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Objective: To establish a rat model for laryngeal precancerous lesions histologically and pathologically comparable to the human counterpart. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 18 rats in each group, and 1% 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) solution and saline were respectively applied to the laryngeal mucosas of rats in two groups. During subsequent 20 weeks, the changes of laryngeal mucosas were regularly observed with naked eyes and endoscope and lesions were determined by histology. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The food intake, water intake and body weight of the rats in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (all P< 0.05). White plaque, superficial ulcer, erosion and miliary particles were present in the larynxes of rats in the experimental group, with histological manifestations of atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma in situ, and normal epitheliums were shown in the control group. The number of Ki67 positive cells in the laryngeal mucosas of rats in the experimental group at the 4 th, 8 th, 12 th, 16 th, and 20 th weeks were 13.5±2.4, 35.6±5.8, 53.4±8.3, 78.8±11.6, 80.6±12.4, respectively, no Ki67 positive cells were found in the control group at individual time points, and the differences were statistically significant ( t =9.74, 10.63, 11.14, 11.77, 11.26, respectively, all P <0.01). Conclusion: 4NQO can credibly cause rats laryngeal precancerous lesions, which morphologically and histologically mimic laryngeal carcinnogenesis. This method is practical, easy and reliable to prepare the animal model of laryngeal precancerous lesions.

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion is a life-threatening disease. Interferon gene stimulator (STING) is a cytoplasmic DNA sensor that participates in the initiation of the inflammatory response. This study aims to establish whether C-176 (STING inhibitor) improves ALI under intestinal ischemia-reperfusion conditions., Methods: To induce ALI, 72 male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intestinal ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 3 h. Through intraperitoneal injection, C-176, a selective STING inhibitor, was injected 30 min before surgical treatment; meanwhile, compound C, an antagonist of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was administered 30 min after surgery. Based on immunofluorescence and Western blot assays, post-ALI assessments included lung water content (TLW), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, H&E staining, Masson staining, pulmonary pyroptosis [Gasdermin-D (GSDMD), cleaved caspase-1], and apoptosis (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3)., Results: C-176 administration significantly attenuated intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-mediated ALI; this effect was reflected by exacerbated TLW and BALF protein, aggravated lung injury score, elevated degree of pulmonary fibrosis, increased TUNEL- and GSDMD-positive cells, and upregulated phospho-AMPK, cleaved caspase-1, cleaved caspase-3 and IFNβ mRNA expression. Moreover, C-176 increased phospho-AMPK under ALI conditions. Nonetheless, compound C partially reversed these beneficial effects., Conclusion: C-176, a selective STING inhibitor, improves intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-mediated ALI, and its underlying mechanism may be associated with AMPK signal activation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

This Radix study cum aims Melle to explore(HRPM)the on efficacy spleen differences deficiency between syndrome.modeling Astragali A Radix of Praeparata110cum rats Melle were(ARPM)randomized fatigue),and into rats Hedysari a Praeparata(n qi total irregular HRPM male diet,SD diarrhea,control were(n Yiqi=10)the=100).Pill group fied and model a modeling group,group Buzhong After(BYP)(through ARPM and the HRPM-H),classimedium-dose into(ARPM-M raised group,and high-dose(ARPM-H each and Rats BYP and under HRPM-M),normal and low-dose and(ARPM-L in and group HRPM-L)were groups,continuously10rats induced.were in group.the in group the were18.9,control given group were g·kg~(-1)conditions while those the the model Rats respectively in18.912.6,BYP kg~(-1)water extract,decoction those in ARPM/HRPM-H,the-M,dosage lasted and of-L groups treated the with control and model6.3group g·rewere motilin determined m L·kg~(-1)·day~(-1).days.of dose Spleen ARPM/HRPM of in water.morning,The at the10Rats spleen in index group thymus and index ceived equal calculated.(MTL),distilled tissue administration to15observe Then the and Routine of each group D-xylose,were was(IL-2),the subjected HE stainingγ(IFN-γ),lower to the pathological changes.(IgA),blood gastric indexes,mucosa index,interleukin-2group.interferon group immunoglobulin of A and spleen pepsin index,of in Ig A,IL-2spleen IFN-γ,control each MTL,levels Rats pepsin the in model(P&lt;0.01),had higher levels routine(P&lt;0.01),blood and indexes,more thymus lesions D-xylose,the and in index,level decreased HRPM-L of IL-2severe compared spleen with than the those model in group.thymus group.that(P&lt;0.05group,P&lt;0.01)index administration thymus groups Ig A or spleen as that and in spleen routine Except index,spleen the Ig A,index,group and were in in ARPM-M model group,group,index,indexes,P&lt;0.01)and thymus MTL index,those in ARPM-L insignificantly Ig A,different pepsin from other those in the the blood index,compared IFN-γ,group,(P&lt;0.05The D-xylose,model MTL,spleen and lesions high-dose in each administration administration groups group increased relieved.blood or comparison as of with HRPM in as the folARPM and the effect in and were white and result than ARPM and is of lows:(P stronger&lt;0.05),of medium-dose high-dose HRPM HRPM on IL-2cell high-dose of(WBC)and count medium-dose the HRPM and corresponding doses than IFN-γmore ARPM the obvious effect(P&lt;0.05of on evident(P&lt;0.05of impact P&lt;0.01),on low-dose between the on corresponD-xylose P&lt;0.01),doses ding MTL doses than Meanwhile,in of or more high-dose,and medium-dose,difference HRPM the and indexes.corresponding there of ARPM in or IL-2no levels in the HRPM-L effect and two groups,on but conclusion,other the both functions IFN-γwas group no was difference more the than recovery that of the and ARPM-H between(IL-2,P&lt;0.01;ARPM-L recovery HRPM the IFN-γ,P&lt;0.05).HRPM-H and obvious therapeutic in rats group qi In ARPM dose have are certain equivalent,effects on with spleen function deficiency.the Specifically,is the better difference immunomodulatory of two at g·low kg~(-1).and but the promote immunomodulatory the of former rats significantly ARPM.than that between of the later two at in the dose&gt;18.9HRPM promotion can of better digestion digestion absorption and may absorption due of than The immunoregulation and be to the difference in clinical medication.

