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1. Antiapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of CPCGI in Rats with Traumatic Brain Injury

Author

Niu F, Qian K, Qi H, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, and Sun M

Subjects
compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection, traumatic brain injury, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling, parp/nf-b inflammatory signaling, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Fei Niu,1,* Ke Qian,2,* Hongyan Qi,3 Yumei Zhao,4 Yingying Jiang,4 Ming Sun4 1Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Acupuncture, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang City 222000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ming SunDepartment of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax + 86-10-59975497Email sunming999@yahoo.comBackground: Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) has been used for the treatment of certain brain disorders. Apoptosis and inflammation were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, this study primarily investigated the effects of CPCGI on mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling in a rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI).Materials and Methods: CPCGI (0.6 mL/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the induction of CCI. Mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling were evaluated 24 h after CCI, and apoptotic cell death, neutrophil infiltration, and astrocyte and microglial activation were determined by TUNEL and immunofluorescent staining 3 days after CCI.Results: 1) CPCGI markedly enhanced cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-xL levels, the mitochondrial Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, and mitochondrial cytochrome (cyt) c levels and reduced cytosolic cyt c levels, caspase-3 activity, and nuclear AIF levels in brain tissues after traumatic injury; however, CPCGI had no significant effects on cytosolic or mitochondrial Bax levels, the cytosolic Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, or mitochondrial AIF levels. Moreover, CPCGI markedly reduced the TUNEL staining score in the contusion region. 2) CPCGI markedly reduced cytosolic and nuclear PARP levels and nuclear NF-κB p65 levels in brain tissues after traumatic injury but had no significant effect on cytosolic NF-κB p65 levels. In addition, CPCGI markedly reduced caspase-1 activity and the levels of caspase-1, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β in brain tissues after traumatic injury and decreased the immunoreactivities of neutrophils, GFAP and Iba-1 in the region of CCI-induced contusion.Conclusion: These data suggest that CPCGI can reduce brain injury due to trauma by suppressing both mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling.Keywords: compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection, traumatic brain injury, mitochondrial apoptotic signaling, PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling

Published
2020

2. CPCGI Reduces Gray and White Matter Injury by Upregulating Nrf2 Signaling and Suppressing Calpain Overactivation in a Rat Model of Controlled Cortical Impact

Author

Niu F, Qian K, Qi H, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Jia W, and Sun M

Subjects
compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection, traumatic brain injury, nrf2 signaling, oxidative stress, calpain, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Fei Niu,1,* Ke Qian,2,* Hongyan Qi,3 Yumei Zhao,4 Yingying Jiang,4 Wang Jia,2 Ming Sun4 1Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Acupuncture, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang City 222000, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ming SunDepartment of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/ Fax +86-10-59975497Email sunming999@yahoo.comBackground: Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI), which involves injection of a neurotrophic drug, has been widely used to treat certain brain disorders in the clinic; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. This study investigated whether CPCGI protects the brain from trauma by stimulating antioxidative nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and suppressing calpain overactivation in a rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI).Materials and Methods: The rat model of CCI was used. Neurological deficits, contusion, and white matter damage were evaluated 3 days after CCI. Calpain activation, Nrf2 signaling and oxidative stress were determined 24 h after CCI.Results: CPCGI dose-dependently reduced neurological deficits, attenuated axonal and myelin sheath injury, and decreased contusion volume 3 days post-CCI. Moreover, CPCGI reduced calpain activity, and enhanced the cytosolic levels of calpastatin, αII-spectrin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in traumatic tissues 24 h post-CCI. Furthermore, CPCGI reduced the levels of nuclear Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP); increased the levels of cytosolic Nrf2 and thioredoxin 1 (Trx 1) and nuclear Nrf2; increased the cytosolic and nuclear Nrf2/Keap1 and Trx 1/TXNIP ratios; enhanced the levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase activity, and total antioxidative capacity; and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde in TBI tissues.Conclusion: These data confirm the neuroprotective effect of CPCGI against gray and white matter damage due to CCI and suggest that activating Nrf2 signaling and alleviating oxidative stress-mediated calpain activation could be one mechanism by which CPCGI protects against brain trauma.Keywords: compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection, traumatic brain injury, Nrf2 signaling, oxidative stress, calpain

Published
2020

8. Continuous measurement of stress-induced travel-time variations at SAFOD

Author

Yang, C, Niu, F, Daley, TM, and Taira, T

Subjects
Geophysics, Geochemistry & Geophysics
Abstract

In situ stress measurement at seismogenic depth is critically important for deciphering fault zone processes. In this study, we conducted a second active-source crosswell field experiment at the Parkfield San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drill site to investigate the detectability of stress-induced seismic velocity changes at the top part of the seismogenic zone. We employed the same configuration of our previous experiments, which deployed a piezoelectric source and a three-component (3C) accelerometer at 1 km deep inside the pilot and main holes, respectively. We also added a hydrophone, which is attached to the source, to monitor the repeatability of the source waveforms. Over a 40-day recording period, we confirmed an ∼0:04% travel-time variation in S wave and coda that roughly follows the fluctuation of barometric pressure. We attributed this correlation to stress sensitivity of seismic velocity and the stress sensitivity is estimated to be 2:0 × 10 −7 Pa −1 , which is approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those measured in laboratory with dry rock samples, but is consistent with our previous results. Our results confirm the hypothesis that substantial cracks and/or pore spaces exist at seismogenic depths and thus may be used to monitor the subsurface stress field with active-source crosswell seismic.

Published
2019

9. Surface characteristics of the Zhurong Mars rover traverse at Utopia Planitia

Author

Ding, L., Zhou, R., Yu, T., Gao, H., Yang, H., Li, J., Yuan, Y., Liu, C., Wang, J., Zhao, Y.-Y. S., Wang, Z., Wang, Xiyu, Bao, G., Deng, Z., Huang, L., Li, N., Cui, X., He, X., Jia, Y., Yuan, B., Liu, G., Zhang, H., Zhao, R., Zhang, Z., Cheng, Z., Wu, F., Xu, Q., Lu, H., Richter, L., Liu, Z., Niu, F., Qi, H., Li, S., Feng, W., Yang, C., Chen, B., Dang, Z., Zhang, M., Li, L., Wang, Xiaoxue, Huang, Z., Zhang, J., Xing, H., Wang, G., Niu, L., Xu, P., Wan, W., and Di, K.

Published
2022
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14. Transpiration on the rebound in lowland Sumatra

Author

Röll, A., Niu, F., Meijide, A., Ahongshangbam, J., Ehbrecht, M., Guillaume, T., Gunawan, D., Hardanto, A., Hendrayanto, Hertel, D., Kotowska, M.M., Kreft, H., Kuzyakov, Y., Leuschner, C., Nomura, M., Polle, A., Rembold, K., Sahner, J., Seidel, D., Zemp, D.C., Knohl, A., and Hölscher, D.

Published
2019
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17. A steerable non-paraxial Gaussian beam expansion for a steerable parametric array loudspeaker.

Author

Zhuang, T, Zhong, J, Niu, F, Karimi, M, Kirby, R, Lu, J, Zhuang, T, Zhong, J, Niu, F, Karimi, M, Kirby, R, and Lu, J

Abstract

A steerable parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) aims to steer a highly directional audio beam without the need to mechanically rotate the source. The Gaussian beam expansion (GBE) method is often used to model PALs because it is a computationally efficient approach, however the method relies on a paraxial approximation that can result in significant inaccuracies at large steering angles. To address this limitation, a steerable non-paraxial GBE is proposed in this article, where the mainlobe of the steered ultrasonic beam is included in the calculation by rotating the coordinate system. A non-paraxial approximation is then used to improve the accuracy of the method when integrating the virtual audio sources. The numerical results obtained using the proposed method are compared against those using the conventional GBE, as well as an exact solution. For a typical configuration, it is shown that for a conventional GBE the prediction error can be more than 30 dB at large angles, whereas the proposed method reduces this to less than 1 dB. The advantage of the proposed method is more significant at large steering angles, low audio frequencies, and those locations outside of the paraxial region. This improvement in performance is achieved with a computational cost that remains the same as the conventional GBE.

