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Purpose: Ocular syphilis is re-emerging globally especially in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Atypical manifestations of ocular syphilis and/or other associated opportunistic infections often lead to a diagnostic dilemma. We evaluated the utility of aqueous humor (AH) Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) titers in the diagnosis of ocular syphilis. Methods: Retrospective case series of five HIV positive patients with positive syphilis serology in whom AH sampling was performed. All patients had ocular manifestations suspicious of infectious etiology. Results: Panuveitis with/without retinitis was the commonest presentation. Along with blood investigations, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing from AH was done for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, serum antibody titers for Toxoplasma, rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and TPHA tests for syphilis were done. In patients with raised serum RPR/TPHA, aqueous TPHA titers were also assessed. Mean serum RPR titer was ≥ 1:32 and TPHA titer was ≥1:1280. Aqueous humor titers of TPHA was high in all patients (range ≥ 1:320 to ≥1:5120). Aqueous PCR was negative for all other infectious etiologies in four patients. In one patient, PCR-CMV was also positive, suggestive of a dual infection. Post-treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and appropriate anti-syphilitic regime, complete resolution of lesions with corresponding fall in the serum RPR/TPHA titers were noted in all patients. Conclusions: Ocular syphilis with atypical presentations is usually diagnosed based on a positive syphilis serology and by excluding other infectious causes. In the present study, we have shown an excellent correlation between raised AH TPHA titers with serological values and the clinical presentation. Considering the ease of collection of AH in contrast to vitreous fluids, the AH-TPHA assay could potentially be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of ocular syphilis.

Intraocular inflammation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is commonly due to infectious uveitis. Ocular lesions due to opportunistic infections (OI) are the most common and have been described extensively in the pre highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Many eye lesions were classified as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illnesses. HAART-associated improvement in immunity of the individual has changed the pattern of incidence of these hitherto reported known lesions leading to a marked reduction in the occurrence of ocular OI. Newer ocular lesions and newer ocular manifestations of known agents have been noted. Immune recovery uveitis (IRU), the new menace, which occurs as part of immune recovery inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in the eye, can present with significant ocular inflammation and can pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Balancing the treatment of inflammation with the risk of reactivation of OI is a task by itself. Ocular involvement in the HAART era can be due to the adverse effects of some systemic drugs used in the management of HIV/AIDS. Drug-associated retinal toxicity and other ocular side effects are being increasingly reported. In this review, we discuss the ocular manifestations in HIV patients and its varied presentations following the introduction of HAART, drug-associated lesions, and the current treatment guidelines.

Chronic uveitis can lead to hypotony that may result in severe visual impairment. We highlight the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) as an imaging tool to decide the modality of therapy and management of uveitic hypotony.This was a retrospective hospital-based interventional case-series study that included a total of 36 eyes of 25 patients with uveitic hypotony seen between January 1997 and January 2020.Thirty-six eyes of 25 patients with uveitic ocular hypotony were included. Unilateral involvement was seen in 56%. The median age of presentation was 21 years with a median follow-up of 21.5 months. Anterior uveitis was noted in 13.88%, intermediate uveitis in 52.77%, and panuveitis in 33.33% eyes. UBM findings commonly noted were pars plana membranes, supraciliary effusion, blunted ciliary process, and ciliary body traction. Other findings included ciliochoroidal detachment and ciliary body edema. Moreover, 22.2% eyes were managed with medical therapy alone, whereas 77.8% eyes received both medical and surgical intervention based on UBM findings. Furthermore, 66.7% eyes showed improvement in intraocular pressure, 13.9% eyes maintained the same IOP, whereas 19.4% eyes had worsening of IOP at final follow-up.We found UBM as a useful imaging tool in evaluating and judiciously deciding the mode of management of uveitic hypotony.

Pediatric intermediate uveitis (IU), usually idiopathic, can also be associated with tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis. A 14-year-old girl was diagnosed with idiopathic IU after ruling out TB and sarcoid. She was treated with oral steroids and methotrexate (MTX) with good inflammation control. One year later, she presented with subretinal (SR) abscess. Lab tests were still negative but aqueous polymerase chain reaction confirmed TB. With antituberculosis treatment, complete resolution of the lesion was noted. The likelihood of a change in phenotype of ocular TB, from an IU to TB SR abscess or a possible reactivation of latent TB due to MTX are discussed.

Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) commonly presents as choroidal tubercles or granuloma. We report a rare presentation of OTB with hypopyon granulomatous uveitis in a patient with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Antitubercular therapy (ATT) was initiated despite which it progressed to scleral abscess and panophthalmitis. Enucleation with ball implantation was done. Histopathology revealed caseating granuloma with numerous acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and real-time PCR showed increased copies of MTB genome. After a full course of ATT, he had stable ocular and systemic condition at final follow-up.

The essential components for all-optical networks are all-optical memory elements with high utility and practicality. This paper presents an all optical D flip flop which uses all-optical gates as its basic building block and semiconductor optical amplifier Mach-Zehnder interferometer architecture is used for implementing these logic gates, which makes it more energy efficient and can be facilely combined with both the type of elements of the circuit that is with active as well as with passive components. Optical flip-flops acts as a basic element for the implementation of various other all optical components like optical counters and optical shift registers and the presence of more all-optical components in the circuit amplifies the computing performance of the whole circuit. The design has been simulated in optisystem and the numerical simulation results confirm the logic of the model at 10Gbps and 25Gbps.

Purpose: To report a histopathology and molecular biology study of an eyeball of a case of acute retinal necrosis (ARN).Methods: Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology of an enucleated globe of acute retinal necrosis 6 years after the onset of ARN.Results: Histopathology showed persistence of chronic inflammatory cells with herpes virus inclusion body. Semi nested polymerase chain reaction showed varicella zoster virus.Conclusions: Chronic inflammatory cells and viral genome can be persistent even after 6 years after the onset of ARN.

With the growth in population, the number of devices connected to internet are expected to increase exponentially. The current wireless communication system which is based on radio frequency (RF) technology, is not able to satisfy the requirement of high speed data consumption due to limited spectrum availability and network congestion. In this paper we analyse the performance of LiFi communication system by employing an LED with 450 nm wavelength as optical source for communication using RZ-OOK modulation format. Performance of the system has been evaluated through Q factor and BER values for different bit rates and link ranges. The system can support 50 Mbps data rate upto 3.4 m of link range with a Q Factor of 10.71.

The digital systems or networks using photon-integrated circuits offer high-speed and energy-efficient functionalities. The optical digital devices are an integrated part of advanced signal processing which indeed is an essential requirement of next-generation optical networks and computing. A priority encoder accepts multiple input signals at the same time and after identifying the priority of the requested inputs encodes the priority of the input signals accordingly. This paper demonstrates the design and operation of a 4:2 priority encoder employing semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers. The input data signals to the priority encoder have been applied at same wavelengths. The three encoded signals also appear at the output of priority encoder at the same wavelength. Simulation timing diagrams of the proposed logic device verifying the correct logic bit patterns have been obtained at 10 Gb/s.

In this paper, we propose an all-optical integrated 2-to-4 decoder and a 1-to-4 demultiplexer circuit using SOA based MZI (Mach–Zehnder Interferometer) architecture. The proposed device has been applied an enable signal along with two data input signals at the same wavelength. Four output signals from 2-to-4 decoder and 1-to-4 demultiplexer have been attained at the same wavelength. The output timing diagrams of 2-to-4 decoder and 1-to-4 demultiplexer for different input data conditions with clear eye opening patterns confirms the operation of the proposed logic device at 10 Gb/s. Maximum value of extinction ratio, contrast ratio and minimum value of amplitude modulation achieved for the different output waveforms are 12, 9.5 and 0.1 dB respectively. Easy integration with active and passive devices and simple architecture makes this device suitable for all-optical processing.

