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Background: One of the causes of penile cancer in men and cervical cancer in women is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). An efficient way to prevent high risk HPV infection is by HPV vaccination. This study was conducted to assess knowledge and attitude towards human papillomavirus and its vaccination. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done among under graduate medical students. Total 428 students were voluntarily participated. Dichotomous (yes/no) items used to assess knowledge of the students towards human papillomavirus and its vaccination. The 3-point Likert scale (agree, uncertain, disagree) used to assess attitude towards HPV vaccination. Results: Most 71.49% of them knew that HPV infection may leads to carcinoma cervix whereas only 29.44% knew that HPV infection may leads to penile cancer. Most 76.63% of them agreed to recommend HPV vaccine for adolescent girls whereas only 36.68% agreed to recommend HPV vaccine for adolescent boys. Conclusions: According to the study, college students had knowledge towards HPV vaccination despite acceptance of HPV vaccination among students were very less. Medical students, can play a big role in giving advice on how to prevent HPV-related penile and cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND Lifestyle is a way of living which depends on geographical, cultural, social, economic, political, and religious characteristics. An individual’s lifestyle is defined by many factors such as his daily physical activities, diet, nutrition, stress, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, smoking, sleep etc. Disorder means disruption in the normal physical or mental functioning of body. Lifestyle disorders are disorders related with way one lives his life. Lifestyle disorders include cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, stroke, depression, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, and certain types of cancers like lung cancer, cervical cancer etc. Risk factors for lifestyle disorders are physical inactivity, excessive use of alcohol, smoking, wrong body posture, obesity, unhealthy diet. The focus of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices in the rural communities towards lifestyle disorders. METHODS This observational study was conducted among 394 participants aged between 20 and 45 years who were selected from Malkapur, Karad, through simple random sampling method. Out of 394 subjects, 181 were males and 213 were females. A structured questionnaire which involved 30 questions based on knowledge, attitude and practices regarding lifestyle disorders was used in this study. RESULTS In this study it was found that, out of 394 participants, 34 % (132) participants had good knowledge regarding lifestyle disorders, 18 % (70) participants had positive attitude towards lifestyle disorders and only 13 % (61) participants were actually practicing healthy habits (P-value = < 0.0001). After comparison between two age groups 20 - 32 years (181) and 33 – 45 years (213) it was indicated that there was significant association between the practice score with P-value of 0.0004 and chi square value of 15.45. CONCLUSIONS Above study concluded that the participants had adequate knowledge about lifestyle disorders, but they lacked positive attitude and healthy practices towards lifestyle disorders. KEY WORDS Lifestyle Disorders, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices

The need to develop new treatments to prevent unprompted premature delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy remains pressing and unmet. Bacteria (

Disturbances of the lipid metabolism in chickens infected with MDV contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. However, the role of lipid metabolism in MDV replication remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MDV infection activates FAS and induces LD formation. Moreover, our results demonstrate that MDV replication is highly dependent on the FAS pathway and the downstream metabolites. Finally, our results reveal that MDV also activates the COX-2/PGE2 pathway, which supports MDV replication by activating PGE2/EP2 and PGE2/EP4 signaling pathways., Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes deadly lymphoma and induces an imbalance of the lipid metabolism in infected chickens. Here, we discovered that MDV activates the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). In addition, MDV-infected cells contained high levels of fatty acids and showed increased numbers of lipid droplets (LDs). Chemical inhibitors of the FAS pathway (TOFA and C75) reduced MDV titers by approximately 30-fold. Addition of the downstream metabolites, including malonyl-coenzyme A and palmitic acid, completely restored the inhibitory effects of the FAS inhibitors. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that MDV infection activates the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, as evident by increased levels of arachidonic acid, COX-2 expression, and PGE2 synthesis. Inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway by chemical inhibitors or knockdown of COX2 using short hairpin RNA reduced MDV titers, suggesting that COX-2 promotes virus replication. Exogenous PGE2 completely restored the inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in MDV replication. Unexpectedly, exogenous PGE2 also partially rescued the inhibitory effects of FAS inhibitors on MDV replication, suggesting that there is a link between these two pathways in MDV infection. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the FAS and COX-2/PGE2 pathways play an important role in the replication of this deadly pathogen. IMPORTANCE Disturbances of the lipid metabolism in chickens infected with MDV contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. However, the role of lipid metabolism in MDV replication remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MDV infection activates FAS and induces LD formation. Moreover, our results demonstrate that MDV replication is highly dependent on the FAS pathway and the downstream metabolites. Finally, our results reveal that MDV also activates the COX-2/PGE2 pathway, which supports MDV replication by activating PGE2/EP2 and PGE2/EP4 signaling pathways.

An overview: Polymer Derived Ceramic (PDC) Coating on stainless steel, {"references":["Cao XQ, Vassen R, Stoever D. , J Eur Ceram Soc 2004;24:1–10.","Bach FW, Möhwald K, Laarmann A, Wenz T. Moderne Beschichtungsver-fahren , Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2005.","Greil P. Adv Eng Mater 2000;2(6):339–48."]}

Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury...

