of structural properties of the cultured layer of heart tissue obtained by changing of elasticity and structure of polymeric bases. The results showed significant differences in calcium activity and structural characteristics of cardiomyocytes depending on the base properties, as well as significant variation in the excitation conduction. As long as conduction abnormalities in the heart tissues can often lead to occurrence of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, the results can be used to determine patient groups at increased risk of death from heart failure.

This article discusses the features of the application of international "green" standards in Russian practice. In addition, the features of Russian "green" standards are considered and a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the five "green" standards is carried out (BREEAM, LEED, DGNB, "Green standards", STO NOSTROY). The experience of application in Russian project activities has been studied. Moreover, the article presents the results of a scientific and practical experiment, which is carried out as part of a scientific research. The experiment involves 15 senior students, 3 experts in various "green" standards. As part of the thesis, each student conducted a training assessment of his object, designed as part of the diploma qualification work, according to one of the proposed "green" standards. Further, the result of the work is included in the form of an additional and independent section in the Explanatory Note to the diploma. In result, the main difficulties in the application of "green" standards are identified, conclusions are drawn on their positive impact on the design process. The relevance of possessing knowledge in the field of application of international "green" standards is noted, as well as ways of smooth implementation of the basic principles of "green" standards in the design practice of Russian architects are proposed.

Botulinum toxin A is well known as a neurotransmitter inhibitor with a wide range of applications in modern medicine. In recent years, botulinum toxin preparations have begun to be used in clinical trials to suppress cardiac arrhythmias, especially in the postoperative period. Its antiarrhythmic action was associated with inhibition of the nervous system of the heart, while the question of a direct effect on the heart tissue remained unclear. In our work, we investigated the effect of botulinum toxin both on isolated cardiac cells and on layers of cardiac cells capable of conducting excitation. As an object of research, cardiomyocytes of neonatal rat pups and human cardiomyocytes obtained by the method of cell reprogramming were used. A patch-clamp study showed that botulinum toxin inhibited fast sodium current and L-type calcium current in a dose-dependent manner, with no apparent effect on potassium currents. It was shown by optical mapping that in the presence of botulinum toxin, the propagation of the excitation wave in the layer of cardiac cells slows down sharply, conduction at high concentrations becomes chaotic, but reentry waves do not form. It was found that the combination of botulinum toxin with a preparation of chitosan has an order of magnitude stronger inhibitory effect. It has been shown that the inhibitory effect of botulinum toxin is not permanent and disappears after 12 days of cell culture in a botulinum toxin-free medium.

The modern workplace and the space in which it is located has been dynamically changing and modifying in recent years. Technological progress, in which we live and work, provides people with a lot of opportunities at the same time, but also creates challenges that must answered to them. Many have changed their workplaces so much that 20 years ago, office workers would have been hard to imagine. Freelancers and creative professionals today can work almost anywhere: in a park, in a cafe, in the subway, at home, and anywhere else where an idea comes up and an opportunity arises. The creative class, among other things, began to be highly valued, and many global brands are "hunting" for valuable personnel creating new products. For a creative professional, dynamics and variability, adaptability of space for various tasks are important. So, coworking spaces and creative spaces appeared, where free professionals could rent a table and chair for a day or a month and not be "tied" to one place for a long time, either financially or legally. Many companies and offices began to introduce creative techniques into the interior design of their spaces, make the space "flexible" and informal, create areas for communication and change of scenery, recreation, and places for brainstorming. This trend is gaining more and more interest every year and new places are being created that meet the challenges of our time. The study examines the types of creative spaces, ways of modifying traditional business spaces (offices) to create a creative atmosphere in them. On the example of the implemented project, the principles, and approaches in the design of spaces for creative specialists are clearly shown.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с созданием электронного учебника или электронного пособия по иностранному языку, описываются основные особенности работы данного инновационного образовательного средства, а также применение его на занятиях по иностранному языку. При разработке электронного пособия необходимо помнить о том, что оно должно соответствовать определённым критериям, таким как наглядность, доступность, научность, адаптивность и др. Нет сомнения, что мультимедийные технологии обогащают процесс обучения, позволяют сделать его более эффективным, повышают мотивацию к учёбе в целом.