Published
2023

18. Multiview Latent Structure Learning: Local structure-guided cross-view discriminant analysis

Author

Shi, M, Zhao, X, Yin, X, Chang, X, Niu, F, Guo, J, Shi, M, Zhao, X, Yin, X, Chang, X, Niu, F, and Guo, J

Abstract

Multiview subspace learning (MvSL) has attracted extensive research interest in many real-world applications, e.g., pattern recognition and computer vision. Existing MvSL approaches seek a discriminant common subspace by simultaneously maximizing the arithmetic mean of the between-class covariance and minimizing the global average of the within-class covariance. However, the arithmetic mean normally assigns equal weight to all between-class distances. Then, classes with small distances overlap with each other, and the largest between-class distance dominates the common subspace. In addition, the global average of within-class covariance (which is computed by the sum of within-class distances for all classes) significantly differs from the within-class covariance of a single class. This will inevitably cause the internal details of each class to be ignored and lead to lower recognition accuracy. To circumvent these issues, we develop a productive strategy to take more consideration of the relationship between any two classes and propose a novel Multiview Latent Structure Learning (MvLSL) model, which incorporates the weighted harmonic mean of pairwise between-class scatter and pairwise within-class scatter. Due to the adjustable dimensions of the common subspace, MvLSL can be naturally extended for dimensionality reduction (DR), and we utilize a reconstruction term to suppress data degradation and improve the DR performance. Our models are tested on six benchmark datasets with five evaluation criteria and compared with existing state-of-the-art methods, indicating our models’ effectiveness and superiority.

Published
2023

19. Experimental and Numerical Analyses on the Frost Heave Deformation of Reclaimed Gravel from a Tunnel Excavation as a Structural Fill in Cold Mountainous Regions

Author

Wu, L, Niu, F, Lin, Z, Shang, Y, Nimbalkar, S, Sheng, D, Wu, L, Niu, F, Lin, Z, Shang, Y, Nimbalkar, S, and Sheng, D

Abstract

In cold mountainous regions of China, the construction of highways is challenging, owing to frost damage of weak subgrade soils and the difficulties posed from dealing with waste materials derived from tunnel excavation. In order to address these issues, Wu et al. proposed a new approach of using coarse gravel reclaimed from tunnel excavation as an antifrost structural fill replacing the top layer of frost-susceptible subgrade soils. This approach was validated against the results of field investigations on the highway between Tanchang county and Diebu county (the TDH) in south Gansu Province, northwest China, but only studied the results of the first year. As an environmentally friendly and sustainable ground-treatment method, this strategy merits extensive research and widespread implementation. In this study, the frost-heave deformation of a two-year monitoring period is investigated through a field trial, and a frost-heave model is applied to explore the growth of the ice lens and accomplish the quantitative prediction of frost heave based on experimental measurements. The fine particles of reclaimed gravel sediments from the Lazikou tunnel are found to be resistant to frost. The measured values of the maximum frost heave are significantly lower than the permissible limit of 50 mm specified in the Chinese standards. The reclaimed gravel could significantly reduce frost heave. With a 2 m thick gravel fill, frost heave could be reduced by more than 70% when the groundwater table is located at a depth greater than 3 m. An empirical relationship to predict the frost heave in terms of the gravel fill thickness is proposed. This study presents a safe and sustainable approach focusing on the construction of highways in cold mountainous regions.

Published
2023

22. Spatial clustering of induced seismicity controlled by the pre-existing faults and fractures in the southern Sichuan Basin of China

Author

Chen, H. and Niu, F.

Abstract

The surge of seismic activity in the recent years has been attributed, at least partly, to intense hydraulic stimulation activities associated with the exploitation of unconventional natural gas resources in the southern Sichuan Basin, China. We have deployed a dense seismic array, which consists of 30 broadband seismometers with station spacing about 2 km, from December 2020 to March 2022 in the Weiyuan shale gas block within the southern Sichuan Basin. In this study, we systematically detect and locate 52210 earthquake events using LOC-FLOW framework and compute focal mechanisms of small to medium events (M>2). The enhanced catalog, with a maximum ML of 3.6 and a completeness magnitude of 0.5, generally includes two distinct prolonged earthquake sequences. The temporal migration of the earthquake sequences is highly correlated with fracking operations of two well pads both spatially and temporally. The events have focal depth ranging from 2 to 6 km, extending from the injection zone downward into the underlying crystalline basement. The focal mechanisms exhibit predominant thrust faulting, with P-axis subparallel to the maximum horizontal compressional stress direction in the region. Moreover, the lineation of earthquake clusters is also clearly associated with the apparent fault zones identified by ant tracking algorithm of a 3D seismic reflection survey, indicate reactivation of a subsurface thrust fault system. These results suggest that the spatially clustered earthquake sequences are driven by pore pressure diffusion related to hydraulic stimulation and strongly controlled by pre-existing faults and fractures., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Published
2023
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24. Influence of Calcination Temperature and Heating Program on NIR Afterglow Property of CaSnO3 : Bi2+.

Author

He, Q., Niu, F., Wang, Y., Lei, W., Li, J., Shen, Y., and Wu, H.

Subjects
*CALCINATION (Heat treatment), *THERMOLUMINESCENCE, *FLUORESCENCE spectroscopy, *X-ray diffraction, *TEMPERATURE, *SCANNING electron microscopy, *PHOSPHORS
Abstract

In this study, CaSnO3 : Bi2+ long afterglow phosphors were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state method, and its performance was researched. Calcination temperature and programs is factors which can affect material performance. Thus, changing various calcination temperatures and programs to determine the Optimum synthesis condition. The luminescent properties and microstructure of CaSnO3 : Bi2+ phosphors were investigated by analyzing XRD spectra, SEM images, fluorescence spectra, afterglow decay curves, and thermoluminescence curves obtained from samples sintered at different temperatures and calcination programs. CaSnO3 : Bi2+ calcinated at 1400°C exhibited the most desirable luminescent performance. Moreover, crystallinity can be improved by multiple calcination, and a greater number of effective traps was generated, resulting in superior afterglow properties compared to samples that were directly heated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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25. Influence of Calcination Temperature and Heating Program on NIR Afterglow Property of CaSnO3 : Bi2+.

Author

He, Q., Niu, F., Wang, Y., Lei, W., Li, J., Shen, Y., and Wu, H.

Subjects
CALCINATION (Heat treatment), THERMOLUMINESCENCE, FLUORESCENCE spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEMPERATURE, SCANNING electron microscopy, PHOSPHORS
Abstract

In this study, CaSnO3 : Bi2+ long afterglow phosphors were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state method, and its performance was researched. Calcination temperature and programs is factors which can affect material performance. Thus, changing various calcination temperatures and programs to determine the Optimum synthesis condition. The luminescent properties and microstructure of CaSnO3 : Bi2+ phosphors were investigated by analyzing XRD spectra, SEM images, fluorescence spectra, afterglow decay curves, and thermoluminescence curves obtained from samples sintered at different temperatures and calcination programs. CaSnO3 : Bi2+ calcinated at 1400°C exhibited the most desirable luminescent performance. Moreover, crystallinity can be improved by multiple calcination, and a greater number of effective traps was generated, resulting in superior afterglow properties compared to samples that were directly heated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Study on Changes in Myanmar's Geopolitical Landscape and the Construction of China-Myanmar Indian Ocean New Corridor

Author

Duan Xuesong, Hu Zhiding, and Niu Fuchang

Subjects
geopolitical landscape, new china-myanmar indian ocean corridor, democratization reform, china-myanmar economic corridor, myanmar, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

Myanmar is a key neighbor for China and an important link in advancing the "Belt and Road" initiative, contributing to both domestic and international economic flows. Despite the border closures and restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor has seen substantial progress. However, this development has not garnered the attention it deserves, as both national and Yunnan provincial governments continue to prioritize the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC). This oversight results from an incomplete understanding of the changes in Myanmar's geopolitical landscape since 2000. Using a framework for national geopolitical landscape analysis, this study examines Myanmar's basic national conditions, principal relationships, and inherent contradictions, revealing how Myanmar's geopolitical landscape has evolved due to the interplay of internal and external factors, cross-field interactions, and strategic games played by multiple geopolitical actors. Specifically, the study discusses the period from 2000 to 2010, characterized by external pressure and internal stability, and the years from 2011 to 2021, marked by external conflict and internal turmoil. The evolving geopolitical landscape in Myanmar has created favorable conditions for building the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor. From a geopolitical perspective, this paper explores the reasons behind the necessity of this new corridor and suggests a re-evaluation of China's spatial planning for major infrastructure projects in Myanmar given the country's shifting geopolitical context. The corridor's feasibility—whether measured by distance, time, costs, spatial distribution of domestic ethnic armed conflicts, or Myanmar's post-pandemic economic trends—suggests it is highly workable. In the short term, the new corridor can complement the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor, progressing concurrently; in the long term, it could gradually replace it as the main route for China-Myanmar trade. This study not only enhances understanding of the New China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor but also provides a scientific rationale for its vigorous promotion.

