Search

As a high-energy density material, polymeric nitrogen has attracted considerable attention, while the exceptionally high synthesis pressure hinders its studies and applications. A significant discovery indicates that the insertion of noble gas elements can effectively reduce the synthesis pressure of polymeric nitrogen compounds. This work utilized the particle swarm optimization algorithm and first-principles calculations to extensively explore the stoichiometry of Xe–N compounds under high pressures. Two phases of XeN14, P6mm and P-62m, have been discovered, which are energetically more stable than the basic mixture of Xe and N2. Evidence of charge transfer between Xe and N was found, verifying that Xe plays a crucial role in forming polymeric nitrogen compounds. These two compounds are kinetically stable at pressures ranging from 50 to 200 GPa and exhibit semiconductor properties. A unique channel-like structure was discovered in the P6mm phase. The energy densities of P6mm and P-62m phases are 7.39 and 7.59 kJ/g, respectively, significantly exceeding those of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) and HMX (Octogen), indicating their potential as high-energy density materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen compounds, which are naturally present in the environment, are essential for the sustenance of life and for the growth of plants. However, to meet the needs of agricultural production and increase crop yields, they are often added in the form of fertilizers to the soil. These nitrogen compounds can then infiltrate deep soil layers, leach until they reach underground aquifers. Leaching of nitrates from soil is a serious environmental problem in modern agriculture as it can contaminate groundwater and degrade soil quality. Both nitrogen fertilization practices and irrigation methods contribute greatly to increased nitrate leaching. The present study aims to demonstrate the real impact of nitrate used in agriculture on groundwater comparing concentration of the chemical element between the soil and the aquifer at different depths. The case study involves a series of soil and groundwater sampling with the related analyses for the identification of nitrate concentrations. The sites considered as case of study have the same type of soil (lithology, texture) and the same land use (arable land with the same type of fertilization and irrigation). The experimentation carried out has shown that there is a correlation between the nitrate present in the soil and that present in the groundwater only for a limited distance from the emission point (<10m from the ground level), while for higher soil packages the correlation is absent as structures, such as vadose areas, intervene which intercept and accumulate nitrate leaching. This study demonstrate that a contamination of nitrate in the groundwater is correlated to the agricultural activities present in the impacting area only to a depth of 10 m and which therefore needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in advanced packaging films made from natural polymers. These films are integrated with pH-sensitive dyes, aiming to monitor the freshness of food. Specifically, the development of pH-adaptive intelligent packaging films, known as MC5/ZA5-Anth3%, involves using methylcellulose (MC) and zinc alginate (ZA) as the foundational materials, with anthocyanins (Anth) serving as the freshness indicators. The production of MC5/ZA5-Anth3% films has resulted in improved thermal stability, mechanical properties and water resistance, alongside a reduction in the transmission of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) light through the material. Importantly, these color-changing films undergo a noticeable change in color when subjected to pH changes or exposure to ammonia gas, making them suitable for detecting shifts in the pH of foods like pork and shrimp, the presence of volatile nitrogen compounds, and early signs of food degradation. Upon exposure to varying pH buffers, the color indicator film underwent a noticeable transition from a reddish-pink hue to blue, ultimately shifting to blue-green. Consequently, this pH-sensitive color indicator film emerges as a viable candidate for the smart, real-time monitoring of freshness in perishable foods such as pork and shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in the global population, which is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, has resulted in an increased demand for proteins in the human diet. The green leaves of many plants are an affordable, abundant, and sustainable source of proteins suitable for human consumption. This article reviews the various sources of green leaf proteins that may play an important role in alleviating global malnutrition, including those from alfalfa, amaranth, cabbage, cassava, duckweed, moringa, olive, radish, spinach, sugar beet, and tea. The structure of green leaves and the location of the proteins within these leaves are described, as well as methods for extracting and purifying these proteins. The composition, nutritional profile, and functional attributes of green leaf proteins are then discussed. The potential advantages and disadvantages of using green leaf proteins as functional food ingredients are highlighted. The importance of obtaining a better understanding of the composition and structure of different green leaves and the proteins extracted from them is highlighted. This includes an assessment of non-protein nitrogen and anti-nutritional compounds that may be present. Furthermore, the impact of isolation and purification techniques on the functionality of the plant protein ingredients obtained must be carefully evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nitrogen fertilization in broccoli is very important for plant growth and productivity. However, it is known that the nitrogen source of the nitrogen fertilizer is also effective on quality parameters. In this study we investigated the effects of different nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate) on bioactive compounds and leaf nutrients of broccoli cultivars (Monet, Italian and Karadede). Results: The highest total phenolic content was 0.24 mg g− 1 fw in cultivar Monet. Nitrate-based fertilizer treatments provided higher total phenolic (0.28 mg g− 1 fw) and flavonoid (0.56 mg g1 fw) contents and FRAP (0.24 mmol g− 1 fw) values compared to ammonium-based fertilizer treatments. On the other hand, DPPH (0.77 mmol g− 1 fw) values were higher in the ammonium nitrogen treatments. Among the cultivars, Monet had the highest total phenolics, flavonoids and FRAP values. When leaf nutrient concentrations were analyzed, ammonium sulfate application resulted in higher sulfur (0.86%), zinc (20.72 mg kg− 1) and manganese (28.80 mg kg− 1) concentrations compared to calcium nitrate. Calcium nitrate treatment provided the highest calcium (2.09%) and iron (37.50 mg kg− 1) concentration in Monet cultivar. Phosphorus (0.31–0.35%) and magnesium (0.073–0.084%) concentrations differed among cultivars. Conclusions: In conclusion, the choice of nitrogen source and cultivar in broccoli cultivation plays an important role in the bioactive compound profile and nutrient composition of the broccoli crop. The results provide useful information for the improvement of broccoli quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of C−N bonds through the electrochemical utilization of CO2 and nitrogen containing compounds (N‐compounds) is appealing for the purpose of converting waste and readily available sources or pollutants into value added chemicals at ambient conditions. Existing research predominantly explores these electrochemical reactions independently, often in aqueous electrolytes, leading to challenges associated with competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), low product selectivity, and yield. Functional electrolytes such as those containing ionic liquids (ILs) present selective solubility to the solute reactants and present unique interactions with the electrode surface that can suppress the undesired side reactions such as HER while simultaneously co‐catalyzing the conversion of CO2 and N‐compounds such as N2, NO, NO2, and NO3. In this concept paper, we discuss how the microenvironment enabled by ILs can be leveraged to stabilize reaction intermediates at the electrode‐electrolyte interface, thereby promoting C−N bond formation on an active electrode surface at reduced overpotential, with the case study of CO2 and N‐compounds co‐catalysis to generate urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the world's population and its environmental impact has increased the demand for effective water treatment methods. Surface water systems, including rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds, have suffered contamination, leading to the urgent need