Actin-binding proteins (ABPs), by interacting with actin, regulate the polymerization, depolymerization, bundling, and cross-linking of actin filaments, directly or indirectly, thereby mediating the maintenance of cell morphology, cell movement, and many other biological functions. Consequently, these functions of ABPs help regulate cancer cell invasion and metastasis when cancer occurs. In recent years, a variety of ABPs have been found to be abnormally expressed in various cancers, indicating that the detection and interventions of unusual ABP expression to alter this are available for the treatment of cancer. The early stages of most cancer development involve long-term chronic inflammation or repeated stimulation. This is the case for breast cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. This article discusses the relationship between chronic inflammation and the above-mentioned cancers, emphatically introduces relevant research on the abnormal expression of ABPs in chronic inflammatory diseases, and reviews research on the expression of different ABPs in the above-mentioned cancers. Furthermore, there is a close relationship between ABP-induced inflammation and cancer. In simple terms, abnormal expression of ABPs contributes to the chronic inflammation developing into cancer. Finally, we provide our viewpoint regarding these unusual ABPs serving as potential biomarkers for chronic inflammation-induced cancer diagnosis and therapy, and interventions to reverse the abnormal expression of ABPs represent a potential approach to preventing or treating the corresponding cancers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2021 Yu-Gui Zhang et al.)

Astragali Radix is one of the most commonly used medicinal materials. In recent years, its cultivated varieties and a variety of adulterants have flooded the market, which makes its quality uneven, and the development of quality control methods has become a research hotspot. Therefore, figuring out the quality markers of Astragali Radix is of great significance for its comprehensive evaluation. In this study, the fingerprints of 15 batches of Astragali Radix were established by HPLC, and the main components causing intergroup differences were screened out by PLS-DA. On the basis of literature review and network pharmacology analysis, the targets and pathways of active ingredients were obtained from SwissTargetPrediction, PubChem Compound and other databases, and then the &quot;component-target-pathway&quot; network was constructed with Cytoscape 3.7.1 for the prediction of potential quality markers. Twenty-eight common peaks were identified in the established fingerprint, and three differential components were selected as potential quality markers for Astragali Radix, which were astragaloside Ⅳ, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and ononin. The proposed method based on HPLC fingerprint of Astragali Radix is convenient and feasible, facilitating the improvement in its quality control.