Optical Amplifiers have provided a more efficient robust and better alternative to design and integrate optical devices feasibly with traditional optical networks and systems for optical signal processing and optical communication networks. There are mainly three most common ways in which an optical amplifier may be used in an optical link. There are many types of optical amplifiers available one of which is the Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The working of an SOA is just like that of a LASER, the only difference between a LASER and an SOA is that the later doesn’t have feedback mechanism as present in the case of former. Stimulated emission causes the amplification of entering light waves. An effect known as Cross phase modulation has been utilized in this work in order to exploit the non-linear properties of optical medium. Cross phase modulation takes place when two or more optical fields pass through the same optical medium simultaneously, the change in refractive index due to one optical field causes phase modulation of the other optical fields. This phenomenon is widely used to detect and study the non-linear properties of the link or the optical medium under consideration.In this work we have proposed schematics for full-adder and full-subtractor circuits. We have provided two separate circuit designs which has the schematic of Sum/Difference in the first one and Carry/Borrow in the second. Considering an input sequence of 10 bits we have simulated our schematic designs in OptiSystem 16 research software. The observations have been incorporated in the results section.

To evaluate the role of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in the management of acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada's (VKH) disease.Retrospective analysis of SS-OCT images of acute VKH patients between January 2015 and February 2020 in a tertiary eye care hospital.We studied 34 eyes of 17 patients with acute probable VKH disease. The mean age was 31.6 ± 10.4 years. Twelve patients were women. The mean follow-up was 17.1 ± 9.3 months. The mean visual acuity was 0.86 logMAR (Snellen equivalent: 6/45) at presentation and 0.18 logMAR (Snellen equivalent: 6/9) at the last follow-up. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was 784.97 microns at presentation, 431.40 microns at the first month of therapy, 453.94 microns at six months of therapy, and 405.83 microns at the last follow-up. Qualitative features noted on SS-OCT on presentation was subretinal fluid (SRF) in 29 (85%) eyes, subretinal hyperreflective dots in 34 (100%) eyes, subretinal septa in 33 (97%) eyes, RPE undulations in 21 (61.7%) eyes, posterior vitreous cells in 34 (100%) eyes, SRF around disc in 9 (26%) eyes, and disc swelling in 34 (100%) eyes. At the end of 1 year of follow-up, RPE undulations were absent in 30 eyes (88%) and disc swelling was notably absent in all 34 eyes (100%), though SRF around disc was noted in 4 eyes (11.7%) of 2 patients who had recurrences.SFCT, SRF around disc, RPE undulation, and disc swelling may be important indicators on SS-OCT to guide therapy and prognosticate recurrences in acute VKH.

Background Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) have a risk of cognitive impairment and inflammation. Many follow a low-phenylalanine (low-Phe) diet devoid of animal protein in combination with medical foods (MFs). Objective To assess lipid metabolism in participants with PKU consuming amino acid MFs (AA-MFs) or glycomacropeptide MFs (GMP-MFs), we conducted fatty acid and metabolomics analyses. Methods We used subsets of fasting plasma and urine samples from our randomized crossover trial in which participants with early-treated classical and variant (milder) PKU consumed a low-Phe diet combined with AA-MFs or GMP-MFs for 3 wk each. Fatty acid profiles of red blood cell (RBC) membranes were determined for 25 adults (aged 18-49 y) with PKU and 143 control participants. Metabolomics analyses of plasma and urine samples were conducted by Metabolon for 9-10 adolescent and adult participants with PKU and for 15 control participants. Results RBC fatty acid profiles were not significantly different with AA-MFs or GMP-MFs. PKU participants showed higher total n-6:n-3 (ω-6:ω-3) fatty acids (mean ± SD percentages of total fatty acids: AA-MF = 5.45% ± 1.07%; controls = 4.33%; P < 0.001) and lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; AA-MF = 3.21% ± 0.98%; controls = 3.70% ± 1.01%; P = 0.02) and eicosapentaenoic acid (AA-MF = 0.33% ± 0.12%; controls = 0.60% ± 0.43%; P < 0.001) in RBCs than did control participants. Despite higher carnitine intake from AA-MFs than GMP-MFs (mean ± SE intake: AA-MFs = 58.6 ± 5.3 mg/d; GMP-MFs = 0.3 ± 0.01 mg/d; P < 0.001), plasma concentrations of carnitine were similar and not different from those in the control group (AA-MF compared with GMP-MF, P = 0.73). AA-MFs resulted in higher urinary excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is synthesized by bacteria from carnitine, compared with GMP-MFs (mean ± SE scaled intensity-TMAO: AA-MFs = 1.2 ± 0.1, GMP-MFs = 0.9 ± 0.1; P = 0.005). Plasma deoxycarnitine was lower in PKU participants than in control participants, suggesting reduced carnitine biosynthesis in PKU (AA-MF = 0.9 ± 0.1; GMP-MF = 1.0 ± 0.1; controls = 1.3 ± 0.1; AA-MF compared with controls, P = 0.01; GMP-MF compared with controls, P = 0.04). Conclusions Supplementation with DHA is needed in PKU. Carnitine supplementation of AA-MFs shows reduced bioavailability due, in part, to bacterial degradation to TMAO, whereas the bioavailability of carnitine is greater with prebiotic GMP-MFs. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01428258.