for effective contaminant removal. Organic nitrogen compounds and nitrates are of particular concern because they pose risks to health and can cause environmental damage. However, traditional water‐treatment methods often prove ineffective for addressing these issues. For this reason, this research focuses on harnessing the capabilities of nitrifying bacteria to denitrify organic nitrogen compounds in water, exploring various bacterial strains, their functions, and their ability to obtain sources of carbon. The study also investigates innovative approaches such as biofilm systems, mixed cultures, and combined processes, which have shown stronger potential for nitrogen removal. Overall, it provides valuable insights into the use of nitrifying bacteria‐based technologies for water remediation in the face of growing environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the continuous pursuing on the improvement of catalytic activity, a catalyst performed exceeding catalytic volcano plots is desired, while it is impeded by the adsorption‐energy scaling relations of reaction intermediates. Numerous efforts have been focused on optimizing the initial and final intermediates to circumvent the scaling relations for an improved performance. For a step forward, simultaneously optimizing all intermediates is essential to explore the theoretical maximum of catalytic activity. Herein, we proposed a dynamic adsorption mechanism (DAM) to independently regulate the adsorption configurations of all intermediates of electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). To demonstrate the DAM, a multi‐site NbNi3 intermetallic is developed, which enables suitable adsorption energies of different intermediates via modulating orbital coupling mechanisms. As a result, NbNi3 achieves an ultra‐low limiting potential of NRR of −0.11 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Strikingly, the theoretical result is confirmed by a proof‐of‐concept experiment, wherein the nanoporous NbNi3 electrode exhibits a remarkable NH3 yield rate of 25.89 μg h−1 cm−2 with the Faradaic efficiency of 33.15 % at −0.25 V vs. RHE. Overall, this work brings out a new strategy to avoid the scaling relations, and opens up a promising avenue toward high‐efficiency NRR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the freshness of aquatic products during food processing, transportation, and preservation is critical for ensuring food safety and quality. In this study, we developed intelligent indicator films sensitive to nitrogen compounds using sodium alginate, glycerol, and natural pigments. These films exhibited excellent indicating performance in monitoring the freshness of salmon, including total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and pH levels. Additionally, the intelligent indicator films exhibit both thermal stability and good biocompatibility. This finding paves the way for developing safe and effective food freshness indicators with potential uses in transportation, packaging, and related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Diabetes is a global health concern, and diet is a contributing factor to diabetes. Findings regarding the connection between nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine and diabetes risk are inconsistent. Objective The aim was to examine the effects of these dietary compounds on diabetes risk. Data Sources The data were sourced from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science until February 28, 2023. Studies that reported individual-level consumption of these compounds were included. Review articles or ecological studies were excluded. Data Extraction The number of events and total observations were recorded. Data Analysis The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated and displayed in a forest plot. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were predefined. A dose–response meta-analysis was conducted to determine the exposure intervals that may increase the risk of disease. Six observational reports that met the inclusion criteria were included, involving 108 615 individuals. Participants in the highest quantile of nitrite intake had a greater risk of diabetes compared with those in the lowest quantile (OR, 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.39; I2 = 74%, P = 0.02). Higher nitrosamine consumption tended to increase diabetes risk (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 0.76–3.04; I2 = 76%; P = 0.24). The relationship was stronger for type 1 (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.20–2.67; I2 = 58%; P < 0.01) than for type 2 diabetes (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.86–2.37; I2 = 71%; P = 0.17). Additionally, nitrite consumption had a dose-dependent association with both phenotypes. No association was found between diabetes risk and high nitrate intake (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87–1.18; I2 = 28%; P = 0.87). Conclusion Attention should be paid to the consumption of nitrite-containing foods. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023394462 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=394462). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality control employs techniques mostly targeting individual analytes; group detection is also practiced, but the choice of group methods is limited, which supports interest in developing such methods. We have examined the interaction of hypochlorite with a chlorine-containing heptamethine carbocyanine dye in the presence of 30 organic and inorganic model analytes that were found to induce diverse color changes in the system. The main supposed mechanisms are retardation of the dye oxidation with hypochlorite (presumably by scavenging chlorine radicals) and substitution of chlorine atom in the dye by the most nucleophilic analytes (amines, amino acids, proteins, DNA, phenol). The grass-green substitution product is more contrastingly visible against the dark-purple hypochlorite oxidation product of the dye than against the original emerald-green dye. The indicator reaction is monitored photographically for 10–40 min and the images are processed using principal component analysis (PCA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA), allowing for data convolution for the complex color transitions. Nitrogen compounds are discriminated from the others, and more reactive analytes (tryptophan, cysteine, bovine serum albumin, and DNA) are detected in the presence of less reactive ones in natural water. The system is promising for the development of group assays for dissolved organic matter and the discrimination of water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrification is a vital process in the biological removal of inorganic nitrogen compounds. In order to ensure the stability and effectiveness of this process, buffer solutions should be added to the system to maintain neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. With a focus on the newly discovered comammox Nitrospira, this research investigates the transition of the nitrifying community within a biofilm reactor under different acidic levels (initiated at pH 6 and gradually decreased to pH 5). During the 305-day continuous operation experiment, it was observed that responsible ammonia oxidizers transitioned from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) during the initial stages (setup stage and early stage of pH 6) to comammox Nitrospira under pH 5.5 and pH 5. Further analysis using next-generation sequencing targeting both the 16S rRNA region and amoA region revealed a shift in the dominant cluster of both Nitrospirae and comammox Nitrospira under varying pH conditions. Our study identified a distinct cluster of comammox Nitrospira that is phylogenetically closed to sequences found in acidic environments, but exhibits dissimilarity from known comammox Nitrospira isolates and the majority of environmental sequences. This cluster was found to be prevalent in the acidic biofilm reactor studied and thrived particularly well at pH 5. These findings underscore the potential significance of this distinct, uncultivated group of comammox Nitrospira in performing ammonia oxidation under acidic conditions. Key points: • Ammonia was effectively removed under pH 5.5 and 5 in the biofilm reactor • The dominant ammonia oxidizer was comammox Nitrospira when pH was 5.5 and 5 • A potential acidophilic cluster of comammox Nitrospira was identified in this acidic biofilm reactor [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of its high reactivity, furan-2(3H)-one derivative 2 can be selected as a versatile and suitable candidate for building of novel nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. Consequently, furan-2(3H)-one derivative 2 and some nitrogen nucleophiles were utilized as starting materials for the formation of new