Objective: To compare the changes of chemical components of Hedysari Radix (HR) before and after honey-processing, and to explore the material basis of the difference between HR and honey-processed Hedysari Radix (HPHR) in Buzhong Yiqi., Methods: Different compounds in aqueous extracts of HR and HPHR were analysed by UPLC-MS. A rat model of spleen qi deficiency was established. The rats were treated with different doses of water extracts of HR or HPHR, and pathological differences in spleen tissue, serum levels of D -xylose, gastrin (GAS) and amylase (AMS) interleukin-2 (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), as well as spleen and thymus indices, were used as indicators. Differences in the efficacy of HR and HPHR in Buzhong Yiqi were studied., Results: The research showed that compared with the blank group, the spleen tissue of rats in the model group showed spleen tissue damage, which mainly manifested as unclear boundaries between red pulp and white pulp, irregular spleen morphology and irregular arrangement, and the structure of white pulp destruction, less lymphocytes, the number of germinal centers decreased or atrophied. Compared with the model group, the middle and high dose groups of HR and HPHR had protective effects on spleen tissue of spleen-qi deficiency rats, and HPHR had a stronger effect; compared with those in the model group, rats in each treatment group showed remarkably higher serum D -xylose, GAS and AMS levels and thymus and spleen indices, and remarkably lower serum IL-2 and TNF- α levels, among which HPHR group showed better regulation effect than HR group. A total of 16 differential compounds were found in the aqueous extracts of HR and HPHR, of which 10 compounds in HPHR were up regulated, while 6 compounds were down regulated compare to HR., Conclusion: The results indicated that both HR and HPHR can improve spleen qi deficiency syndrome of rats, the pharmacodynamic effect of the latter was better than the former. Differences in components of HR and HPHR potentially leading to variations in efficacy., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest exist in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Jiang-tao Niu et al.)

Gyroviruses (GyVs) are small, single-stranded, circular DNA viruses in the genus Gyrovirus, which consists of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) prototype and nine other viral species. These different GyV species have been reported in chickens, humans, mice, and companion animals. To date, CAV has been identified in the feces of domestic cats, while the circulation of other GyV species in cats is currently unknown. In the present study, 197 fecal samples were collected from pet cats in northeast China, and samples were screened for different GyV species by PCR. Twelve GyV strains were identified from the feces of pet cats. These included 4 positive for CAV, 3 for HGyV/AGV2, 3 for GyV3 and 2 positive for GyV6. The complete genome sequences of the 12 cat-sourced GyV strains showed 93.9-99.7% nucleotide identities to the homologous reference GyV strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genomes, VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes showed the identical classification of GyV species with previous reports. Moreover, one and four unique amino acid substitutions were identified in the VP1 protein of the cat-sourced HGyV/AGV2 and GyV6 strains, respectively, and one substitution was also observed in the VP2 protein of one GyV6 strain identified in this study. In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates that the diverse GyV species were circulating in domestic cats, and provides the first molecular evidence for the circulation of HGyV/AGV2, GyV3 and GyV6 in domestic cats. These cat-origin GyVs possessed considerable genetic diversity. This study also raises the possibility that domestic cats, as reservoirs for gyroviruses, may inadvertently disseminate viruses to other species, e.g., humans and chickens.

Goose parvovirus (GPV) is a highly contagious disease caused by GPV in goslings and young Muscovy ducklings. In recent years, frequent GPV outbreaks have occurred in many regions of Jilin Province, China. In this study, to understand the immune-related characteristics of the currently prevailing GPV strains in some regions of Jilin Province, six GPV strains were isolated from six different regions of Jilin Province in 2016-2018. The results of phylogenetic analysis, clinical signs, and histopathologic analysis showed that four strains were virulent and two strains were attenuated. Specifically, we found that the two attenuated strains have the same amino acid mutation at the same position in the virus protein 3 (VP3) gene, and the virulent strains have more mutation sites than the attenuated strains. This finding suggests that changes in these sites may result in GPV replication or reduction in the immune response in goslings, thereby producing strong pathogenicity, and that attenuated strains are more conservative than virulent strains.

Objective: To study the effects of miR-497 and CDK6 on the growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Methods: The expressions of CDK6 mRNA in fresh LSCC specimens, the adjacent normal mucosa of LSCC, and cell lines of LSCC were detected with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, pcDNA3.1(+) CDK6 plasmids were respectively transfected into the LSCC cells, and MTT assay and clone formation assay were performed to evaluate the growth of LSCC cells. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycle analysis. SPSS17.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: CDK6 was highly expressed in LSCC (t =14.01, P =0.009) and the overall survival rate of the patients with high CDK6 expression was less than that with low CDK6 expression, with a significant difference ( HR =3.236, P <0.001). Double luciferase reporter gene analysis showed that fluorescence activity in wild type CDK6 group was significantly different from that in control group ( P <0.01), while there was no significant difference in the fluorescence activity between mutant CDK6 group and control group ( P >0.05). A (490) values were respectively 0.42±0.14 (Mean±SD) in siRNA Hep-2 group, 0.51±0.13 in siRNA TU-212 group; 0.98±0.16 in control Hep-2 group and 1.17±0.20 in control TU-212 group. Colonies were 55±4 in siRNA Hep-2 group, 51±3 in siRNA TU-212 group, 108±6 in control Hep-2 group and 105±7 in control TU-212 group, namely, cell growth and clone formation ability in CDK6 siRNA group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Cells cycle was blocked in G0/G1 phase (G0/G1: 65.20%±10.12% in siRNA Hep-2 group; 63.42%±8.97% in siRNA TU-212 group; 45.31%±7.55% in control Hep-2 group; and 42.37%±7.28% in control TU-212 group), and cells decreased obviously in S phase (S: 25.39%±5.51% in siRNA Hep-2 group; 27.21%±5.43% in siRNA TU-212 group; 42.87%±6.85% in control Hep-2 group; and 44.76%±7.02% in control TU-212 group). Compared with miR-497 group, cell growth and clone formation ability in miR-497/CDK6 group were partly restored (all P <0.05). Conclusions: CDK6 expression in LSCC is upregulated, functioning as an oncogene. High expression of CDK6 is a predictor for poor prognosis. miR-497, functioning as a tumor suppressor gene, inhibits the growth of LSCC by targeting CDK6.

