Search

A voltage sag is a major power quality problem at any load location, mainly due to short circuit faults. Its effects are especially clear in the industrial sector because they lead to direct financial losses. The first and most important step to getting rid of or at least reducing voltage sag is to find the places in the network where it can happen. So, this article discusses a creative way to find the weak spots in a network where the voltage is more likely to drop. This innovative strategy is based on correlation and a stochastic normal probability distribution. The voltage sag is evaluated using an analytical method. The method simulates the number, type, and location of faults randomly throughout the system. After gathering voltage dip data, it is analyzed using normal probability distribution and correlation concepts. The correlation concept provides the relationship between the sag frequency and other parameters, and the sag occurrence area was indicated by the normal probability distribution. After that, the region of vulnerability (ROV) is developed using the ROV flow chart. This paper uses an IEEE 30-bus RTS system as a case study to demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested strategy using MATLAB software.

The urban and suburban advancement has increased the consumption of energy per capita gradually. Electrical distribution companies have expanded their network to cater to the demand, making the system more vulnerable to low probability high impact events. The extreme events occurred in last five year had shown us complete to partial blackout, which calls for resiliency enhancement. The presented study concentrates on the Dehradun, India, which listed as the most earthquake-prone region by Union Nations Development Programme. Hence, this paper proposes three main strategies to make a resilient distribution grid against an earthquake; (i) Hardening approach at grid side and demand side against earthquake disaster (ii) Monte-Carlo methodology for earthquake hazard model (iii) K-means algorithm with clustering quality index to identify the multiple vulnerable zones. Grid side hardening is performed using the optimal unit placement of the Solar PV plant (SPP) with storage and parallel cables with sectionalizers. For demand-side hardening, electric vehicles are considered storage after an event, duly taking their future growth rate into account. Furthermore, a Mixed Integer non-linear problem is formulated to identify the optimal sizing and sitting of SPP with storage. The proposed methodology is developed and applied to the distribution system (156-bus) of Dehradun, India.

The objective of this research is to design a higher order Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and investigation of its implication on power system stability improvement. The theory of Super-Twisting–Sliding-Mode-Control (STSMC) is applied to determine the nonlinear control law of a STATCOM. The STSMC based control combines 2-sliding control and Robust Exact Differentiator (RED) which can efficiently mitigate the effect of external disturbance to the system The purpose of the application of the STSMC based control method is that it not only solves the chattering problem of classical SMC but also the derived control law is independent of system parameters. The efficacy of the design of the proposed STATCOM controller has been investigated in comparison to both the nonlinear (via exact linearization) and conventional (via approximate linearization) Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) based STATCOM controller. An IEEE type 14 bus multi-machine system has been taken into consideration to study the simulation results with regard to the transient stability improvement in multiple operating scenarios. It has been revealed from the simulation results that the proposed control scheme based on STSMC is more effective with respect to both the exact linearization based as well as approximately linearization based approach for the design of STATCOM controller. Furthermore, it has been abstracted that the STSMC based nonlinear STATCOM controller is competent to mitigate the dynamic instability of an electric power system even under contingency and different loading conditions.

Transformer is the most important part of any transmission system, so it is necessary to have the transformer in proper working order for uninterrupted power supply in the various locations in around the substations. Renewable energy replaces the conventional energy sources at the fast rate in various parts of the world. Due to high penetration of renewable energy, the installed transformers have observational impact on their insulation, leading to degradation of transformer life. This paper presents a case study of Gujarat solar power plant to find the impact of photovoltaic (PV) penetration on transformer performance in the time span of 1 year. A PV plant has various impacts on performance parameters of transformers. The working of on-load tap changer is also affected by the presence of PV. The main cause behind the altered performance of transformer in the presence of solar panel is its associated inverters that are used to supply linear loads. A higher temperature rise will occur in the windings and cores of the transformer due to voltage and current harmonics, resulting in extra losses. This paper presents the cumulative effect of solar plant on the transformer working during a period of 1 year and finds both negative and positive impact on transformer parameters.