Published
2024
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27. Comparative Study of the Ruili and Mengding Qingshui Rivers in the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor Based on SWOT

Author

Li Ruying, Niu Fuchang, Hu Zhiding, and Zhao Zhengxian

Subjects
china-myanmar economic corridor, china-myanmar indian ocean new corridor, swot analysis, geographic process, mengding qingshui river, ruili, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract

The construction of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) out of Ruili and the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean New Corridor (CMIONC) out of Qingshuihe in Mengding has attracted much attention. The great contrast between the construction and development of the CMEC and the CMIONC has raised widespread concern in the academic community. Therefore, we developed a theory and framework of international corridor analysis based on the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), and conducted a comparative analysis of SWOT elements and key influencing factors between the CMEC and CMIONC (Ruili-Lashu and Mengding-Qingshuihe-Lashu) to reveal the differences between them and the key influencing factors of the CMIONC. We evaluated the comparative advantages of the CMEC and CMIONC and the geographic logic of focusing on various choices at different times. The study produced several important results: (1) There are significant differences in the key factors influencing the construction of the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor in different spatial and temporal sequences. The key influencing factors in the historical domain have obvious geographic determinism, and the natural geographic environment and features represented by topography, elevation, rivers, geology, among others., profoundly influenced the construction of the China-Myanmar corridor in the early period. The key influencing factors in the actual domain are mostly the degree of human initiative and the degree of scientific and technological progress contributing to the construction of the corridor and the extent to which the corridor will be constructed. Whether the progress of science and technology can contribute to the "space-time compression" of the corridor construction is to be determined. Whether the subjective initiative and progress of science and technology can shorten the construction distance of the corridor and the construction period of key sections and whether it can enhance the degree of connection with the urban agglomerations and improve the transport network system should be analyzed. Furthermore, the key influencing factors in the future domain will be the growth and national discourse support of the corridor. These aspects include strategic positioning and long-term mechanisms to serve the country, the most direct national positioning of the channel, empowerment, and discourse policy support, and others. (2) Ruili and Qingshuihe of Mengding, as the Chinese exit ports of the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean Corridor, have focused on different geographic considerations at different times and have been subject to the influences and constraints of the dominant SWOT elements. Ruili (the "herringbone" corridor) is a type of resistance strategy adjustment, and the Mengding Qingshui River (new corridor) is a type of resistance strategy aggressiveness. (3) On the whole, the advantages and potentials of the line from the Mengding Qingshuihe River to Laxun (the new corridor) are more evident than those of the line from Ruili to Laxun ("herringbone" corridor), and the obstacles and difficulties are relatively small, which proves that the advantages are in Meng for the new corridor program. The "herringbone" corridor and the new corridor have prominent complementary characteristics, highlighting the scientific soundness and feasibility of the double "Y" axis corridor concept.

Published
2024
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32. Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: The SAPFLUXNET database