The development of new approaches to suppressing cardiac arrhythmias requires a deep understanding of spiral wave dynamics. The study of spiral waves is possible in model systems, for example, in a monolayer of cardiomyocytes. A promising way to control cardiac excitability in vitro is the noninvasive photocontrol of cell excitability mediated by light-sensitive azobenzene derivatives, such as azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (AzoTAB). The trans-isomer of AzoTAB suppresses spontaneous activity and excitation propagation speed, whereas the cis isomer has no detectable effect on the electrical properties of cardiomyocyte monolayers; cis isomerization occurs under the action of near ultraviolet (UV) light, and reverse isomerization occurs when exposed to blue light. Thus, AzoTAB makes it possible to create patterns of excitability in conductive tissue. Here, we investigate the effect of a simulated excitability gradient in cardiac cell culture on the behavior and termination of reentry waves. Experimental data indicate a displacement of the reentry wave, predominantly in the direction of lower excitability. However, both shifts in the direction of higher excitability and shift absence were also observed. To explain this effect, we reproduced these experiments in a computer model. Computer simulations showed that the explanation of the mechanism of observed drift to a lower excitability area requires not only a change in excitability coefficients (ion currents) but also a change in the diffusion coefficient; this may be the effect of the substance on intercellular connections. In addition, it was found that the drift direction depended on the observation time due to the meandering of the spiral wave. Thus, we experimentally proved the possibility of noninvasive photocontrol and termination of spiral waves with a mechanistic explanation in computer models.

The present article is devoted to creating an effective form of communication strategy within the process of teaching a foreign language (FL) and providing a means of stimulating cognitive interest, motivation, as well as cognitive-practical independence among students in the process of mastering an FL. On the basis of the given analysis, it is concluded that communicative learning strategies can develop critical thinking in students by reason of the problematic nature of educational tasks and consequently create a basis for their linguistic self-organization and creativity. Thus, effective communication can meet established trends in modern education in order to strengthen the practical component of learning process for a more effective form of professional and professional-applied competencies of future graduates of higher education institutions. Within the framework of FL teaching, it also allows students to develop abilities to adapt to different linguistic situations, both domestic and professional, and have great prospects for their applications in the field of education due to their focus on further creative development and self-education in students.

The right of Russian citizens to their health protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. However, there are peculiarities of the exercise of this right by a category of patients. The article analyzes the legal status of a minor patient, considers his social and individual rights in medical care. The peculiarities of the exercise of the child's right to information about the state of his health are revealed, the aspects of making a decision on consent or refusal from medical care are considered. Given the fact that minor patients do not have full civil legal capacity, i.e. they cannot be responsible for their health and are not able to protect themselves, the article examines the relationship between the child's right to give his consent to medical intervention with the volume of civil legal capacity, as well as the conditions for the participation of a minor in contractual relations in the field of health care. The authors analyzed peculiarities of the exercise of rights by certain categories of minor patients: those who suffer from mental disorders, orphans and children left without parental care, minors, drug addicts, etc

The article is devoted to the problem of developing professional competences of future teachers of foreign languages during the pedagogical internship while studying at the university. In connection with a constant rise in qualification requirements for the teaching staff of educational institutions of various levels, it is necessary to develop an efficient model for training future specialists in the educational field, enabling high-quality training for the sound solution of modern professional problems. The main professional educational program is focused not only on the quality and volume of acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, but also the level of competency development. All educational disciplines are aimed at developing both general and professional competences; however, it is the pedagogical internship organized during the study at the university that allows evaluating the level of their development in the context of professional activity, to identify possible gaps in professional and pedagogical knowledge, skills and abilities, to identify ways to overcome them. The aim of the research is to develop an efficient model for building professional competences of future specialists in the field of teaching foreign languages during pedagogical internship. The study revealed that such a model should include determining the aims of internship, developing its work program containing all the necessary information about the internship, holding an introductory conference with students, a detailed analysis of all the points of an intern’s individual assignment, explaining the requirements for reporting documentation, methodological support and controlling students during the internship, stocktaking exercise with a clear assessment procedure. The key indicator of the success of pedagogical internship is the level of development of professional competences of future specialists.