India achieved a significant milestone by enabling electric access to all villages in April 2018. More importantly, the focus is now on stable and regular electric supply. Government of India’s var...

In the present-day scenario of the scarcity of freshwater, the rainwater harvesting system is one of the most feasible and viable options to overcome the crisis. In this study, a filtration system has been proposed using pulsed corona discharge technique. At the time of water purification with the help of pulsed corona discharge (PCD) technique, the water is allowed to run into a reactor where the atmospheric air or oxygen is available, and simultaneously, a short duration high voltage pulse creates a corona discharge. This process can be used to degrade dissolved chemical compounds and biological cells in water. The primary product is ozone by which the electrical discharge over the water surface occurs in the oxygen environment or in the air. When the electrical discharge occurs near the water surface, it forms OH· and O· radicals. The reaction product of OH· and O· radicals (\({\text{O}}_{3} , {\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{2}\)) created in the liquid–gas interface or in the gas phase can dissolve into the water, which helps to degrade the organic compound via an oxidation process. After purification, the water passes through a pH meter to verify whether the water is drinkable or not. The present work deals with a noble proposal to implement the use of PCD, and it endeavors to develop a solar PV-fed filtration system for off-grid application.

The energy demands of human being are met by the conventional energy resources, which are expected to exhaust in the future. The conventional resources are also a big cause of climate change and carbon emission. The renewable energy has become alternative of fossil fuels across the globe for growing energy demands. The renewable energy resources have considerable problem of fickleness and unpredictable nature. The possible solution of this issue is the hybridization of multiple sustainable resources. The most reliable sustainable sources are solar energy and wind energy. The characteristics of both the sources are weather dependent. The hybridization of both sustainable resources has increased the system reliability and reduces the cost of energy generation with the storage devices. The stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system is designed for remote places or off-grid systems. To enhance the performance of stand-alone solar photovoltaics (PV)/wind hybrid system, various sizing and optimization techniques are used. The entire phenomenon of improvement is based on the optimization of objective functions, reliability constraints, and minimization of the aggregate cost function. This work presents the necessary aspects considered for the controlling and modeling of stand-alone solar PV/wind hybrid systems. In this work, several methodologies and criteria for the optimization of the solar PV/wind hybrid renewable systems are also discussed. It is clearly observed that the future of solar PV/wind hybrid system is very bright. The promotional activities and support from the regional authorities are highly required.

Present work deals with the design of a wireless charging unit for electric vehicles. The design is predominantly concentrated on LCL topology for transmission side and dynamic LCL or series (S)-based switching topology for (vehicle side) receiver unit. This charging unit can charge the electric vehicle in both constant current and constant voltage charging modes. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique-based inverter unit is integrated, and resonant compensation network is optimally designed for wireless power transmission. This work is specified for coupling between two different-sized highly inductive coils in transmission and receiving sides to compensate misalignment between coils due to parking error which degrades the efficiency of charging. Moreover, the system can transfer a variable amount of power efficiently up to several kilowatts. Finally, the designed wireless charging system is simulated and tested. The simulated results manifest the specified characteristics and objectives are partially correlated well with theoretical explanations.

The output of solar photovoltaic (SPV) array mainly depends on solar radiation received on the surface of the array and the temperature of the cell. Both radiation and temperature vary throughout the day. Therefore, performance analysis of the SPV system is very essential for technical and economical point of view. This paper evaluates the performance indices of 1 kW SPV system for the rural area. A simulation model has been developed for evaluating cell temperature, power output, DC energy, AC energy, energy yield (reference yield, array yield and final yield), losses (array capture loss and system loss), performance ratio and capacity factors based on climatological data as per IEC 61724 guidelines. The annual averaged value of performance ratio and capacity factor has been found as 67.5% and 13.8% for Ramnagar block of West Champaran district, Bihar.