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Poyatos, R [0000-0003-0521-2523], Granda, V [0000-0002-0469-1991], Flo, V [0000-0003-1908-4577], Adams, MA [0000-0002-8154-0097], Adorjan, B [0000-0002-5482-2515], Aidar, MPM [0000-0001-5728-6749], Alvarado-Barrientos, MS [0000-0003-0098-0806], Anderson-Teixeira, KJ [0000-0001-7585-712X], Arain, MA [0000-0002-1433-5173], Aranda, I [0000-0001-9086-7940], Asbjornsen, H [000-0001-8126-3328], Oishi, AC [0000-0001-5064-4080], Oliveira RS [0000-0002-6392-2526], Oren, R [0000-0002-5654-1733], Ourcival,JM [0000-0002-3557-3496], Paljakka, T [0000-0002-3674-4904], Perez-Priego, O [0000-0002-3138-3177], Peri, PL [0000-0002-5398-4408], Peters, RL [0000-0002-7441-1297], Pfautsch, S [0000-0002-4390-4195], Pockman, WT [0000-0002-3286-0457], Baxter, R [0000-0002-7504-6797], Preisler, Y [0000-0001-5861-8362], Rocha, H [0000-0002-5981-4469], Röll, A [0000-0001-9457-4459], Rosado, BHP [0000-0002-8924-8672], Rowland, L [0000-0002-0774-3216], Rubtsov, A [0000-0002-9663-4344], Sabaté, S [0000-0003-1854-0761], Salmon, Y [0000-0003-4433-4021], Salomón, RL [0000-0003-2674-1731], Sánchez-Costa, E [0000-0001-6799-9611], Beamesderfer, E [0000-0002-7513-7349], Schäfer, K [0000-0001-9452-3619], Schuldt, B [0000-0003-4738-5289], Shashkin, A [0000-0001-9925-5019], Stahl, C [0000-0001-5411-1169], Stojanović, M [0000-0003-4918-8668], Sun, G [0000-0002-0159-1370], Szatniewska, J [0000-0003-3027-9965], Tatarinov, F [0000-0002-8338-6070], Tesar, M [0000-0002-5647-8498], Thomas, FM [0000-0001-6377-719X], Berveiller, D [0000-0001-7461-6420], Tor-ngern, P [0000-0001-7363-4926], Urban, J [0000-0003-1730-947X], Van der Tol, C [0000-0002-2484-8191], Van Meerveld [0000-0002-7547-3270], Varlagin, A [0000-0002-2549-5236], Werner, C [0000-0002-7676-9057], Wieser, G [0000-0002-7575-5657], Wingate, W [0000-0003-1921-1556], Wullschleger, S [0000-0002-9869-0446], Koong, Y [0000-0002-8630-3031], Blakely, B [0000-0001-9923-0794], Zweifel, R [0000-0001-9438-0582], Steppe, K [0000-0001-6252-0704], Mencuccini, M [0000-0003-0840-1477], Martínez-Vilalta, J [0000-0002-2332-7298], Boggs, J [0000-0003-4826-1843], Bohrer, G [0000-0002-9209-9540], Bolstad, P [0000-0002-1829-8859], Bonal, D [0000-0001-9602-8603], Bracho, R [0000-0002-8015-9796], Brodeur, J [0000-0001-7118-8360], Casanoves, F [0000-0001-8765-9382], Chave, J [0000-0002-7766-1347], Chen, H [0000-0001-7619-3425], Cisneros, C [0000-0001-9661-4581], Clark, K [0000-0003-0534-9677], Cremonese, E [0000-0002-6708-8532], Dang, H [0000-0003-4428-3834], David, J [0000-0001-6994-1085], David, T [0000-0003-1473-899X], Delpierre, D [0000-0003-0906-9402], Desai, AR [0000-0002-5226-6041], Do, FC [0000-0002-2852-627X], Dohnal, M [0000-0003-1769-4750], Domec, JC [0000-0003-0478-2559], Dzikiti, S [0000-0002-1892-4143], Edgar, C [0000-0002-7026-8358], Eichstaedt, R [0000-0002-4905-7994], El-Madany, T [0000-0002-0726-7141], Elbers, J [0000-0002-0631-3505], Eller, CB [0000-0002-7795-2574], Euskirchen, E [0000-0002-0848-4295], Ewers, B [0000-0001-6647-7475], Fonti, P [0000-0002-7070-3292], Forner, A [0000-0002-7123-6403], Forrester, D [0000-0003-2732-5692], Freitas, HC [0000-0002-4861-1164], Galvagno, M [0000-0002-0827-487X], Garcia-Tejera, O [0000-0001-7726-8118], Ghimire, CP [0000-0002-3715-6311], Gimeno, TE [0000-0002-1707-9291], Granier, A [0000-0002-4174-2487], Griebel, A [0000-0002-4476-8279], Guangyu, Y [0000-0003-3242-5348], Gush, MB [0000-0003-1328-9862], Hanson, PJ [0000-0001-7293-3561], Hasselquist, N [0000-0003-2777-0163], Heinrich, I [0000-0001-5800-6999], Hernandez-Santana, V [0000-0001-9018-8622], Herrmann, V [0000-0002-4519-481X], Hölttä, T [0000-0001-7677-7156], Holwerda, F [0000-0003-4125-1765], Ayutthaya, SIN [0000-0002-5354-1527], Jochheim,H [0000-0001-8047-4553], Joly, CA [0000-0002-7945-2805], Kim, HS [0000-0002-3440-6071], Klemedtsson, L [0000-0002-1122-0717], Kropp, H [0000-0002-4258-3393], Lagergren, F [0000-0002-0061-733X], Lane, P [0000-0001-6121-8386], Lapenas, A [0000-0002-2135-3636], Lechuga, V [0000-0003-3745-587X], Lee,M [0000-0002-9601-3863], Leuschner, C [0000-0002-5689-7932], Limousin, JM [0000-0002-2734-2495], Linares, JC [0000-0001-8375-6353], Linderson, ML [0000-0001-6578-6671], Lindroth, A [0000-0002-7669-784X], Llorens, P [0000-0003-4591-5303], López-Bernal, A [0000-0002-1034-4718], Loranty, MM[0000-0001-8851-7386], Macinnis-Ng, C [0000-0003-3935-9814], Marechaux, I [0000-0002-5401-0197], Martin, TA [0000-0002-7872-4194], Matheny, A [0000-0002-9532-7131], McDowell, N [0000-0002-2178-2254], Meir, P [0000-0002-2362-0398], Mészáros, I [0000-0001-8841-730X], Migliavacca, M [0000-0003-3546-8407], Mölder, M [0000-0001-6767-3195], Montagnani, L [0000-0003-2957-9071], Moore, GW [0000-0001-5190-5983], Nakada, R [0000-0002-3704-1784], Niu, F [0000-0003-3445-4011], Nolan, R [0000-0001-9277-5142], Norby,R [0000-0002-0238-9828], Novick, K [0000-0002-8431-0879], Oberhuber, W [0000-0002-5197-7044], Obojes, N [0000-0002-6718-2756], Poyatos, R, Granda, V, Flo, V, Adams, MA, Adorján, B, Aguadé, D, Aidar, MPM, Allen, S, Alvarado-Barrientos, MS, Anderson-Teixeira, KJ, Aparecido, LM, Joly, CA, Kaplick, J, Kim, HS, Klemedtsson, L, Kropp, H, Lagergren, F, Lane, P, Lang, P, Lapenas, A, Lechuga, V, Migliavacca, M, Lee, M, Leuschner, C, Limousin, JM, Linares, JC, Linderson, ML, Lindroth, A, Llorens, P, López-Bernal, A, Loranty, MM, Lüttschwager, D, Mitchell, P, MacInnis-Ng, C, Maréchaux, I, Martin, TA, Matheny, A, McDowell, N, McMahon, S, Meir, P, Mészáros, I, Molder, M, Mölder, M, Montagnani, L, Moore, GW, Nakada, R, Niu, F, Nolan, R, Norby,R, Novick, K, Oberhuber, W, Obojes, N, Oishi, AC, Oliveira RS, Oren, R, Ourcival,JM, Paljakka, T, Perez-Priego, O, Peri, PL, Peters, RL, Pfautsch, S, Pockman, WT, Preisler, Y, Rascher, K, Robinson, G, Rocha, H, Rocheteau, A, Röll, A, Rosado, BHP, Rowland, L [, Rubtsov, A, Sabaté, S, Salmon, Y, Salomón, RL, Sánchez-Costa, E, Schäfer, K, Schuldt, B, Shashkin, A, Stahl, C, Stojanovic, M, Suárez, JC, Sun, G, Niu, FR, Szatniewska, J, Tatarinov, F, Tesar, M, Thomas, FM, Tor-ngern, P, Urban, J, Valladares, F, Van der Tol, C, Van Meerveld, Varlagin, A, Norby, R, Voigt, H, Warren, J, Werner, C, Werner, W, Wieser, G, Wingate, W, Wullschleger, S, Koong, Y, Zweifel, R, Arain, MA, Oliveira, RS, Ourcival, JM, Aranda, I, Roll, A, Asbjornsen, H, Baxter, R, Beamesderfer, E, Berry, ZC, Berveiller, D, Blakely, B, Boggs, J, Bohrer, G, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bracho, R, Brito, P, Brodeur, J, Casanoves, F, Chave, J, Chen, H, Cisneros, C, Clark, K, Cremonese, E, Dang, HZ, David, JS, David, TS, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Do, Frederic C., Dohnal, M, Domec, JC, Dzikiti, S, Edgar, C, Eichstaedt, R, El-Madany, TS, Elbers, J, Eller, CB, Euskirchen, ES, Ewers, B, Fonti, P, Forner, A, Forrester, DI, Freitas, HC, Galvagno, M, Garcia-Tejera, O, Ghimire, CP, Gimeno, TE, Grace, J, Granier, A, Griebel, A, Guangyu, Y, Gush, MB, Hanson, PJ, Hasselquist, NJ, Heinrich, I, Hernandez-Santana, V, Herrmann, V, Hölttä, T, Holwerda, F, Irvine, J, Ayutthaya, SIN, Jarvis, PG, Jochheim, H, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Poyatos, R [0000-0003-0521-2523], Granda, V [0000-0002-0469-1991], Flo, V [0000-0003-1908-4577], Adams, MA [0000-0002-8154-0097], Adorjan, B [0000-0002-5482-2515], Aidar, MPM [0000-0001-5728-6749], Alvarado-Barrientos, MS [0000-0003-0098-0806], Anderson-Teixeira, KJ [0000-0001-7585-712X], Arain, MA [0000-0002-1433-5173], Aranda, I [0000-0001-9086-7940], Asbjornsen, H [000-0001-8126-3328], Oishi, AC [0000-0001-5064-4080], Oliveira RS [0000-0002-6392-2526], Oren, R [0000-0002-5654-1733], Ourcival,JM [0000-0002-3557-3496], Paljakka, T [0000-0002-3674-4904], Perez-Priego, O [0000-0002-3138-3177], Peri, PL [0000-0002-5398-4408], Peters, RL [0000-0002-7441-1297], Pfautsch, S [0000-0002-4390-4195], Pockman, WT [0000-0002-3286-0457], Baxter, R [0000-0002-7504-6797], Preisler, Y [0000-0001-5861-8362], Rocha, H [0000-0002-5981-4469], Röll, A [0000-0001-9457-4459], Rosado, BHP [0000-0002-8924-8672], Rowland, L [0000-0002-0774-3216], Rubtsov, A [0000-0002-9663-4344], Sabaté, S [0000-0003-1854-0761], Salmon, Y [0000-0003-4433-4021], Salomón, RL [0000-0003-2674-1731], Sánchez-Costa, E [0000-0001-6799-9611], Beamesderfer, E [0000-0002-7513-7349], Schäfer, K [0000-0001-9452-3619], Schuldt, B [0000-0003-4738-5289], Shashkin, A [0000-0001-9925-5019], Stahl, C [0000-0001-5411-1169], Stojanović, M [0000-0003-4918-8668], Sun, G [0000-0002-0159-1370], Szatniewska, J [0000-0003-3027-9965], Tatarinov, F [0000-0002-8338-6070], Tesar, M [0000-0002-5647-8498], Thomas, FM [0000-0001-6377-719X], Berveiller, D [0000-0001-7461-6420], Tor-ngern, P [0000-0001-7363-4926], Urban, J [0000-0003-1730-947X], Van der Tol, C [0000-0002-2484-8191], Van Meerveld [0000-0002-7547-3270], Varlagin, A [0000-0002-2549-5236], Werner, C [0000-0002-7676-9057], Wieser, G [0000-0002-7575-5657], Wingate, W [0000-0003-1921-1556], Wullschleger, S [0000-0002-9869-0446], Koong, Y [0000-0002-8630-3031], Blakely, B [0000-0001-9923-0794], Zweifel, R [0000-0001-9438-0582], Steppe, K [0000-0001-6252-0704], Mencuccini, M [0000-0003-0840-1477], Martínez-Vilalta, J [0000-0002-2332-7298], Boggs, J [0000-0003-4826-1843], Bohrer, G [0000-0002-9209-9540], Bolstad, P [0000-0002-1829-8859], Bonal, D [0000-0001-9602-8603], Bracho, R [0000-0002-8015-9796], Brodeur, J [0000-0001-7118-8360], Casanoves, F [0000-0001-8765-9382], Chave, J [0000-0002-7766-1347], Chen, H [0000-0001-7619-3425], Cisneros, C [0000-0001-9661-4581], Clark, K [0000-0003-0534-9677], Cremonese, E [0000-0002-6708-8532], Dang, H [0000-0003-4428-3834], David, J [0000-0001-6994-1085], David, T [0000-0003-1473-899X], Delpierre, D [0000-0003-0906-9402], Desai, AR [0000-0002-5226-6041], Do, FC [0000-0002-2852-627X], Dohnal, M [0000-0003-1769-4750], Domec, JC [0000-0003-0478-2559], Dzikiti, S [0000-0002-1892-4143], Edgar, C [0000-0002-7026-8358], Eichstaedt, R [0000-0002-4905-7994], El-Madany, T [0000-0002-0726-7141], Elbers, J [0000-0002-0631-3505], Eller, CB [0000-0002-7795-2574], Euskirchen, E [0000-0002-0848-4295], Ewers, B [0000-0001-6647-7475], Fonti, P [0000-0002-7070-3292], Forner, A [0000-0002-7123-6403], Forrester, D [0000-0003-2732-5692], Freitas, HC [0000-0002-4861-1164], Galvagno, M [0000-0002-0827-487X], Garcia-Tejera, O [0000-0001-7726-8118], Ghimire, CP [0000-0002-3715-6311], Gimeno, TE [0000-0002-1707-9291], Granier, A [0000-0002-4174-2487], Griebel, A [0000-0002-4476-8279], Guangyu, Y [0000-0003-3242-5348], Gush, MB [0000-0003-1328-9862], Hanson, PJ [0000-0001-7293-3561], Hasselquist, N [0000-0003-2777-0163], Heinrich, I [0000-0001-5800-6999], Hernandez-Santana, V [0000-0001-9018-8622], Herrmann, V [0000-0002-4519-481X], Hölttä, T [0000-0001-7677-7156], Holwerda, F [0000-0003-4125-1765], Ayutthaya, SIN [0000-0002-5354-1527], Jochheim,H [0000-0001-8047-4553], Joly, CA [0000-0002-7945-2805], Kim, HS [0000-0002-3440-6071], Klemedtsson, L [0000-0002-1122-0717], Kropp, H [0000-0002-4258-3393], Lagergren, F [0000-0002-0061-733X], Lane, P [0000-0001-6121-8386], Lapenas, A [0000-0002-2135-3636], Lechuga, V [0000-0003-3745-587X], Lee,M [0000-0002-9601-3863], Leuschner, C [0000-0002-5689-7932], Limousin, JM [0000-0002-2734-2495], Linares, JC [0000-0001-8375-6353], Linderson, ML [0000-0001-6578-6671], Lindroth, A [0000-0002-7669-784X], Llorens, P [0000-0003-4591-5303], López-Bernal, A [0000-0002-1034-4718], Loranty, MM[0000-0001-8851-7386], Macinnis-Ng, C [0000-0003-3935-9814], Marechaux, I [0000-0002-5401-0197], Martin, TA [0000-0002-7872-4194], Matheny, A [0000-0002-9532-7131], McDowell, N [0000-0002-2178-2254], Meir, P [0000-0002-2362-0398], Mészáros, I [0000-0001-8841-730X], Migliavacca, M [0000-0003-3546-8407], Mölder, M [0000-0001-6767-3195], Montagnani, L [0000-0003-2957-9071], Moore, GW [0000-0001-5190-5983], Nakada, R [0000-0002-3704-1784], Niu, F [0000-0003-3445-4011], Nolan, R [0000-0001-9277-5142], Norby,R [0000-0002-0238-9828], Novick, K [0000-0002-8431-0879], Oberhuber, W [0000-0002-5197-7044], Obojes, N [0000-0002-6718-2756], Poyatos, R, Granda, V, Flo, V, Adams, MA, Adorján, B, Aguadé, D, Aidar, MPM, Allen, S, Alvarado-Barrientos, MS, Anderson-Teixeira, KJ, Aparecido, LM, Joly, CA, Kaplick, J, Kim, HS, Klemedtsson, L, Kropp, H, Lagergren, F, Lane, P, Lang, P, Lapenas, A, Lechuga, V, Migliavacca, M, Lee, M, Leuschner, C, Limousin, JM, Linares, JC, Linderson, ML, Lindroth, A, Llorens, P, López-Bernal, A, Loranty, MM, Lüttschwager, D, Mitchell, P, MacInnis-Ng, C, Maréchaux, I, Martin, TA, Matheny, A, McDowell, N, McMahon, S, Meir, P, Mészáros, I, Molder, M, Mölder, M, Montagnani, L, Moore, GW, Nakada, R, Niu, F, Nolan, R, Norby,R, Novick, K, Oberhuber, W, Obojes, N, Oishi, AC, Oliveira RS, Oren, R, Ourcival,JM, Paljakka, T, Perez-Priego, O, Peri, PL, Peters, RL, Pfautsch, S, Pockman, WT, Preisler, Y, Rascher, K, Robinson, G, Rocha, H, Rocheteau, A, Röll, A, Rosado, BHP, Rowland, L [, Rubtsov, A, Sabaté, S, Salmon, Y, Salomón, RL, Sánchez-Costa, E, Schäfer, K, Schuldt, B, Shashkin, A, Stahl, C, Stojanovic, M, Suárez, JC, Sun, G, Niu, FR, Szatniewska, J, Tatarinov, F, Tesar, M, Thomas, FM, Tor-ngern, P, Urban, J, Valladares, F, Van der Tol, C, Van Meerveld, Varlagin, A, Norby, R, Voigt, H, Warren, J, Werner, C, Werner, W, Wieser, G, Wingate, W, Wullschleger, S, Koong, Y, Zweifel, R, Arain, MA, Oliveira, RS, Ourcival, JM, Aranda, I, Roll, A, Asbjornsen, H, Baxter, R, Beamesderfer, E, Berry, ZC, Berveiller, D, Blakely, B, Boggs, J, Bohrer, G, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bracho, R, Brito, P, Brodeur, J, Casanoves, F, Chave, J, Chen, H, Cisneros, C, Clark, K, Cremonese, E, Dang, HZ, David, JS, David, TS, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Do, Frederic C., Dohnal, M, Domec, JC, Dzikiti, S, Edgar, C, Eichstaedt, R, El-Madany, TS, Elbers, J, Eller, CB, Euskirchen, ES, Ewers, B, Fonti, P, Forner, A, Forrester, DI, Freitas, HC, Galvagno, M, Garcia-Tejera, O, Ghimire, CP, Gimeno, TE, Grace, J, Granier, A, Griebel, A, Guangyu, Y, Gush, MB, Hanson, PJ, Hasselquist, NJ, Heinrich, I, Hernandez-Santana, V, Herrmann, V, Hölttä, T, Holwerda, F, Irvine, J, Ayutthaya, SIN, Jarvis, PG, and Jochheim, H