In this communication, we propose and realize all-optical shift registers capable of transferring the input information bits to the output either in serial or in parallel configuration as per the transitions of the clock signal. All-optical D flip flop (DFF) using cross gain modulation (XGM) effect in cross-coupled semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and an optical NOT gate has been utilized in cascaded configuration to implement the shift registers. The performance of the devices has been investigated in terms of amplitude modulation, contrast ratio and extinction ratio verifying its operation at 100 Gb/s. Reduced complexity and footprint makes the proposed device ideal for photonic integration.

All-optical networks utilize optical memory elements as the basic building blocks for optical signal processing and for providing high performance computing applications. In this communication, we propose and realize an integrable scheme for the design of all optical Johnson counter utilizing D flip flops (DFFs). All optical counter have been designed using cascaded DFFs memories and a single clock pulse have been applied as input to the counter. The DFF has been implemented by employing semiconductor optical amplifier - Mach Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI) based all optical NAND and NOT gates. The performance of the device has been investigated in terms of extinction ratio, Q factor, amplitude modulation and contrast ratio verifying its operation at 100 Gb/s.

Background Deficiencies of the monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine synthesized from Tyr and serotonin synthesized from Trp, are of concern in PKU. Our objective was to utilize metabolomics analysis to assess monoamine metabolites in subjects with PKU consuming amino acid medical foods (AA-MF) and glycomacropeptide medical foods (GMP-MF). Methods Subjects with PKU consumed a low-Phe diet combined with AA-MF or GMP-MF for 3 weeks each in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Metabolomic analysis was conducted by Metabolon, Inc. on plasma (n = 18) and urine (n = 9) samples. Catecholamines and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were measured in 24-h urine samples. Results Intake of Tyr and Trp was ~ 50% higher with AA-MF, and AA-MF were consumed in larger quantities, less frequently during the day compared with GMP-MF. Performance on neuropsychological tests and concentrations of neurotransmitters derived from Tyr and Trp were not significantly different with AA-MF or GMP-MF. Plasma serotonin levels of gut origin were higher in subjects with variant compared with classical PKU, and with GMP-MF compared with AA-MF in subjects with variant PKU. Metabolomics analysis identified higher levels of microbiome-derived compounds synthesized from Tyr, such as phenol sulfate, and higher levels of compounds synthesized from Trp in the kynurenine pathway, such as quinolinic acid, with ingestion of AA-MF compared with GMP-MF. Conclusions The Tyr from AA-MF is less bioavailable due, in part, to greater degradation by intestinal microbes compared with the Tyr from prebiotic GMP-MF. Research is needed to understand how metabolism of Trp via the kynurenine pathway and changes in the intestinal microbiota affect health for individuals with PKU. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01428258 .

Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is a rare but fulminant intraocular infection that needs prompt recognition and management. Bacteria are the commonest causative organisms and they may colonize the eye secondary to hematogenous spread from a focus anywhere in the body. EE in the peripartum period is an infrequent occurrence with no cases reported to occur secondary to a peurperal mastitis. We report a case of EE due to Staphylococcus aureous in a lactating female and describe its clinical presentation and management.