pyridazinone and pyrrolone derivatives bearing naphthalene moiety. The continuous buildup of insecticide resistance is the main obstacle facing pest control measures. Pyrrole-based insecticides are a favourable choice due to their unique mode of action and no cross-resistance with traditional neurotoxic insecticides. The larvicidal activities of pyrrolone derivatives were assessed against field and laboratory strains of Culex pipiens larvae in comparison with chlorfenapyr (pyrrole insecticide). Compounds 17 (21.05 µg/mL) > 9 (22.81 µg/mL) > 15 (24.39 µg/mL) > 10 (26.76 µg/mL) > 16 (32.09 µg/mL) were most effective against lab strain of C. pipiens larvae relative to chlorfenapyr (25.43 µg/mL). While in field strain, 17 and 15 were the most toxic compounds followed by 9 > 10 > 16 > 2 with LC50 of 9.87, 10.76, 11.52, 12.68, 15.32 and 18.37 µg/mL, respectively, compared with chlorfenapyr with 14.03 µg/mL. The cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities were significantly increased in treated larvae of lab and field strains relative to untreated. The great variations in toxicity of the synthesized compounds were interpreted by structure-activity relationship study. The pyrrolone derivatives are effective against field and insecticide-resistant strains. Therefore, they are considered promising compounds to be integrated into pest management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Myofibrillar proteins primarily consist of myosin, actin, myogenin, and actomyosin. These proteins form complex networks within muscle fibers and are crucial to the physical and chemical properties of meat. Additionally, myofibrillar proteins serve as significant substrates for the adsorption of volatile flavor compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which contribute to the overall flavor profile of meat products. A series of chemical reactions occur during the processing, storage, and transportation of meat products. Oxidation is one of the most significant reactions. Oxidative modification can alter the physical and chemical properties of proteins, ultimately impacting the sensory quality of meat products, including flavor, taste, and color. In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the effects of protein oxidation on meat quality and its regulation. This study investigates the impact of myofibrillar protein oxidation on the sensory attributes of meat products by analyzing the oxidation processes and the factors that initiate myofibrillar protein oxidation. Additionally, it explores the control of myofibrillar protein oxidation and its implications on the sensory properties of meat products, providing theoretical insights relevant to meat processing methods and quality control procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy oil is an important resource in current petroleum exploitation, and the chemical composition information of heavy oil is crucial for revealing its viscosity-inducing mechanism and solving practical exploitation issues. In this study, the techniques of high-temperature gas chromatography and highresolution mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source were applied to reveal the chemical composition of typical heavy oils from western, central, and eastern China. The results indicate that these heavy oils display significant variations in their bulk properties, with initial boiling points all above 200 °C. Utilizing pre-treatment and ESI high-resolution mass spectrometry, an analysis of the molecular composition of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, acidic oxygen compounds, sulfur compounds, basic nitrogen compounds, and neutral nitrogen compounds within the heavy oil was conducted. Ultimately, a semi-quantitative analysis of the molecular composition of the heavy oil was achieved by integrating the elemental content. The semi-quantitative analysis results of Shengli-J8 heavy oil and a conventional Shengli crude oil show that Shengli-J8 heavy oil lacks alkanes and low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons, which contributes to its high viscosity. Additionally, characteristic molecular sets for different heavy oils were identified based on the semi-quantitative analysis of molecular composition. The semi-quantitative analysis of molecular composition in heavy oils may provide valuable reference data for establishing theoretical models on the viscosity-inducing mechanism in heavy oils and designing viscosity-reducing agents for heavy oil exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inoculation increase the temperature, reduce the pH value and improve the GI. • Inoculants reduce the release of NH 3 and H 2 S. • Inoculants reduces the content of nitrogen compounds and increases the content of sulfur compounds. • There is correlation between physicochemical indexes and nitrogen and sulfur compounds in SS. In this study, high temperature thermotolerant nitrifying bacteria (TNB) and high temperature thermotolerant sulfide oxidizing bacteria (TSOB) were obtained from compost samples and inoculated into sewage sludge (SS) compost. The effects of inoculation on physical and chemical parameters, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide release, nitrogen form and sulfur compound content change and physical-chemical properties during nitrogen and sulfur conversion were studied. The results showed that inoculation of TNB and TSOB increased the temperature, pH, OM degradation, C/N ratio and germination index (GI) of compost. Compared with the control treatment (CK), the addition of inoculants reduced the release of NH 3 and H 2 S, and transformed them into nitrogen and sulfur compounds, the hydrolysis of polymeric ferrous sulfate was promoted, resulting in relatively high content of sulfite and sulfate. At the same time, the physical and chemical properties of SS have a strong correlation with nitrogen and sulfur compounds. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petroleum fraction of crude oil is laden with notorious nitrogen compounds, whose removal facilitates fuel oil transport and enhances the longevity of hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Petroleum refining operation thus demands the adoption of unconventional techniques, such as coupled oxidative–extractive denitrogenation. Kinetic models can provide insights into the reaction mechanism and the design and performance of reactors. In this work, nine different kinetic models were developed by applying the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley–Rideal approaches to various reaction pathways. The screening of the kinetic models was done based on the values of the rate law parameters and corresponding R2 and adjusted R2 values calculated through a multi-parametric, non-linear regression based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Out of all the models, the Eley–Rideal model corresponding to the rate expression rs9 was found to be the best fit, reflecting that hydrogen peroxide remained in bulk while pyridine alone was adsorbed on the catalyst. The selection of suitable extractants for the extractive removal of oxidation products was made based on their extraction efficiency and partition coefficients. The ternary liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the (acidulated water-pyridine-isooctane) and (acidulated water-pyridine N-oxide-isooctane) systems were plotted, and Othmer–Tobias, Hand, and Bachman correlations explained the consistency of the experimental LLE data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sanguisorba officinalis L. is classified as a medicinal plant and used in traditional medicine. The root of this plant is mainly used as a medicinal raw material, but the above-ground parts are also a valuable source of healthpromoting biologically active compounds. Method: The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) of extracts prepared in 70% and 40% aqueous ethanol solution (dry extract content 50-500 g/L) from the aerial parts of S. officinalis. The essential oil was isolated from the tested raw material, and its composition was determined using GC-MS. Ethanolic extracts and essential oil have been tested for antibacterial activity. The extract in 70% v/v ethanol (dry extract content: 500 g/L) was subjected to HPLC analysis for the content of selected phenolic acids and an ex vivo skin permeation study. The ability of these metabolites to permeate and accumulate in the skin was analysed. Results: Extracts prepared at both ethanol concentrations showed similar antioxidant activity and TPC. Depending on the method, concentration of solvent, and dry extract content (50-500 g/L), the activity ranged from 1.97 to 84.54 g Trolox/L. TPC range of 3.80-37.04 g GA/L. Gallic acid (424 mg/L) and vanillic acid (270 mg/L) had the highest concentrations among the phenolic acids analysed. Vanillic acid (10 