Abstract

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80% of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50% of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56% of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90% or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely a

Published
2021

36. Velocity Contrast across the Zhaotong-Ludian Fault in Southwest China from the Analysis of Fault Zone Head Waves and Teleseismic P-Wave Arrivals

Author

Zheng, X, Zheng, X, Zhao, C, Qiu, H, Niu, F, Zheng, X, Zheng, X, Zhao, C, Qiu, H, and Niu, F

Abstract

We image the Zhaotong-Ludian fault (ZLF) in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau (SE Tibetan plateau) using waveforms from local and teleseismic earthquakes recorded by 14 seismic stations. We identify two types of fault zone head wave (FZHW) from two clusters of earthquakes by applying an automatic picking algorithm and a horizontal particle motion analysis. The first type of FZHWs shows a linear time–distance moveout and is only observed at stations on the southeast side of the fault in the northeastern section of the ZLF. The moveout slope suggests an average cross-fault velocity contrast of ∼ 2.5%. The second type of FZHWs exhibits a constant moveout and is recorded by stations on both sides of the ZLF in the southwestern section from a cluster of earthquakes located in a low-velocity zone. The difference in cross-fault velocity contrast between the northeast and southwest segments of the ZLF is also confirmed by teleseismic P-wave travel-time data. We attribute the prominent velocity contrast in the northeast section to a lithological difference between the South China block in the southeast and the Daliangshan subblock on the northwest side of the fault. The striking difference between the northeast and southwest sections also implies that earthquakes nucleating in one segment would hardly rupture through the entire fault, which can significantly affect our estimates of the maximum magnitude of future earthquakes occurring on the fault.

Published
2022

37. Semi-Supervised Surface Wave Tomography With Wasserstein Cycle-Consistent GAN: Method and Application to Southern California Plate Boundary Region

Author

Cai, A, Cai, A, Qiu, H, Niu, F, Cai, A, Cai, A, Qiu, H, and Niu, F

Abstract

Machine learning algorithm has been applied to shear wave velocity (Vs) inversion in surface wave tomography, where a set of starting 1-D Vs profiles and their corresponding synthetic dispersion curves are used in network training. Previous studies showed that the performance of such trained network is dependent on the diversity of the training data set, which limits its application to previously poorly understood regions. Here, we present an improved semi-supervised algorithm-based network that takes both model-generated and observed surface wave dispersion data in the training process. The algorithm is termed Wasserstein cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks (Wasserstein Cycle-GAN [Wcycle-GAN]). Different from conventional supervised approaches, the GAN architecture enables the inclusion of unlabeled data (the observed surface wave dispersion) in the training process that can complement the model-generated data set. The cycle-consistency and Wasserstein metric significantly improve the training stability of the proposed algorithm. We benchmark the Wcycle-GAN method using 4,076 pairs of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase and group velocity dispersion curves derived in periods from 3 to 16 s in Southern California. The final 3-D Vs model given by the best trained network shows large-scale features consistent with the surface geology. The resulting Vs model has reasonable data misfits and provides sharper images of structures near faults in the top 15 km compared with those from conventional machine learning methods.