SOA means semiconductor optical amplifier whose non-linear properties are used to process the all optical devices. For optical interconnecting network, optical tree architecture i.e. OTA offers a great participation. In this communication, we have proposed multiplexer using SOA based MZI structure using optical tree architecture. OTA provides thermal stability, lower consumption of power and the ability of integrating with both the passive and active elements of the structure. Along with the input signal, enable signal has also been provided to the structure of multiplexer at same wavelength and at bit rate of 10 GB/s. The proposed device is 2×1 Mux using optical tree architecture.

Ripple carry adders are broadly used for the addition of n-bit input sequences in arithmetic and logic units and for performing packet-header processing in all optical packet switched networks. In this paper, we have proposed the novel design of 2-bit ripple carry adder based on semi-conductor optical amplifier- Mach Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI) configuration at 100Gb/s. The XOR, OR and AND gates have been employed as basic gates in the design of ripple carry adder. The four input signals of the adder circuit and the resultant outputs attained are at the same wavelength. The performance of the proposed device has been analyzed in terms of extinction ratio(ER), contrast ratio(CR), quality factor(QF) and amplitude modulation(AM) at the output.

Ocular neoplasia can masquerade as an inflammatory condition and vice-versa, which if untreated, can lead to loss of vision or even life. We present a young immunocompetent adult male referred to us as choroidal melanoma. He had a large atypical choroidal mass and exudative retinal detachment. He had no systemic complaints and ocular lesions were the first manifestation of disseminated disease. Aqueous polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was negative, but Mantoux, chest radiology, acid-fast bacilli, and caseation necrosis on pleural nodule histopathology confirmed tuberculosis (TB). While on antitubercular therapy, a rare “Coats'-like response” was noted which eventually resolved completely with treatment.

All-optical logic devices play a very important role for signal processing applications in optical computing and all-optical networks due to their high operational speed. We propose an all-optical 2-bit comparator using SOA based MZI architecture. The input signals applied to the proposed device are at different or same wavelengths. The three comparator optical outputs are also obtained at same wavelength. Numerical simulated timing diagrams which exactly match with the standard result with correct logic bit patterns are obtained at 10 Gb/s. The integrating ability and simpler structure makes this design an attractive solution in photonic computing and optical signal processing.

The paper presents novel compact size circular monopole antenna for UWB applications. The antenna of 10 × 13 × 1.6 mm3 size achieves vey wideband width from 4.36-13.35GHz with band notch for WLAN at 5-6 GHz. The band notch is achieved by etching symmetrical rectangular spiral slots connected by middle slot in the radiating patch. The single WLAN band notch is split up into upper WLAN (centered at 5.1GHz) and lower WLAN (centered at 5.5GHz) by varying the width of the middle slot. The antenna provides positive gain in the impedance bandwidth except at the 5-6GHz WLAN band notch.

Despite suicide prevention efforts, there remains a high burden of self-inflicted injuries in Wisconsin.Compare methods of suicide and nonfatal self-inflicted injury by sex in Wisconsin over a 12-year period.Suicide and nonfatal self-inflicted injury rates in Wisconsin between 2002 and 2014 were compared by sex and method using data from the Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health. Percentages of total suicides by method of injury for each sex were calculated.Firearms and poisoning were the most common methods of suicide and nonfatal selfinflicted injuries, respectively. Rates of both suicide and nonfatal self-inflicted injuries differed significantly by sex and method.Suicide prevention strategies in Wisconsin must account for the variability of method of self-inflicted injury between sexes.

This paper presents a real time hand gesture recognition system that detects hand gesture in mid air and controls the appliance corresponding to the input gesture. The gestures used as input are the common sign language gestures that are used by the physically disabled people. This paper proposes a method to control the gadgets for physically challenged or people in general so that they can control the appliances without going towards the main switch board. This system provides an easy to use human computer interface for differently abled people as well as for others. The proposed system does not make use of any sensor or marker to sense the gesture. It allows to input character and symbol from any position without any restriction. It occurs as result of combining hand gesture recognition with real time hand detection using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature in MATLAB. Limitations may occur as a result of lower quality camera or physical constraint of training dataset. Generally speaking, the proposed framework gives a simple to utilize and precise content information modality without putting limitations on the users.