µg) permeates the skin at the highest concentration. The highest accumulation in the skin was found for 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (53 μg/g skin), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (45 µg/g skin), and gallic acid (45 µg/g skin). The tested ethanolic extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Samples with a dry extract concentration of 500 g/L showed the largest growth inhibition zones. The most sensitive strains to these extracts were P. aeruginosa (24 mm), S. lutea (23 mm), and S. pneumoniae (22 mm). The smallest inhibition zones were observed for B. subtilis (17 mm). The essential oil showed weaker antimicrobial activity (growth inhibition zone 8-10 mm). The GC-MS method identified 22 major components of the essential oil, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, unsaturated terpene alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, sesquiterpene, phytyl ester of linoleic acid, nitrogen compound, phytosterol, terpene ketone, phenylpropanoids, aliphatic alcohol, diterpenoid, aromatic aldehyde, and aliphatic carboxylic acid. Discussion: The conducted research has shown that ethanolic extracts from Sanguisorbae herba are a valuable source of compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant potential, including phenolic acids. The fact that selected phenolic acids contained in the tested extract have the ability to permeate and accumulate in the skin provides the basis for conducting extended research on the use of extracts from this plant raw material in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations applied to the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing) and qRT-PCR (Quantitative Real-time PCR) were utilized to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in suberin biosynthesis in the roots of Bruguiear gymnorrhiza in response to salt stress. A total of 36561 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were identified, including 36351 upregulated genes and 210 downregulated genes. GO (Gene Ontology) annotation showed that these DEGs were primarily associated with cell nitrogen compound metabolism, cell and cell composition, and structural molecule activity. KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathway annotation indicated that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in ribosomes and oxidative phosphorylation. We also observed significant enrichment in tropane, piperidine, and polyketide alkaloid biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, 39 genes related to suberinization, such as monomer synthesis, transmembrane transport and polymerization, were also identified. Nevertheless, qRT-PCR results also showed that long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (LACS1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the Myb superfamily (MYB) were upregulated under salt stress. This study provides fundamental insights into the mechanism of salt tolerance associated with suberinization and may have significant implications for mangrove protection and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality parameters of surface layers synthesised using electrospark alloying (ESA) technology were analysed in this paper. The main focus was on the influence of equipment energy parameters on structure formation, specifically the effect of discharge energy and productivity. Microstructural analysis of the modified surface of C40 steel after nitriding by ESA using a paste containing nitrogen compounds injected into the interelectrode gap was conducted. The layer structure for all studied ESA parameters includes three areas: the upper "white layer", the diffusion zone below it, and the substrate. The roughness of the surface is Ra ~ 0.9 µm at low discharge energy Wp = 0.13 J and Ra - 6 µm at Wp = 3.4 J. The microhardness, continuity, and surface roughness of the layers varied with Wp. The influence of ESA productivity on the structure was studied. The thickness of the hardened layer and the diffusion zone, as well as the microhardness and continuity, are affected by reduced productivity. For the same discharge energy, the thickness of the hardened layer increases by 10-18% with a decrease in productivity compared to the classical mode. Studies have shown that productivity loss has a positive effect on the quality characteristics of the coatings produced by the ESA process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking into account our previously described series of 1,3,5-tris[(4-(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl)methyl]benzene compounds, we have now designed, prepared, and evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum a novel series of structural analogues of these molecules, i.e., the 1,3,5-tris[(4-(substituted-aminomethyl)phenoxy)methyl]benzene derivatives. The pharmacological data showed antimalarial activity with IC50 values in the sub and μM range. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these new nitrogen polyphenoxymethylbenzene compounds was also evaluated on human HepG2 cells. The 1,3,5-tris[(4-(substituted-aminomethyl)phenoxy)methyl]benzene derivative 1m was found as one of the most potent and promising antimalarial candidates with favorable cytotoxic to antiprotozoal properties in the P. falciparum strains W2 and 3D7. In conclusion, this 1,3,5-tris[(4-(pyridin-3-ylmethylaminomethyl)phenoxyl)methyl]benzene 1m (IC50 = 0.07 μM on W2, 0.06 μM on 3D7, and 62.11 μM on HepG2) was identified as the most promising antimalarial derivative with selectivity indexes (SI) of 887.29 on the W2 P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain, and of 1035.17 on the chloroquine-sensitive and mefloquine decreased sensitivity strain 3D7. It has been previously described that the telomeres of P. falciparum could represent potential targets for these types of polyaromatic compounds; therefore, the capacity of our novel derivatives to stabilize the parasitic telomeric G-quadruplexes was assessed using a FRET melting assay. However, with regard to the stabilization of the protozoal G-quadruplex, we observed that the best substituted derivatives 1, which exhibited some interesting stabilization profiles, were not the most active antimalarial compounds against the two Plasmodium strains. Thus, there were no correlations between their antimalarial activities and selectivities of their respective binding to G-quadruplexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and differential allocation of reserve compounds is an important adaptive mechanism that enables species to resprout in fire-prone ecosystems. The analysis of compound allocation dynamics (differential accumulation of compounds between plant organs) provides insights into plant responses to disturbances. The aim was to quantify reserves in eight legume species from Cerrado open savannas with high fire frequency in order to investigate the patterns of allocation and distribution of compounds between leaves and underground organs, drawing ecophysiological inferences. The species were collected in 'campo sujo' areas of the Cerrado. Leaves and underground organs (xylopodium, taproot tubers) were subjected to physiological analyses. Overall, underground organs were characterised by greater deposits of carbohydrates, mainly soluble sugars, and also with the accumulation of proteins and amino acids. This suggests that nitrogen reserves, as well as carbohydrates, may have an ecophysiological function in response to fire, being allocated to the underground organs. Phenols were mainly evident in leaves, but a morphophysiological pattern was identified, where the two species with taproot tubers tended to concentrate more phenols in the underground portion compared to species with xylopodium, possibly due to functional differences between these organs. Such data allow inferring relevant ecophysiological dynamics in legumes from open savannas. In this paper, we explore the intricate world of savanna plant dynamics. Studying reserve allocation in these plants is crucial for understanding their response to disturbances. Our research quantifies reserves in savanna legumes, examining compound distribution between leaves and underground organs. Discoveries reveal the role of underground organs as carbohydrate depots and nitrogen reserves, shedding light on the diverse accumulation patterns across different organ types. These insights offer invaluable knowledge for understanding species survival in fire-prone savannas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of nitrogen compounds from fuel via the conventional method, which is hydrodenitrogenation, is costly and involves catalysts and energy-intensive conditions (600 K and 300 atm). Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative solvent for the denitrogenation of fuel oil. However, certain ILs are expensive and challenging to synthesize, prompting the exploration of protic ionic liquid (PIL) substitutes, which offer similar advantages to ILs. This study utilized the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) to predict the phase equilibria for three PILs—triethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (TEA-TSA), triethylammonium salicylate (TEA-SA) and triethylammonium benzoate (TEA-BZ)—which were subsequently validated through experimental investigations. Liquid–liquid extraction experiments were conducted at 298 K and 1 atm, with pyrrole (serving as the model nitrogen compound) concentrations in n-hexadecane (representing the model fuel) ranging from 10 to 50 wt%. Additionally, the NRTL model effectively correlated the experimental tie lines. The obtained data indicated that TEA-TSA exhibited superior selectivity and distribution ratio compared to TEA-SA and TEA-BZ. All the ternary systems tested displayed positive slopes, suggesting a higher affinity of nitrogen compounds for the PIL. Supporting this observation, interaction energy (ΔE) and excess enthalpy (HE) were employed. The predicted outcomes revealed that TEA-TSA had high ΔE, and all PILs exhibited negative values of HE. The HE calculation underscored the significance of strong hydrogen bond interactions between pyrrole and the PIL for successful extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to assess the efficiency of the liquid digestate treatment conducted with algal, environmental isolates illuminated entirely with sunlight. The photobioreactor was exposed to natural conditions and evaluated based on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen compounds, and soluble phosphates. Microalgal and bacterial communities growing during the treatment process were studied. A high removal rate of soluble COD (= 91%) and nutrients (= 86%) was achieved. The average concentrations of nitrogen, phosphates, and COD in the reactor effluent were 95 mgN/L, 49 mg/L, and 735 mg O2/L, respectively. The overall algae-bacteria biomass productivity of 22 mg/L/d, calculated on the total suspended solids (TSS) basis, was recorded. The microbial analysis revealed the dominance of Tetradesmus obliquus followed by Microglena sp. in the first 14 weeks of the experiment. At the end of the experimental run, Chlorella sorokiniana cells appeared as a result of illumination intensity changes. The dominating bacteria belonged to Firmicutes (26.31%), Patescibacteria (17.38%), and Actinobacteriota (14.86%) and could have been responsible for the transformation of nitrogen and oxidation of organic contaminants. The research demonstrated that natural sunlight can successfully be used for efficient liquid digestate treatment with the algae-bacterial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, initially, the TCTCl (DiPrAEA)2 ligand was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray crystallography, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The crystallographic structure data for the ligand has been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC No. 2282732). Then, using of this novel multidentate ligand, a novel and stable copper (II) nanocatalyst complex was synthesized by anchoring copper (II) acetate onto the core‐shell surface (Fe3O4@SiO2) via the novel multidentate ligand TCTCl (DiPrAEA)2. The successful synthesis of the Fe3O4@SiO2‐NH‐TCT (DiPrAEA)2‐Cu (II) nanocatalyst was confirmed by employing physicochemical techniques such as FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet‐visible, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, dynamic light scattering, inductively coupled plasma, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Subsequently, this novel copper (II) nanomagnetic complex was evaluated as an efficient, reusable, and novel catalyst for the formation of C‐N bonds via the Ullmann coupling reaction of aryl halides and nitrogen‐containing compounds. The influence of this novel TCTCl (DiPrAEA)2 ligand on the reactivity and stability of the nanomagnetic copper complex was visible in the Ullmann reaction, which resulted in rapid reaction times and excellent yields, and seven times reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodstuffs, particularly perishable ones such as meat, are frequently discarded once the best-before date has been reached, despite the possibility of their continued suitability for human consumption. The implementation of intelligent packaging has the potential to contribute to a reduction in food wastage by enabling the monitoring of meat freshness during storage time independently of the best-before date. The process of meat spoilage is associated with the formation of specific degradation products, some of which can be potentially utilized as spoilage indicators in intelligent packaging. The aim of the review is to identify degradation products whose concentration correlates with meat shelf life and to evaluate their potential use as spoilage indicators in intelligent packaging. To this end, a comprehensive literature research was conducted to identify the factors influencing meat spoilage and the eight key degradation products (carboxylic acids, biogenic amines, total volatile basic nitrogen, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, sulfur compounds, and esters) associated with this process. These degradation products were analyzed for their correlation with meat shelf life at different temperatures, atmospheres, and meat types and for their applicability in intelligent packaging. The review provides an overview of these degradation products, comparing their potential to indicate spoilage across different meat types and storage conditions. The findings suggest that while no single degradation product universally indicates spoilage across all meat types and conditions, compounds like carboxylic acids, biogenic amines, and volatile basic nitrogen warrant further investigation. The review elucidates the intricacies inherent in identifying a singular spoilage indicator but underscores the potential of combining specific degradation products to expand the scope of applications in intelligent packaging. Further research (e.g., storage tests in which the concentrations of these substances are specifically examined or research on which indicator substance responds to these degradation products) is recommended to explore these combinations with a view to broadening their applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeal isolate J.3.6.1-F.2.7.3T was obtained from an anaerobic enrichment culture, where it may play an important role in methane production during pyrite formation. The new isolate formed a species-level clade with Methanospirillum hungatei strains GP1 and SK, which is separate from the type strain JF-1T. Cultivation-independent surveys indicate the occurrence of this phylogenetic group in sediments and anaerobic digesters. The abundance of this clade appears to be negatively affected by high nitrogen loads, indicating a sensitivity to certain nitrogen compounds that is not known in M. hungatei JF-1T. The relatively large core genome of this Methanospirillum clade is indicative of niche specialization and efficient control of horizontal gene transfer. Genes for nitrogenase and F420-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase contribute to the metabolic versatility of this lineage. Characteristics of the new isolate such as the ability to utilize 2-propanol as an electron donor or the requirement for acetate as a carbon source are found also in the strains GP1 and SK, but not in the type strain M. hungatei JF-1T. Based on the genomic differences to related species, a new species within the genus Methanospirillum is proposed with the name M. purgamenti sp. nov. The determined phenotypic characteristics support this proposal and indicate a metabolic adaptation to a separate ecological niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although increasing the amount of inert hydrophobic material can improve the anti-caking performance of compound fertilizer, carrying inert hydrophobic material hinders the applicability of compound fertilizer in mechanized fertilization and the integrated technology of water and fertilizer. In order to reduce the amount of inert hydrophobic material applied to the outer surface of the compound fertilizer particles, in this article, the type and proportion of nitrogen salt, phosphorus salt, and potassium salt were limited so as to increase the anti-caking performance of the particles. Methods: The anti-caking performance of 17-17-17SOP nitro-compound fertilizer granules (AN-NPK) was modified by the following three measures: (1) APP (ammonium polyphosphate) was used to replace some inorganic phosphates; (2) reducing the mass fraction of AN (ammonium nitrate) and introducing KN (potassium nitrate) to supplement the nitrate nitrogen in the compound