Published
2022

38. Wind noise suppression in filtered-x least mean squares-based active noise control systems.

Author

Chu, Y, Zhao, S, He, L, Niu, F, Chu, Y, Zhao, S, He, L, and Niu, F

Abstract

Wind noise is notorious for its detrimental impacts on audio devices. This letter evaluates the influence of wind noise on the active noise control performance of headphones in a wind tunnel, and the noise reduction is found to decrease with wind speeds. To improve the performance of noise control systems in windy environments, the filtered-x least mean squares algorithm is modified based on the total least squares technique, taking the characteristics of wind noise into account. Computer simulations with real-recorded data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could improve the noise reduction by approximately 3 dB in windy conditions.

Published
2022

39. Analysis on Noise Characteristics of Underwater Impact Piling in Cross-sea Bridge Projects and Discussion on Control Measures

Author

ZHANG Xuexin, NIU Fuqiang, and XUE Ruichao

Subjects
underwater piling noise, noise characteristics, noise control, offshore bridges projects, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract

Underwater pile driving is a common operational method in engineering projects such as offshore bridges and offshore wind farms, and the impact of underwater noise on the marine ecological environment has attracted increasing attention. This paper analyzes the characteristics of underwater noise from impact pile driving based on on-site measured data during the construction of the Dong-Wu-Yang cross-sea bridge. Impact pile driving can create an intense, impulsive, and sharp sound, which has a peak sound pressure level more than 240dB re1μPa at 1 m. The sound source frequency is mainly concentrated in the 10 to 1000Hz frequency band, which has a strong impact on offshore cetaceans and sound-sensitive fish. Various measures to control underwater piling noise and adopting noise reduction technology were discussed, including selecting low-noise equipment, changing piling parameters, bubble curtain, and cofferdam, etc., and the feasibility of which were analyzed according to the construction environment.

Published
2024

42. Subduction-driven recycling of continental margin lithosphere

Author

Levander, A., Bezada, M. J., Niu, F., Humphreys, E. D., Palomeras, I., Thurner, S. M., Masy, J., Schmitz, M., Gallart, J., Carbonell, R., and Miller, M. S.

Subjects
Plate tectonics -- Analysis, Lithosphere -- Analysis, Continental margins -- Analysis, Subduction zones (Geology) -- Analysis, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): A. Levander (corresponding author) [1]; M. J. Bezada [2, 3]; F. Niu [1, 4]; E. D. Humphreys [2]; I. Palomeras [1]; S. M. Thurner [1]; J. Masy [1]; M. [...]

Published
2014
Full Text
View/download PDF

43. Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: The SAPFLUXNET database

Author

Poyatos, R, Granda, V, Flo, V, Adams, MA, Adorján, B, Aguadé, D, Aidar, MPM, Allen, S, Alvarado-Barrientos, MS, Anderson-Teixeira, KJ, Aparecido, LM, Joly, CA, Kaplick, J, Kim, HS, Klemedtsson, L, Kropp, H, Lagergren, F, Lane, P, Lang, P, Lapenas, A, Lechuga, V, Migliavacca, M, Lee, M, Leuschner, C, Limousin, JM, Linares, JC, Linderson, ML, Lindroth, A, Llorens, P, López-Bernal, A, Loranty, MM, Lüttschwager, D, Mitchell, P, MacInnis-Ng, C, Maréchaux, I, Martin, TA, Matheny, A, McDowell, N, McMahon, S, Meir, P, Mészáros, I, Molder, M, Mölder, M, Montagnani, L, Moore, GW, Nakada, R, Niu, F, Nolan, R, Norby,R, Novick, K, Oberhuber, W, Obojes, N, Oishi, AC, Oliveira RS, Oren, R, Ourcival,JM, Paljakka, T, Perez-Priego, O, Peri, PL, Peters, RL, Pfautsch, S, Pockman, WT, Preisler, Y, Rascher, K, Robinson, G, Rocha, H, Rocheteau, A, Röll, A, Rosado, BHP, Rowland, L [, Rubtsov, A, Sabaté, S, Salmon, Y, Salomón, RL, Sánchez-Costa, E, Schäfer, K, Schuldt, B, Shashkin, A, Stahl, C, Stojanovic, M, Suárez, JC, Sun, G, Niu, FR, Szatniewska, J, Tatarinov, F, Tesar, M, Thomas, FM, Tor-ngern, P, Urban, J, Valladares, F, Van der Tol, C, Van Meerveld, Varlagin, A, Norby, R, Voigt, H, Warren, J, Werner, C, Werner, W, Wieser, G, Wingate, W, Wullschleger, S, Koong, Y, Zweifel, R, Arain, MA, Oliveira, RS, Ourcival, JM, Aranda, I, Roll, A, Asbjornsen, H, Baxter, R, Beamesderfer, E, Berry, ZC, Berveiller, D, Blakely, B, Boggs, J, Bohrer, G, Bolstad, PV, Bonal, D, Bracho, R, Brito, P, Brodeur, J, Casanoves, F, Chave, J, Chen, H, Cisneros, C, Clark, K, Cremonese, E, Dang, HZ, David, JS, David, TS, Delpierre, N, Desai, AR, Do, Frederic C., Dohnal, M, Domec, JC, Dzikiti, S, Edgar, C, Eichstaedt, R, El-Madany, TS, Elbers, J, Eller, CB, Euskirchen, ES, Ewers, B, Fonti, P, Forner, A, Forrester, DI, Freitas, HC, Galvagno, M, Garcia-Tejera, O, Ghimire, CP, Gimeno, TE, Grace, J, Granier, A, Griebel, A, Guangyu, Y, Gush, MB, Hanson, PJ, Hasselquist, NJ, Heinrich, I, Hernandez-Santana, V, Herrmann, V, Hölttä, T, Holwerda, F, Irvine, J, Ayutthaya, SIN, Jarvis, PG, Jochheim, H, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Poyatos, R [0000-0003-0521-2523], Granda, V [0000-0002-0469-1991], Flo, V [0000-0003-1908-4577], Adams, MA [0000-0002-8154-0097], Adorjan, B [0000-0002-5482-2515], Aidar, MPM [0000-0001-5728-6749], Alvarado-Barrientos, MS [0000-0003-0098-0806], Anderson-Teixeira, KJ [0000-0001-7585-712X], Arain, MA [0000-0002-1433-5173], Aranda, I [0000-0001-9086-7940], Asbjornsen, H [000-0001-8126-3328], Oishi, AC [0000-0001-5064-4080], Oliveira RS [0000-0002-6392-2526], Oren, R [0000-0002-5654-1733], Ourcival,JM [0000-0002-3557-3496], Paljakka, T [0000-0002-3674-4904], Perez-Priego, O [0000-0002-3138-3177], Peri, PL [0000-0002-5398-4408], Peters, RL [0000-0002-7441-1297], Pfautsch, S [0000-0002-4390-4195], Pockman, WT [0000-0002-3286-0457], Baxter, R [0000-0002-7504-6797], Preisler, Y [0000-0001-5861-8362], Rocha, H [0000-0002-5981-4469], Röll, A [0000-0001-9457-4459], Rosado, BHP [0000-0002-8924-8672], Rowland, L [0000-0002-0774-3216], Rubtsov, A [0000-0002-9663-4344], Sabaté, S [0000-0003-1854-0761], Salmon, Y [0000-0003-4433-4021], Salomón, RL [0000-0003-2674-1731], Sánchez-Costa, E [0000-0001-6799-9611], Beamesderfer, E [0000-0002-7513-7349], Schäfer, K [0000-0001-9452-3619], Schuldt, B [0000-0003-4738-5289], Shashkin, A [0000-0001-9925-5019], Stahl, C [0000-0001-5411-1169], Stojanović, M [0000-0003-4918-8668], Sun, G [0000-0002-0159-1370], Szatniewska, J [0000-0003-3027-9965], Tatarinov, F [0000-0002-8338-6070], Tesar, M [0000-0002-5647-8498], Thomas, FM [0000-0001-6377-719X], Berveiller, D [0000-0001-7461-6420], Tor-ngern, P [0000-0001-7363-4926], Urban, J [0000-0003-1730-947X], Van der Tol, C [0000-0002-2484-8191], Van Meerveld [0000-0002-7547-3270], Varlagin, A [0000-0002-2549-5236], Werner, C [0000-0002-7676-9057], Wieser, G [0000-0002-7575-5657], Wingate, W [0000-0003-1921-1556], Wullschleger, S [0000-0002-9869-0446], Koong, Y [0000-0002-8630-3031], Blakely, B [0000-0001-9923-0794], Zweifel, R [0000-0001-9438-0582], Steppe, K [0000-0001-6252-0704], Mencuccini, M [0000-0003-0840-1477], Martínez-Vilalta, J [0000-0002-2332-7298], Boggs, J [0000-0003-4826-1843], Bohrer, G [0000-0002-9209-9540], Bolstad, P [0000-0002-1829-8859], Bonal, D [0000-0001-9602-8603], Bracho, R [0000-0002-8015-9796], Brodeur, J [0000-0001-7118-8360], Casanoves, F [0000-0001-8765-9382], Chave, J [0000-0002-7766-1347], Chen, H [0000-0001-7619-3425], Cisneros, C [0000-0001-9661-4581], Clark, K [0000-0003-0534-9677], Cremonese, E [0000-0002-6708-8532], Dang, H [0000-0003-4428-3834], David, J [0000-0001-6994-1085], David, T [0000-0003-1473-899X], Delpierre, D [0000-0003-0906-9402], Desai, AR [0000-0002-5226-6041], Do, FC [0000-0002-2852-627X], Dohnal, M [0000-0003-1769-4750], Domec, JC [0000-0003-0478-2559], Dzikiti, S [0000-0002-1892-4143], Edgar, C [0000-0002-7026-8358], Eichstaedt, R [0000-0002-4905-7994], El-Madany, T [0000-0002-0726-7141], Elbers, J [0000-0002-0631-3505], Eller, CB [0000-0002-7795-2574], Euskirchen, E [0000-0002-0848-4295], Ewers, B [0000-0001-6647-7475], Fonti, P [0000-0002-7070-3292], Forner, A [0000-0002-7123-6403], Forrester, D [0000-0003-2732-5692], Freitas, HC [0000-0002-4861-1164], Galvagno, M [0000-0002-0827-487X], Garcia-Tejera, O [0000-0001-7726-8118], Ghimire, CP [0000-0002-3715-6311], Gimeno, TE [0000-0002-1707-9291], Granier, A [0000-0002-4174-2487], Griebel, A [0000-0002-4476-8279], Guangyu, Y [0000-0003-3242-5348], Gush, MB [0000-0003-1328-9862], Hanson, PJ [0000-0001-7293-3561], Hasselquist, N [0000-0003-2777-0163], Heinrich, I [0000-0001-5800-6999], Hernandez-Santana, V [0000-0001-9018-8622], Herrmann, V [0000-0002-4519-481X], Hölttä, T [0000-0001-7677-7156], Holwerda, F [0000-0003-4125-1765], Ayutthaya, SIN [0000-0002-5354-1527], Jochheim,H [0000-0001-8047-4553], Joly, CA [0000-0002-7945-2805], Kim, HS [0000-0002-3440-6071], Klemedtsson, L [0000-0002-1122-0717], Kropp, H [0000-0002-4258-3393], Lagergren, F [0000-0002-0061-733X], Lane, P [0000-0001-6121-8386], Lapenas, A [0000-0002-2135-3636], Lechuga, V [0000-0003-3745-587X], Lee,M [0000-0002-9601-3863], Leuschner, C [0000-0002-5689-7932], Limousin, JM [0000-0002-2734-2495], Linares, JC [0000-0001-8375-6353], Linderson, ML [0000-0001-6578-6671], Lindroth, A [0000-0002-7669-784X], Llorens, P [0000-0003-4591-5303], López-Bernal, A [0000-0002-1034-4718], Loranty, MM[0000-0001-8851-7386], Macinnis-Ng, C [0000-0003-3935-9814], Marechaux, I [0000-0002-5401-0197], Martin, TA [0000-0002-7872-4194], Matheny, A [0000-0002-9532-7131], McDowell, N [0000-0002-2178-2254], Meir, P [0000-0002-2362-0398], Mészáros, I [0000-0001-8841-730X], Migliavacca, M [0000-0003-3546-8407], Mölder, M [0000-0001-6767-3195], Montagnani, L [0000-0003-2957-9071], Moore, GW [0000-0001-5190-5983], Nakada, R [0000-0002-3704-1784], Niu, F [0000-0003-3445-4011], Nolan, R [0000-0001-9277-5142], Norby,R [0000-0002-0238-9828], Novick, K [0000-0002-8431-0879], Oberhuber, W [0000-0002-5197-7044], and Obojes, N [0000-0002-6718-2756]