This article is devoted to didactic and methodological aspects of using information technologies for the development of foreign language communicative competence and assessing the degree of its formation among students. The aim of the study was to determine the didactic conditions for the use of the video conferencing mode as one of the methodological tools to improve the effectiveness of teaching foreign languages at the university, organized both in full-time and in distance. The main empirical research method was experimental training, the evaluation of the results of which was carried out on the basis of specially developed criteria. The study showed that the high didactic potential of this type of modern information technology, such as video conferences with native speakers of a foreign language, which can be realized with competent methodological support, including preliminary planning, preparation and thorough study of all aspects and stages of the lesson. At the same time, the directing and coordinating activity of a teacher who acts as a moderator of educational activities in the lesson is necessary. Assessment of students' speech skills should be conducted in accordance with clear criteria. Subject to the identified didactic conditions, the educational process is enriched with new organizational forms, cognitive independence of students is developing, cognitive interest is stimulated, and positive motivation for learning a foreign language is increased.

The article is devoted to the problem of carrying out a proper educational experiment. A critical analysis of the conventional approaches to an educational experiment is given. The author argues that the majority of methods, assessing the results of educational experiments, were borrowed from sociology and psychology which, in turn, led to the misinterpretation of the results of these experiments. The criticism of the author is primarily aimed at the incorrect use of central tendency measures and the selection of tests for checking the probability of significance of samples. The qualitative approach, based on the percentile values, was proposed as one of the most relevant results of an experiment. The lack of universal measure with could allow comparing results of multiple educational experiments and meta-analyses was argued. The term «effective learning hours» was coined. The methodology of defining «effective learning hours» and corresponding them to the levels of the acquisition was proposed.

The article outlines some aspects of the civil legal standing of minors in international law and the national law of individual states. The authors came to the conclusion that special rules are fixed in international legal acts and in national law regarding the legal status of a minor in the civil law sphere. At the same time, there are significant differences in the national legal systems regarding: 1) the categorical apparatus that designates the civil legal personality and its elements; 2) the moment of a juvenile’s civil legal personality appearance and its correlation with the moment of the right to life (the respect for human life); 3) the scope and the content of the civil capacity of minors; 4) the possibility of a minor emancipation, its conditions and legal consequences. Given that the civil legal capacity and the legal capacity of a natural person is determined by his personal law, the revealed differences can cause certain difficulties during the application of the rules on the legal standing of a minor who is a foreign citizen or a person without citizenship. The attention is drawn to the need for a clear delineation of the categories "minor" and "child", "minor person" and "incompetent person".

The methods of cardiac conduction system recovery with the use of reprogrammed cells and biomaterials, which could provide a stable physiological heart rate throughout the lifetime, are currently studied for possible applications in the heart rhythm disorder treatment. The main issue of intramyocardial transplantation is the transplanted cells' survival and electrophysiological connections formation with the recipient cardiomyocytes. In this paper, in search for working approaches for creating an optical biological pacemaker, we studied the effectiveness of various methods of photosensitive cardiac ChR2-HL-1 line cells integration into neonatal rat cardiac monolayers. For the study, two approaches of co-cultivation were selected: isolated cells and clusters integration of the Ch2-HL-1 line in various concentrations into monolayers. The effectiveness of the obtained model pacemaker was evaluated by the following means: registration of excitation waves initiated by optical stimulation, which affected only cells of the Ch2-HL-1 line, was carried out by optical mapping; immunocytochemical analysis methods were used to characterize the morphology of the obtained co-cultures and to assess the degree of the integration of the embedded structures into the monolayer. In the course of the research it was shown that the most effective method of integration of cells in the primary culture is the cluster method: 100 % of samples with clusters, integrated after 6 hours of monolayer cultivation, showed stable generation of excitation waves at physiologically significant external stimulation frequencies, compared with 88 % for specimens with integrated isolated cells at frequencies lower than physiological. Moreover, the samples with the cluster integration method turned out to be much more resistant (100 % in the cluster method and 25 % in the infusion of isolated cells] to sodium channel inhibitor, lidocaine. The efficiency of integration depends on the conditions of cell growth, which is discussed in more detail in the results of the study. The obtained results are applicable in the development of a biological pacemaker.