fertilizer, and maintain the same ratio of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in AN-NPK; (3) reduce the mass fraction of KS (potassium sulfate), and shift the molar ratio of NO3/SO4 away from 2.0. The AN modified by APP and KN was characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanism of improving the anti-caking performance of AN-NPK was demonstrated. Results: The results showed that when the mass fraction of APP in the formula was 0%, 8%, 16%, and 21%, the anti-caking performance of AN-NPK is gradually increased, the transverse shear force of the agglomerates decreased from 135.65 N to 94.02, 67.45, and 60.32 N. When 10% KN and 12% APP were added to AN-NPK, the transverse shear force continued to decrease to 33.25 N. Conclusion: The mechanism of improving anti-caking performance of AN-NPK is as follows:(1) APP with oligomeric degree has higher solubility and mobility than monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate, resulting in higher enrichment on the surface of AN-NPK; (2) at the granulation temperature of 80 °C, KN releases more potassium ions than KS, and more AN was modified in the granulation process of AN-NPK. In summary, APP combined with KN weakens the phase transition effect of AN and reduces the salt ion concentration on the surface of AN-NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between short-term ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure and blood lipids is inconsistent across populations. This study aimed to investigate the modifying effects of fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels on the associations between short-term AAP exposure and blood lipids in 110,637 male participants from Beijing, China. The results showed that FBG modified the association between short-term AAP exposure and blood lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In the hyperglycemia group, a 10-μg/m3 increase in particles with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), particles with diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or a 1-mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide (CO) was associated with a 0.454%, 0.305%, 1.507%, 0.872%, or 3.961% increase in LDL-C, respectively. In the nonhyperglycemic group, short-term increases in air pollutants were even associated with small decreases in LDL-C. The findings demonstrate that lipids in hyperglycemic individuals are more vulnerable to short-term AAP exposure than those in normal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) should be purified according to environmental regulations, being restricted increasingly year by year. A wide variety of denitration technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx to nitrogen (N2) and NOx storage reduction (NSR) to N2 by injecting reducing agents like ammonia (NH3), has so far been developed practically. Sophisticated catalytic approaches are perhaps mandatory for the sustainability in energy including complete purification of NOx. As one of the solutions to overcome problems for environment and resource simultaneously, this concept article focuses on the utilization of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds, mainly NOx, for encouraging an opening to consider nitrogen circular economy. For the recycling of NOx via NH3, a challenging but rational catalytic technology can be proposed by an alternate switching the inlet gas between NOx containing oxidative gas and H2 containing reductive one without an operation to change the reaction temperature. Considering the reactivity of NOx higher than that of N2, this kind of NOx to NH3 (NTA) process is promising for synthesizing NH3, being valuable not only as fertilizer but also as fuel in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen and phosphorous compounds are significant pollutants in urban stormwater runoff. In this study, three lab-scale bioretention cells, namely a control reactor CM, and reactors M1 and M2 containing Scrap Iron Filings (SIF) with granulated brick (M1) and pumice pellets (M2), respectively, were used to evaluate the simultaneous removal of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, phosphorous, and COD using simulated runoff. Under unsaturated conditions, M1 with the ZVI-brick combination removed 91.37% TP, while M2 with the ZVI-pumice combination removed 89.76% TP. Under saturated conditions, M2 removed 72.02% TN, and M1 removed 66.1% TN. It was found that the presence of saturation zones benefitted TN removal which can be attributed to the creation of anoxic conditions within saturation zones, which favoured denitrification, as well as the prolongation of influent retention and reaction time, while it hindered TP removal. TP removal percentages for CM, M1, and M2 declined from 86.77%, 91.37%, and 89.76% in unsaturated conditions to 63.99%, 83.67%, and 71.74% in saturated conditions due to the propensity of soil-bound P to leach in anoxic environments. The media amendments were further characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), as well as adsorption and leaching tests. Significantly, the highest pollutant leaching was observed in the assessed conditions for CM, underscoring the usefulness of including media like ZVI, brick powder, and pumice pellets. This incorporation not only heightened the effectiveness of pollutant removal but also fortified their retention in potential future stormwater events. In consideration of this, M1 emerged as the preferred design option, as its non-leaching characteristics were verified through flushing with distilled water after post-stormwater influent loading cycles when compared to traditional designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) represent a superfamily of enzymes playing a pivotal role in cell signaling by controlling cAMP and cGMP levels in response to receptor activation. PDE activity and expression are linked to many diseases including inflammatory diseases. In light of their specific biochemical properties, PDE inhibition has attracted the interest of several researrs In this context, PDE4 inhibition induces anti-inflammatory effects. Piclamilast and rolipram, well-known PDE4 inhibitors, are endowed with common side effects. The selective phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors could be a promising approach to overcome these side effects. In the present study, six potential PDE4B inhibitors have been investigated. Through this study, we identified three PDE4B inhibitors in human macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, two of them reduced reactive oxygen species production in pro-inflammatory macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas are known as higher producers of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties and plant growth promoters, including resistance induction. These mechanisms should be an alternative to pesticide use in crop production. Phakopsora pachyrhizi causes Asian soybean rust, representing a high loss of yield around the world. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the application of secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV strain from the semi-purified fraction F4A in soybean plants to induce plant resistance against P. pachyrhizi in field conditions. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks with three replicates using two F4A doses (1 and 10 μg mL−1) combined or not with fungicides (Unizeb Gold® or Sphere Max®). The control treatment, with Uni + Sph, saponins, flavonoids, and sphingolipids, showed higher intensities in the plants. In contrast, plants treated with the F4A fraction mainly exhibited fatty acid derivatives and some non-identified compounds with nitrogen. Plants treated with Sphere Max®, with or without F4A10, showed higher intensities of glycosylated flavonoids, such as kaempferol, luteolin, narigenin, and apigenin. Plants treated with F4A showed higher intensities of genistein and fatty acid derivatives. These increases in flavonoid compound biosynthesis and antioxidant properties probably contribute to the protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curiosity‐driven innovations on the design and synthesis of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds with new molecular topologies unfold exciting opportunities for harnessing their intriguing supramolecular properties and thereby the development of novel functional organic materials. This work presents such an innovative synthetic concept of a bottom‐up molecular topology engineering through a unique orchestrated octuple C−H activation reaction, toward the rapid synthesis of a novel class of double heptagon‐incorporated nitrogen‐doped laterally‐fused polycyclic compounds with rarely reported wavy structural configuration. The profound impact of the molecular wavy structures of these compounds on their properties is manifested by weak and