Subjects
Stomatal condua, Sapflow measurements, Heat-pulse method, Vapor- pressure deficit, Radial patterns, Water use strategies, Eddy covariance, Fluw density, Thermal dissipation
Abstract

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80% of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50% of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56% of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90% or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr"R package-designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data-is available from CRAN. This research was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant no. CGL2014-55883-JIN), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant no. RTI2018-095297-J-I00), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant no. CAS16/00207), the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (grant no. SGR1001), the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers (RP)), and the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (Academia Award (JMV)). Víctor Flo was supported by the doctoral fellowship FPU15/03939 (MECD, Spain).

Published
2021

44. Ice needles weave patterns of stones in freezing landscapes

Author

Li, A., Matsuoka, N., Niu, F., Chen, J., Ge, Z., Hu, W., Li, D., Hallet, B., van de Koppel, J., Goldenfeld, N., Liu, Q.-X., Li, A., Matsuoka, N., Niu, F., Chen, J., Ge, Z., Hu, W., Li, D., Hallet, B., van de Koppel, J., Goldenfeld, N., and Liu, Q.-X.

Abstract

Patterned ground, defined by the segregation of stones in soil according to size, is one of the most strikingly self-organized characteristics of polar and high-alpine landscapes. The presence of such patterns on Mars has been proposed as evidence for the past presence of surface liquid water. Despite their ubiquity, the dearth of quantitative field data on the patterns and their slow dynamics have hindered fundamental understanding of the pattern formation mechanisms. Here, we use laboratory experiments to show that stone transport is strongly dependent on local stone concentration and the height of ice needles, leading effectively to pattern formation driven by needle ice activity. Through numerical simulations, theory, and experiments, we show that the nonlinear amplification of long wavelength instabilities leads to self-similar dynamics that resemble phase separation patterns in binary alloys, characterized by scaling laws and spatial structure formation. Our results illustrate insights to be gained into patterns in landscapes by viewing the pattern formation through the lens of phase separation. Moreover, they may help interpret spatial structures that arise on diverse planetary landscapes, including ground patterns recently examined using the rover Curiosity on Mars.

Published
2021

45. Data-Driven Velocity Model Evaluation Using K-Means Clustering

Author

Xiong, N, Xiong, N, Qiu, H, Niu, F, Xiong, N, Xiong, N, Qiu, H, and Niu, F

Abstract

We develop a data-driven clustering method to evaluate a velocity model using surface wave velocity dispersion. This is done by first computing theoretical dispersion curves for 1-D velocity profiles of all the grid locations and then splitting the resulting dispersion curves into a certain number of groups via the K-means clustering. The observed dispersion curves are also clustered following the same procedure and the velocity model is assessed by comparing the spatial patterns obtained for the observed and synthetic data sets. The method is applied to evaluate two community velocity models in southern California, CVM-S4.26 and CVM-H15.1, using phase velocity maps derived for 3–16 s Rayleigh waves. We found a good correlation in the spatial distribution of clusters between the result of CVM-S4.26 and that of the observed data, suggesting that the CVM-S4.26 fits the observed dispersion maps better than the CVM-H15.1 in terms of features extracted from the clustering analysis.

Published
2021

46. Denoising Surface Waves Extracted From Ambient Noise Recorded by 1-D Linear Array Using Three-Station Interferometry of Direct Waves

Author

Qiu, H, Qiu, H, Niu, F, Qin, L, Qiu, H, Qiu, H, Niu, F, and Qin, L

Abstract

We develop an automatic workflow for enhancing surface wave signals in ambient noise cross correlations (ANCs) calculated for a one-dimensional (1-D) linear array. The proposed array-based method is applied to a 1.6 km-long dense linear nodal array crossing surface traces of the San Jacinto fault near Anza, California. Fundamental and higher modes of surface waves are observed in ANCs of the nodal array. After attenuating the surface wave overtones by applying a frequency-dependent tapering window to the ANCs, signals dominated by the fundamental mode surface wave are then enhanced through a denoising process based on three-station interferometry of direct waves. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly increased at high frequencies (>2 Hz) after denoising. Phase travel times are extracted reliably in the frequency domain for the period ranges of 0.3–1.2 s and 0.3–1.6 s for Rayleigh and Love waves, respectively. The corresponding period-dependent phase velocity profiles derived from the eikonal equation reveal high-resolution details of fault zone internal structures beneath the array. A broad (500–1,000 m) low-velocity zone that narrows with increasing period is observed, illuminating a flower-shaped structure of the San Jacinto fault damage zone.