The adoption of an efficient approach for tuning inertia weight is one of the most effective methods of improving the performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO). Recently, the introduction of the modulation index in the nonlinearly decreasing inertia weight enhances the convergence characteristics of PSO. Economic load dispatch (ELD) is a famous optimization problem, and it is effectively solved by PSO with certain advantages. In this paper, influences of modulation index on PSO have been presented for ELD problem of IEEE 5, 14, and 30 bus systems. The minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation of generation cost, average power loss, average iteration, and average computational time of 20 trial runs for ten different values of modulation index are computed using MATLAB program. The simulation results conclude that the value of modulation index 0.8, 0.4, and 1.8 provides high-quality solutions for IEEE 5, 14, and 30 bus systems, respectively.

The energy requirement of the global community is changing briskly based on globalization, smart-grid technologies, and protocol to curtail the number of localities with no access to electricity. The people concern about renewable energy demand has enhanced distribution generation to be treated as a promising alternative to the global power requirement based on the enhancement of energy efficiency, energy security, power tariff reduction, mitigation of greenhouse emissions, and low operation and maintenance cost. The fast-growing population, coupled with the speedy expansion of the world economy, has compelled many sectors to add renewable distributed energy resources into their systems. Due to this, the integration of renewable distributed energy resources, especially solar and wind, will take an enthusiastic measure in the optimized operation of the renewable integrated power system. The decentralized operational deployment of nonconventional energy sources like solar wind will act as a catalyst to overcome several global issues like ozone layer depletion and global warming. The importance and tendency of every component of solar and wind energized distribution generation, along with its hybrid strategy, has been presented in this chapter.

Energy has been considered to be an essential requirement for the development of human civilization from ancient times. Presently, most of the energy resources are fossil fuel-based. However, the rapid rate of fossil fuel utilization has become a threat to developing nations because of their limited availability and negative environmental impacts. The only available solution for these problems is in the form of renewable energy resources. These resources are not used to a great extent due to the low efficiency and heavy capital investments required initially. This paper presents a composite study based on the observation of regional grids, a brief comparison has been given between the estimated and the installed capacity renewable resources. This study focuses on the SPV/wind hybrid system in remote rural areas of northern India. A factual discussion is given for the feasibility of SPV/wind hybrid system in rural India. It is expected that the rural electrification and future demand for electrical energy can be satisfied by SPV/wind hybrid system in standalone and grid-connected mode.

This chapter focuses on the feasibility analysis and different challenges toward deployment of renewable energy to achieve global sustainability. The analysis emphasizes that the technological advancement, cost, and efficiency are the basic elements for mass adaptation of renewable energy. At the same time, huge available resources, favorable economies, and large social-economic benefits attract major parts of the globe toward the transition from conventional to renewable energy. The proposed chapter also indicates the major options and barriers toward the deployment of different renewable energies in India, which will act as a catalyst to achieve the India's dream renewable energy target of 175 GW by 2022. In the current era of modern technologies, highly CO2 releasing countries like India and China demand a wide range of renewable energy integration into their power generation portfolios to meet the requirements of global sustainability. Therefore, the proposed chapter will also provide a strong base of energy security for upcoming generations.

The conventional resources are causing extreme pollution in the earth's atmosphere. Natural reserves like coal, radioactive materials etc. may come to end soon. To overcome these problems, possible enduring action is necessary to fulfil the global energy demand and sustainable development. Therefore, it is required to switch towards non- conventional energy resources like solar and wind energy for the accomplishment of energy needs. In this paper modelling and simulation for Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) using maximum power tracking (MPPT) is proposed This system is introduced to enhance power transferability to the load in different atmospheric conditions. The HRES containing two distributed energy resources namely photovoltaic energy and wind energy conversion system (WCES) is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink at various environmental conditions for various loads. The results observed by various test cases ensure that the proposed control system is efficient and capable to maintain the power transfer among the hybrid renewable energy system.

In the distribution and sub-transmission system, the main power quality challenge is voltage sag. To counteract it, diverse solutions have been searched to compensate it so that financial losses in the industries can be minimized. To avoid such type of negative impact in sensitive loads where commercial factories are connected, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) have been used. The DVR works in a series reactive power compensation principle and is located in series with the load bus and retains the capability to produce counter action quickly in opposition to the voltage sag. This paper explained series reactive power injection using photovoltaic (PV) based DVR. The recommended approach is to develop an analytical aspect which is tested in a real-time Barrak Valley sub-transmission/distribution power system to validate this approach. Some percentage of voltage sag can be exterminated by supplying reactive power. The proposed scheme of DVR incorporates a PV system connected to the DC-DC-AC converter.