tunable solid‐state intermolecular interactions controlling the electronic properties of the materials, leading to reversibly switchable fluorochromism in the solid state and thin films with mechanical force and solvent vapors as external stimuli, thereby indicating their potential applicability in rewritable fluorescent optical recording media, security papers, mechanosensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical C‐N coupling process, facilitating the production of organic nitrogen substances (such as urea, methylamine, formamide, and ethylamine) via the simultaneous reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and small nitrogen‐based substances, stands at the forefront of advancing carbon neutrality and the artificial nitrogen cycle. This method has garnered substantial interest due to its potential economic and environmental benefits. Although considerable progress has been achieved in this emerging field, it still faces challenges, including slow reactant adsorption, competing side reactions, and complex multi‐step pathways, resulting in low yields and selectivity. Strategically designing and developing low‐cost and exceptionally performant catalysts is crucial for cost‐effective and precise electrochemical C─N bonding. This article offers an in‐depth review of the electrosynthesis of valuable organic nitrogen compounds at ambient conditions from earth‐abundant resources/wastes, such as CO2 and small nitrogenous molecules (nitrogen: N2, nitrite: NO2−, nitrate: NO3−, ammonia: NH3, etc.), via electrochemical C─N bond formation reactions, especially using carbon‐based catalysts. The relevant electrochemical C─N bond formation mechanisms, the design principles of advanced carbon‐based electrocatalysts, and the impact of different electrolyser designs are discussed, along with the present obstacles and upcoming prospects in this dynamic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular structure-editing through nitrogen insertion offers more efficient and ingenious pathways for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds, which could benefit the development of synthetic chemistry, pharmaceutical research, and materials science. Substituted amines, especially nitrogen-containing alkyl heterocyclic compounds, are widely found in nature products and drugs. Generally, accessing these compounds requires multiple steps, which could result in low efficiency. In this work, a molecular editing strategy is used to realize the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds using aryl alkanes as starting materials. Using derivatives of O-tosylhydroxylamine as the nitrogen source, this method enables precise nitrogen insertion into the Csp2-Csp3 bond of aryl alkanes. Notably, further synthetic applications demonstrate that this method could be used to prepare bioactive molecules with good efficiency and modify the molecular skeleton of drugs. Furthermore, a plausible reaction mechanism involving the transformation of carbocation and imine intermediates has been proposed based on the results of control experiments. Substituted amines, especially nitrogen containing alkyl heterocyclic compounds, are widely found in nature products and drugs, but generally accessing these compounds requires multiple steps. Herein, the authors report a molecular editing strategy for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds using aryl alkanes as starting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1‐ and 2‐Tetrazolylacetonitrile (1‐ and 2‐TAN) have been synthesized by the reaction of chloroacetonitrile with 1H‐tetrazole under basic conditions. They further were reacted with sodium azide in the presence of zinc(II) chloride to form 5‐((1H‐tetrazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐tetrazole (1‐HTMT) and 5‐((2H‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐tetrazole (2‐HTMT). The nitrogen‐rich compounds have been applied as ligands for Energetic Coordination Compounds (ECCs) and show interesting coordinative behavior due to different bridging modes. The structural variability of the compounds has been proved by low‐temperature X‐ray analysis. The ECCs were analyzed for their sensitivities to provide information about the safety of handling and their capability to serve as primary explosives in detonator setups to replace the commonly used lead styphnate and azide. All colored ECCs were evaluated for their ignitability by laser initiation in translucent polycarbonate primer caps. In addition, the spin‐crossover characteristics of [Fe(1‐TAN)6](ClO4)2 were highlighted by the measurement of the temperature‐dependent susceptibility curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organosilicon compounds play a crucial role as essential building blocks and valuable organic molecules in various materials. They are extensively utilized as synthetic intermediates in chemical synthesis processes. Recent studies have highlighted the multifaceted role of silicon compounds, showcasing their significance not only as reactive participants or products but also as potent catalysts in various chemical reactions, as reported by researchers. In this comprehensive review, our objective is to provide a summary of recent advancements in synthesizing various organosilicon compounds in formation of silicon–carbon, silicon–oxygen, silicon–nitrogen and explore the applications of siliconic materials as catalysts in polymerization, reduction, and isomerization processes. Emphasizing the significant potential of this methodology, we aspire to inspire further research and applications in this rapidly emerging field. Furthermore, this review covers over 50 years of research on organosilicon chemistry in CCERCI under supervision of Prof. Seyed Mohammad Bolourtchian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The main objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the association between trichloramine (TCA) exposure and respiratory health effects in swimming pool workers. Methodology In this study, air sampling was performed for TCA concentrations at fixed locations (static measurements) and on individual workers (personal measurements) in six indoor public swimming pools during periods of high swimmer attendance over the winter school break. Health effects were evaluated using questionnaires and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) tests performed before and after the working day. Results In these swimming pools, the environmental TCA concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.88 mg/m³. Worker exposure ranged from 0.05 to 0.72 mg/m³ for personal measurements. Furthermore, in each swimming pool, the average worker exposure to TCA exceeded the recommended occupational exposure limit of 0.35 mg/m³. Personal TCA measurements were consistently lower than static measurements performed around the pool, with a reduction ranging from 21% to 49%. This can be explained by the time that the workers spend in the pool area, office, and break room. The most common respiratory health effects self-reported by the workers were coughing, shortness of breath, and sneezing with prevalence rates of 38%, 37%, and 35%, respectively. This study demonstrated an association between TCA exposure and eye irritation. Analysis of the FENO tests revealed that individuals with preexisting asthma or allergies exhibited sustained FENO elevation. Conclusion The findings suggest that occupational exposure to TCA in indoor swimming pools is a matter of concern. Implementing and improving workplace safety measures is crucial for safeguarding the respiratory health of swimming pool workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In order to synthesize InN nanoparticles (NPs), we have simulated the co-implantation of indium (In) and nitrogen (N) ions on silicon (Si) and silicon oxide (SiO2) substrates with flat-top profiles. The choice of flat-top profile is to increase the possibility of creating homogeneous zone with well-distributed InN nanoparticles over the entire implanted layer. In this view and to obtain these flat-top profiles, we must do several implantations with different doses and energies optimized by our program. The simulation results performed on a silicon substrate < 111 > , give an average dose of 4.30 × 1016 at./cm2 and the implantation energies were In (10, 46, and 180 keV) and N (13 and 35 keV). But for the SiO2 substrate, the total mean dose is about 5.20 × 1016at./cm2 for each Indium and nitrogen ion. The respective implantation energies were In (23, 63, and 120 keV) and N (12 and 28 keV) in an average depth of approximately 100 nm. The implantations were performed in a 206-nm-thick (SiO2) layer thermally grown on < 100 > silicon. Subsequent thermal treatments (500–900 °C) lead to the formation of nanoparticles precipitates of the compound semiconductor (InN) and to cure the oxide defects