Published
2021

47. Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: The SAPFLUXNET database

Author

Poyatos, R., Granda, V, Flo, V., Adorján, B., Adams, M. A., Aguadé, D., Aidar, M. P. M., Allen, S., Alvarado-Barrientos, M. S., Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Aparecido, L. M., Altaf Arain, M., Aranda, I., Asbjornsen, H., Baxter, R., Beamesderfer, E., Berry, Z. C., Berveiller, D., Blakely, B., Boggs, J., Bohrer, G., Bolstad, P. V., Bonal, D., Bracho, R., Brito, P., Brodeur, J., Casanoves, F., Chave, J., Chen, H., Cisneros, C., Clark, K., Cremonese, E., Dang, H., David, J. S., David, T. S., Delpierre, N., Desai, A. R., Do, F. C., Dohnal, N., Domec, J. C., Dzikiti, S., Edgar, C., Eichstaedt, R., El-Madany, T. S., Elbers, J., Eller, C. B., Euskirchen, E. S., Ewers, B., Fonti, P., Forner, A., Forrester, D. I., Freitas, H. C., Galvagno, M., Garcia-Tejera, O., Ghimire, C. P., Gimeno, T. E., Grace, J., Granier, A., Griebel, A., Guangyu, Y., Gush, M. B., Hanson, P. J., Hasselquist, N. J., Heinrich, I., Hernandez-Santana, V., Herrmann, V, Hölttä, T., Holwerda, F., Irvine, J., Na Ayutthaya, S. Y., Jarvis, P. J., Jochheim, H., Joly, C. A., Kaplick, J., Kim, H. S., Klemedtsson, L., Kropp, H., Lagergren, F., Lane, P., Lang, P., Lapenas, A., Lechuga, V., Lee, M., Leuschner, C., Limousin, J. M., Linares, J. C., Linderson, M. L., Lindroth, A., Llorens, P., López-Bernal, A., Loranty, M. M., Lüttschwager, D., MacInnis-Ng, C., Maréchaux, I., Martin, T. A., Matheny, A., McDowell, N., McMahon, S., Meir, P., Mészáros, I., Migliavacca, M., Mitchell, P., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Moore, G. W., Nakada, R., Niu, F., Nolan, R.H., Norby, R., Novick, K., Oberhuber, W., Obojes, N., Oishi, A. C., Oliveira, R. S., Olen, R., Ourcival, J. M., Paljakka, T., Perez Priego, O., Peri, P. L., Peters, R. L., Pfautsch, S., Pockman, W. T., Preysler, I., Rascher, K., Robinson, G., Rocheteau, A., Rocha, H., Röll, A., Rosado, B. H. P., Rowland, L., Rubtsov, A. V., Sabaté, S., Salmón, Y., Salomon, R. L., Schäfer, K. V. R., Sánchez-Costa, E., Schuld, B., Shashkin, A., Stahl, C., Stojanovic, M., Suárez, J. C., Szatniewska, J, Sun, G., Tatarinov, F., TesaÅ, M, Thomas, F. M., Tor-Ngern, P., Urban, J., Valladares, F., Van Der Tol, C., Van Meerveld, I., Varlagin, A., Voigt, H., Warren, J., Werner, C., Poyatos, R., Granda, V, Flo, V., Adorján, B., Adams, M. A., Aguadé, D., Aidar, M. P. M., Allen, S., Alvarado-Barrientos, M. S., Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Aparecido, L. M., Altaf Arain, M., Aranda, I., Asbjornsen, H., Baxter, R., Beamesderfer, E., Berry, Z. C., Berveiller, D., Blakely, B., Boggs, J., Bohrer, G., Bolstad, P. V., Bonal, D., Bracho, R., Brito, P., Brodeur, J., Casanoves, F., Chave, J., Chen, H., Cisneros, C., Clark, K., Cremonese, E., Dang, H., David, J. S., David, T. S., Delpierre, N., Desai, A. R., Do, F. C., Dohnal, N., Domec, J. C., Dzikiti, S., Edgar, C., Eichstaedt, R., El-Madany, T. S., Elbers, J., Eller, C. B., Euskirchen, E. S., Ewers, B., Fonti, P., Forner, A., Forrester, D. I., Freitas, H. C., Galvagno, M., Garcia-Tejera, O., Ghimire, C. P., Gimeno, T. E., Grace, J., Granier, A., Griebel, A., Guangyu, Y., Gush, M. B., Hanson, P. J., Hasselquist, N. J., Heinrich, I., Hernandez-Santana, V., Herrmann, V, Hölttä, T., Holwerda, F., Irvine, J., Na Ayutthaya, S. Y., Jarvis, P. J., Jochheim, H., Joly, C. A., Kaplick, J., Kim, H. S., Klemedtsson, L., Kropp, H., Lagergren, F., Lane, P., Lang, P., Lapenas, A., Lechuga, V., Lee, M., Leuschner, C., Limousin, J. M., Linares, J. C., Linderson, M. L., Lindroth, A., Llorens, P., López-Bernal, A., Loranty, M. M., Lüttschwager, D., MacInnis-Ng, C., Maréchaux, I., Martin, T. A., Matheny, A., McDowell, N., McMahon, S., Meir, P., Mészáros, I., Migliavacca, M., Mitchell, P., Mölder, M., Montagnani, L., Moore, G. W., Nakada, R., Niu, F., Nolan, R.H., Norby, R., Novick, K., Oberhuber, W., Obojes, N., Oishi, A. C., Oliveira, R. S., Olen, R., Ourcival, J. M., Paljakka, T., Perez Priego, O., Peri, P. L., Peters, R. L., Pfautsch, S., Pockman, W. T., Preysler, I., Rascher, K., Robinson, G., Rocheteau, A., Rocha, H., Röll, A., Rosado, B. H. P., Rowland, L., Rubtsov, A. V., Sabaté, S., Salmón, Y., Salomon, R. L., Schäfer, K. V. R., Sánchez-Costa, E., Schuld, B., Shashkin, A., Stahl, C., Stojanovic, M., Suárez, J. C., Szatniewska, J, Sun, G., Tatarinov, F., TesaÅ, M, Thomas, F. M., Tor-Ngern, P., Urban, J., Valladares, F., Van Der Tol, C., Van Meerveld, I., Varlagin, A., Voigt, H., Warren, J., and Werner, C.

Abstract

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80% of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50% of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56% of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90% or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely a

Published
2021

48. Design and Analysis of a New Permanent Magnet Claw Pole Machine with S-Shape Winding

Author

Liu, C, Wang, D, Wang, S, Niu, F, Wang, Y, Lei, G, Zhu, J, Liu, C, Wang, D, Wang, S, Niu, F, Wang, Y, Lei, G, and Zhu, J

Abstract

With the continuous improvement of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic composite (SMC) material, there is a trend to develop novel electrical machines with SMC cores for some special applications. Among these electrical machines, permanent magnet claw pole machine (CPM) has been extensively studied over the past few decades. As linear global winding has been used in this machine, it can be regarded as a linear winding CPM (LWCPM). To improve the performance of LWCPM, a new S-shape winding CPM (SWCPM) is proposed in this article. The main stator structures of the LWCPM and SWCPM are optimized to achieve maximum torque ability. Compared with LWCPM, SWCPM provides higher average torque, power factor, and higher efficiency. The main disadvantage of the proposed SWCPM is its lower flux weakening ability. 3-D finite element model is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed LWCPM and SWCPM. The accuracy of the 3-D finite element model is verified by using a previous prototype.

Published
2021

50. Plasma Concentrations of Fatty Acids Are Associated with Amphiregulin Production in a Cohort of Midwestern Veterans with COPD

Author

Hanson, C., primary, Isaak, M., additional, Heires, A.J., additional, Nordgren, T.M., additional, Niu, F., additional, Ji, Y., additional, Wu, R., additional, Ngaya, R., additional, Smith, L., additional, LeVan, T.D., additional, Wichman, C., additional, Furtado, J., additional, Poole, J.A., additional, and Romberger, D.J., additional

Published
2021
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