MicroRNAs are critical regulators of the development and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, the role of microRNA-154 (miR-154) in the development and progression of LSCC has not been clarified. We found that down-regulated miR-154 expression in LSCC tissues was associated with poorer prognosis in LSCC patients. MiR-154 over-expression inhibited the proliferation, clonogenicity, and migration of LSCC cells and induced cell cycle arrest, which were reversed by miR-154 inhibition. MiR-154 targeted GALNT7 expression by reducing GALNT7-regulated luciferase activity in LSCC cells while up-regulating GALNT7 mRNA transcription in LSCC tissues and cells. GALNT7 silencing significantly attenuated the proliferation, clonogenicity, and migration of LSCC cells and induced cell cycle arrest. Finally, intravenous treatment with lentivirus for miR-154, but not scrambled control miRNA, significantly restrained the growth of implanted LSCC Hep-2 tumors and decreased the tumor mass by reducing GALNT7 expression in mice. Therefore, miR-154 may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for LSCC.

Objective: To study the roles of miR-497 and PlexinA4 in the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: The expressions of miR-497 and PlexinA4 in fresh tumor specimens and adjacent normal mucosa tissues as well as in cell lines of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) were detected with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The association of miR-497 and PlexinA4 expressions with clinicopathologic factors and their prognostic values in LSCC were evaluated PlexinA4 siRNA and pcDNA3.1 (+ )/PlexinA4 plasmid were transfected into the LSCC and measured by Transwell to evaluate their effect on the invasion of LSCC. Results: miR-497 was low expression in LSCC, which related to pathological differentiation, while PlexinA4 mRNA was high expression in LSCC. Kaplan-Meier method showed that the prognosis of patients with high miR-497 expression was better than that of patients with low miR-497 expression (χ(2)=10.342, P =0.001); . Cox regression analysis showed that miR-497 was an independent prognostic factor for LSCC. The double luciferase reporter gene showed that the variation of the fluorescence activity of wild type PlexinA4 was significantly different from that of the control group ( P <0.01). In Hep-2 and TU212 cell line, the number of cells with PlexinA4 siRNA passing through the compartments was 70.00±10.85 and 85.00±6.45, significantly higher than control ( F values were 30.251 and 23.936, both P <0.05), the number of cells with pcDNA3.1 (+ ) /PlexinA4 was 170.56±11.95 and 142.00±10.43, also significantly less than control (F values were 35.104 and 29.643, both P <0.05). Conclusion: The expression of miR-497 in LSCC is decreased, indicating poor prognosis, which is as an independent risk factor for prognosis of LSCC. miR-497 may modulate LSCC invasion through PlexinA4.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of tea polyphenols (TP) against 4 Cronobacter sakazakii strains with different sequence types (ST) isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF). The results showed that in normal saline, 5mg/mL of TP (pH 3.44) could eliminate approximately 7.0 log cfu/mL of C. sakazakii within 1 h; in rehydrated PIF, after acidification with HCl (pH 3.55), TP showed a stronger antibacterial activity compared with the controls (malic acid, ascorbic acid, and citric acid). Further, some differences were obvious in tolerance to TP between C. sakazakii strains with different ST. The tolerance of C. sakazakii CE1 (ST4) to TP was found to be greater than that of the other 3 C. sakazakii strains (ST1, ST8, and ST64). The results of recovered test and transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that the action of TP against C. sakazakii was an irreversible bactericidal process caused by leakage of cytoplasm. Taken together, these results indicated that TP had an effective bactericidal effect against C. sakazakii, and provided a new idea for preventing and inactivating C. sakazakii in PIF., (Copyright © 2016 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)