Drilling plays a very influential role in machining since more than 40% of material removal operations are associated with this type of action. Traditionally, it generates high temperature during drilling operation. Therefore, the drilling tool becomes dull and leads to a limited service life. Moreover, the workpiece materials have been hardened during drilling operation which makes the post operation troublesome. Also, the chips adhered to the exit of a drilled hole destruction the surface quality and deteriorates the drilling precision. To eliminate this difficulty form drilling established. Form drilling, also known as ג€œthermal drillingג€, ג€œflow drillingג€, ג€œfriction drillingג€, or ג€œfriction stir drillingג€, is the best result to the aforementioned difficulty. Form drilling is a non-traditional hole making operation. A rotating conical tool is appeal to penetrate a hole and create a bushing in a single step without initiating chip. The form drilling process relies on the heat initiated from the frictional force between the tool and sheet metal workpiece to soften, penetrate, and deform the work-material into a bushing. The present review focus on a complete explanation of the influence of various drilling process parameters of form drill tool on different work material in form drilling process., International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (An International Open Access Journal) ISSN: 2349-5162 | Impact Factor: 5.87 JETIREXPLORE- Search Thousands of research papers Custom Search search

Central nervous system (CNS) of gastropods is extensively studied for its pathology and immunocytology; there is scanty information on histochemical alterations in neuronal cells due to heavy metal. This study was designed to investigate histochemical alterations in cerebral neurons of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis after intoxication with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). As per chemical components cerebral ganglia of Bellamya bengalensis showed three different zones, namely, periganglionic connective tissue sheath, interperikaryonal space, and neuropil. After intoxication, increased acidic content in extracellular matrix (ECM) of neuronal cells was found. These alterations were directly proportional to time of exposure period. From results, HgCl2 proved its highly toxic nature over chemical composition of cerebral neuronal cells of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis compared to ZnCl2 intoxication.

Mercuric (Hg) and zinc (Zn) chloride toxicity was investigated in cerebroneuronal cells and gills of Bellamya bengalensis using sublethal concentrations under lab conditions. Freshwater snail B. bengalensis was exposed to mean LC50 concentration (1.56 ppm and 12.7 ppm) of Hg and Zn chloride, respectively. Bioaccumulation of Hg and Zn was observed in nervous and gill tissue in proportion to the time of exposure. Respiratory mechanisms and rate of oxygen consumption was depleted by both metals. Histopathological alterations in cerebro neuronal cells (giant, large, medium, and small) and gill filamental epithelia were apparent in Hg and Zn-exposed snails. Histopathology demonstrated increased cytoplasmic basophilia, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, karyolitic and eccentric nuclei, nuclear envelope with irregular size, and shrunken appearance of cerebroneuronal cells. Histologically, gill filamental epithelia showed hypertrophy, enlarged ciliated margins reduced length of cilia, nuclear dilations, thic...

Carbohydrate polymers with acid-base properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) have a critical impact on guidance, migration and synaptic transmission. The present study showed acid-base properties of ECM stained with histochemical techniques. The central nervous system (CNS) of mature terrestrial slug Semperula maculata and freshwater bivalve Lamellidens corrianus was selected to visualize sulphated and carboxylic strong acid groups. Protein and carbohydrate molecules were found scattered in three different regions, viz. periganglionic sheath, along with the basement lamina, interperikaryal space including the perineuronal net, and neuropil, in both the molluscan species. Sulphated proteoglycans were abundant in periganglionic sheath of S. maculata and also occurred in the neuropil of L. corrianus. The interperikaryal space contained carboxyl groups along with hyaluronic acid, and neuropil contained abundant glycogen moiety in both species. Comparing the SDS-PAGE of the neural tissue extracts revealed protein molecules that were found in the same fraction. The ECM of neuronal cells from S. maculata and L. corrianus presented different kinds of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which showed its morphological as well as habitual differentiation.

Although the central nervous system (CNS) of gastropods has been used as a model for studying neurocommunications and related immunohistochemical studies, there is scanty information on histochemical alterations in neuronal cells due to metal pollution. This study was designed to investigate neuronal alterations in cerebral ganglia intoxicated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2)in terrestrial gastropods slug S. maculata. Histochemically acidic and neutral mucosubstances of neuronal cells were found directly proportional to exposure duration. The glycogen moiety in the neuronal cells was significantly decreased. Hyperplasia was found to be significant in neuronal cell with increased nuclear diameter. Histomorphological and neurochemical alterations were more prominent following HgCl2 than CdCl2 intoxication.

We measured the immunoreactivity of the neuropeptide gastrin cholecystokinin 8 (gastrin/CCK 8) in neurons of the terrestrial slug Semperula maculata following acute treatment with mercuric chloride (HgCl2). The distribution of gastrin/CCK 8 was analyzed in neurons of different regions, specifically from cerebral ganglia (procerebrum (pro-c), mesocerebrum (meso-c) and metacerebrum (meta-c). In the control group, neurons of pedal, pleural, parietal and visceral ganglia showed positive immunoreactivity using vertebrate antiserum against gastrin/CCK 8. Gastrin/CCK 8 immunoreactivity was also seen in the fibers and neuropil region of all ganglia. In the cerebral ganglion, 10, 12 and 8 % of the neurons from pro-c, meso-c and meta-c, respectively, were stained with the antibody. The immunostaining was increased in neurons (giant, large, medium and small) after HgCl2 treatment. The treatment greatly increased the mucin content within the neurons. Exposure to HgCl2 enhanced gastrin immunoreactivity in the neurons and this increased with time. Results are discussed in the context of neuropathology in cerebral ganglia associated with the feeding behavior of Semperula maculata.