during different periods of time. To verify that indium (In) and nitrogen (N) ions were located according to flat curves, we used RBS technical and study the formation (InN) stoichiometric compound several techniques, were used such as X-ray diffraction, UV–visible-IR, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Methods: The simulated profiles have been chosen with the aim that the implanted element not exceeding 5–10 at %maximum concentration for each species. We have elaborated our program to simulate these profiles using data as input values from SRIM2008 code taking into account the sputtering factor. The optimal conditions are determined, which are the expected depth impact energies (Rp), the standard deviation (ΔRp) and the sputtering corrosion factor (Fs). Through these results, a simulation program has been created which allows building flat "distribution" curves for ion implantation for each element (In and N), so that each curve is obtained from three Gaussian functions whose values are carefully chosen in relation to the optimal experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the effect of different fertilizers on foxtail millet quality under low nitrogen conditions, we used JGNo.21 and LZGNo.2 as experimental materials and set up five treatments, including non-fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, compound, and organic fertilizers, to study the regulation of different fertilizer types on agronomic traits, nutrient fractions, and pasting characteristics of foxtail millet under low nitrogen conditions. Compared with the control, all of the fertilizers improved the agronomic traits of JGNo.21 to a certain extent. Nitrogen and compound fertilizer treatments reduced the starch content of JGNo.21; the starch content was reduced by 0.55% and 0.07% under nitrogen and compound fertilizers treatments. Phosphorus and organic fertilizers increased starch content, and starch content increased by 0.50% and 0.56% under phosphorus and organic fertilizer treatments. The effect of each fertilizer treatment on protein content was completely opposite to that of starch; different fertilizer treatments reduced the fat content of JGNo.21 and increased the fiber content. Among them, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the yellow pigment content; the yellow pigment content increased by 1.21% and 2.64% under nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. Organic and compound fertilizers reduced the content of yellow pigment; the yellow pigment content was reduced by 3.36% and 2.79% under organic and compound fertilizer treatments. Nitrogen and organic fertilizers increased the fat content of LZGNo.2; the fat content increased by 2.62% and 1.98% under nitrogen, organic fertilizer treatment. Compound and phosphorus fertilizer decreased the fat content; the fat content decreased by 2.16% and 2.90% under compound and phosphorus fertilizer treatment. Different fertilizer treatments reduced the cellulose and yellow pigment content of LZGNo.2. The content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids of JGNo.21 was increased under compound and nitrogen fertilizer treatments and decreased under organic and phosphorus fertilizer treatments. The content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids of LZGNo.2 was significantly higher under compound, nitrogen, and organic fertilizer treatments compared with control and significantly decreased under phosphorus fertilizer treatments. Nitrogen and compound fertilizer treatments significantly reduced the values of peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity, and pasting time of each index of JGNo.21; phosphorus and organic fertilizer treatments improved the values of each index. In contrast, the pasting viscosity of LZGNo.2 increased under phosphorus fertilizer treatment and decreased under nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Reasonable fertilization can improve the quality of foxtail millet, which provides a scientific theoretical basis for improving the quality of foxtail millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Breast milk contains various crucial nutrients and biologically active substances and is ideal for newborns. This study aimed to analyze the composition of breast milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants and its influences on the growth of infants. Methods Infant-mother dyads examined at our Hospital (March 2016 to May 2017) were included. Milk was collected at 0–1 month, 2–3 months, and 5–6 months and analyzed using a MIRIS human milk analyzer. Z-scores of weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated. Results This study included full-term (> 37 weeks of gestation, n = 177) and premature (

This article demonstrates boron carbon nitrogen compound supported platinum group (Pd/BCN, Pt/BCN and Ru/BCN) for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia. [Display omitted] • Highly efficient electrocatalytic NO 3 – reduction was realized by doped Pd,Ru,Pt/BCN. • Pd/BCN provided higher NH 4 + production rate and Faraday efficiency. • DFT revealed the molecular mechanism of Pd/BCN in the nitrate reduction process. The effective treatment of nitrate (NO 3 −) in water as a nitrogen source and electrocatalytic NO 3 − reduction to ammonia (NH 3) (NRA) have become preferred methods for NO 3 −-to-NH 3 conversion. Achieving efficient NO 3 −-to-NH 3 conversion requires the design and development of electrode materials with high activity and efficiency for the electrocatalytic NRA reaction. Herein, based on the special properties of dodecahydro- closo -dodecaborate anions, a BCN matrix, loaded with platinum-group nanoparticles (namely, Pd/BCN, Pt/BCN, and Ru/BCN), was prepared using a simple method for the electrocatalytic NRA reaction. Results showed that Pd/BCN exerts the best catalytic effect on the NRA reaction. The NH 3 production rate reached 12.71 mg h−1 mg cat. −1 at −1.0 V vs. RHE. Faraday efficiency reached 91.79 %, which can be attributed to the more uniform distribution of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, Pd/BCN exhibited high cycling stability and resistance to ionic interference. Moreover, the density functional theory calculations indicated that small and well-distributed Pd nanoclusters in the BCN matrix have a large active surface area and promote the catalytic process. This study provides a new strategy to design catalysts for green ammonia synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of composite household waste (CHW) was investigated at different temperatures in the range of 240–360 °C, residence times in the range of 30–90 min, and co-solvent ratios of 2–8 ml/g, by utilising ethanol, glycerol, and produced aqueous phase as liquefaction solvents. Maximum biocrude yield of 46.19% was obtained at 340 °C and 75 min, with aqueous phase recirculation ratio (RR) of 5 ml/g. The chemical solvents such as glycerol and ethanol yielded a biocrude percentage of 45.18% and 42.16% at a ratio of 6 ml/g and 8 ml/g, respectively, for 340 °C and 75 min. The usage of co-solvents as hydrothermal medium increased the biocrude yield by 35.30% and decreased the formation of solid residue and gaseous products by 19.82% and 18.74% respectively. Also, the solid residue and biocrude obtained from co-solvent HTL possessed higher carbon and hydrogen content, thus having a H/C ratio and HHV that is 1.01 and 1.23 times higher than that of water as hydrothermal medium. Among the co-solvents, HTL with aqueous phase recirculation resulted in higher carbon and energy recovery percentages of 9.36% and 9.78% for solid residue and 52.09% and 56.75% for biocrude respectively. Further qualitatively, co-solvent HTL in the presence of obtained aqueous phase yielded 33.43% higher fraction of hydrocarbons than the pure water HTL and 7.70–17.01% higher hydrocarbons when compared with ethanol and glycerol HTL respectively. Nitrogen containing compounds, such as phenols and furfurals, for biocrudes obtained from all HTL processes, were found to be present in the range of 8.30–14.40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a detailed overview of the synthesis and characterization of β-hydroxyhydrophosphonic acids and their derivatives. The traditional methods for synthesizing these compounds have limitations, and the article presents a new method that uses sodium hypophosphite as a green and cost-effective phosphorus source. The reaction is catalyzed by silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and demonstrates good efficiency and functional group compatibility. The document includes information on the chemical properties of various phosphinic acids, providing data such as NMR spectra, melting points, and yields for each compound. This information can be valuable for researchers studying these compounds and their properties. [Extracted from the article]