The paper presents compact circular monopole planar antenna optimization using the concept of golden ratio found in nature for UWB applications. The initial circular monopole antenna of size 52 × 66 × 1.6 mm3 is presented and then optimized it to another circular monopole antenna of size 30 × 37 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna is approximately half the size of initial antenna with comparable performance to the initial antenna. The final prototype achieves the impedance bandwidth in UWB range (2.4GHz–14.46GHz except at 7.2–8.3GHz) and some portion of Ku band (16.1–19.873GHz) with positive gain in the specified range. The can be used for the UWB and Ku band communications in the real world.

This article provides original data on median dietary intake of 18 amino acids from amino acid medical foods, glycomacropeptide medical foods, and natural foods based on 3-day food records obtained from subjects with phenylketonuria who consumed low-phenylalanine diets in combination with amino acid medical foods and glycomacropeptide medical foods for 3 weeks each in a crossover design. The sample size of 30 subjects included 20 subjects with classical phenylketonuria and 10 with a milder or variant form of phenylketonuria. Results are presented for the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; the tests were administered at the end of each 3-week dietary treatment with amino acid medical foods and glycomacropeptide medical foods. The data are supplemental to our clinical trial, entitled “Glycomacropetide for nutritional management of phenylketonuria: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, 2016 (1) and “Metabolomic changes demonstrate reduced bioavailability of tyrosine and altered metabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway with ingestion of medical foods in phenylketonuria, 2017 (2). This data has been made public and has utility to clinicians and researchers due to the following: 1) This provides the first comprehensive report of typical intakes of 18 amino acids from natural foods, as well as amino acid and glycomacropeptide medical foods in adolescents and adults with phenylketonuria; and 2) This is the first evidence of similar standardized neuropsychological testing data in adolescents and adults with early-treated phenylketonuria who consumed amino acid and glycomacropeptide medical foods. Keywords: Tyrosine, Leucine, Arginine, Executive function, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery

Background: Neonatal vitamin A (VA) supplementation is being evaluated as a public health policy for preventing infant mortality, but inconsistencies in mortality trials demand mechanistic work to determine biological plausibility. Objectives: We investigated the absorption, distribution, and storage of single large oral VA doses administered shortly after birth. Methods: Fifty pregnant sows (Sus scrofas domesticas) were fed a VA-free diet. Male and female newborn piglets (n = 313) were orally administered 0, 25,000, 50,000, or 200,000 IU VA in oil within 12 h of birth when mean ± SD weight was 1.56 ± 0.25 kg. Blood was drawn to determine absorption and storage 0.5–240 h after administration. Metabolic and postnatal dose-timing substudies were performed. Liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and adrenal VA concentrations were determined 7–240 h after administration. Results: Serum retinol and retinyl ester concentrations responded to treatment (P < 0.0001); however, differences between groups disappeared by 96 h. Liver VA concentrations responded to treatment (P < 0.0001), which persisted for 240 h. Liver VA for control piglets at 10 d (mean ± SD: 0.05 ± 0.02 μmol/g) was ≤0.1 μmol/g (deficiency), whereas groups that received VA maintained concentrations >0.1 μmol/g. Extrahepatic tissue VA concentrations displayed treatment effects (P ≤ 0.0077); groups that received treatments had higher VA concentrations than controls at early time points. Lung, kidney, and spleen VA did not differ between groups by 96 h, whereas adrenal glands did not differ by 240 h. Body weight was affected by treatment (P = 0.0002); VA-deficient piglets weighed 23–29% more than all treated groups 240 h after administration. Conclusions: A high dose of VA administered to newborn piglets was well absorbed, appeared in serum primarily as retinyl esters, and was taken up dose-dependently in all tissues studied; however, enhancement did not persist in sera, lungs, kidneys, spleens, or adrenal glands. Short-term impacts of retinoid signaling on weight gain remain to be elucidated, and longer follow-up studies are needed.