Day by day, the exponential growth in the electricity demand is being seen, while the resources of fossil fuel are decreasing. The limited resources of fossil fuel force the world to use renewable energy. The renewable resources are characterized by a source of clean/green energy, omnipresent, freely available. Even though the renewables have strong potential to meet the future electricity demand; it only contributes approximately 24% to the world electricity generation. India has a strong potential of the possibility of roughly 1001 GW of power generations from renewable energy, but nearly 69 GW of power have been installed presently. This scenario reveals that there is a need for development in renewable technologies. In this direction, India has set the target of 175 GW of power generations from the renewable resources by the year 2022. The addition and expansion of the renewable energies experience some barriers in the present situation. The present article concentrates on the identification and addressing of barriers toward the renewable developments and recommendations proposed to overcome these barriers. The current energy scenario of India and estimated potential and future targets of the renewable energies have also been presented.

Electrical energy becomes necessary for human being. Generation of electrical energy mostly depends on fossils fuel, they are limited in nature and also responsible for environmental pollution. Renewable energy resources provides a better alternative for future,In comparison to conventional energy resources economical aspect is a major issue of renewable energy sources with the feasibility and efficiency. These limitations are tried to overcome by deployment hybrid renewable energy resources. There are certain criteria to analyze and implement the sized, optimized and cost efficient system. This paper focus on hybrid energy systems based on solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind resources. This paper shed lights on various parameters of economic feasibility, sizing strategies with logical advancements to enhance their utilization, future prospects, and their arrangement. Strategies to develop an effective storage system is also presented here.A brief review on developments in optimization techniques, reliability index and cost analyzing techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems are also presented.

In this paper a novel non-linear control scheme for Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs) has been presented to analyze transient stability of a multimachine power system. The non-linear control strategy of the TCSC controller has been formulated by the Zero dynamic design approach. A WSCC type 3-machine 9-bus system has been considered for test system where two numbers of TCSC controllers are placed near the highest load bus in the network. The dynamic stability of the system has been achieved by investigating the stability of the internal states as well as the external states of the system. The stability of the internal states has been ensured by the Lyapunov stability theorem and the external states has been stabilized applying non-linear control law formulated by the zero dynamic design approach. The performance of the non-linear TCSC controller has been compared with its conventional design based on approximate linearization method. The effect of various operating points of non-linear TCSC controller has also been investigated for different loading conditions. The applicability of the above nonlinear control scheme is further demonstrated for a large power system comprising 14-areas, 24-machines and 203-buses. The simulation results for all the cases have been presented through time domain simulation of the proposed test systems with application of typical contingency and different loading conditions. It has been observed that the non-linear control scheme for the TCSC controller is more effective compared to its conventional design as well as its performance is quite satisfactory for different loading conditions in mitigating transient stability of a multimachine power system.

The array of photovoltaic cells converts solar power into electricity and generate a clean and renewable source of energy. For them to be efficient, they must constantly generate the maximum possible power under various environmental conditions. This is the well-known problem of tracking Maximum Power Point (MPP). The classical methods fall short as they are not able to cope with the changing environmental conditions. This work aims to track MPPT by employing Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) with a fuzzy reward mechanism introduced for better translation of continuous space into various levels of abstraction. The author simulates a model of a PV array connected to a variable load. The introduction of RL has provided an advantage as employing a Deep-Q learning algorithm makes the structure a model-free and thereby eliminates the various modeling parameters with their effect on the design. The designed setup renders 2.8 W of power under the maximum load conditions and has been able to track the maximum power under the different varying conditions of temperature and irradiations.

The present work intends to develop a rural hybrid renewable energy system and examines the techno-financial, and social viability of the same system for rural sites in northern India. This work analyses the performance of Solar Photovoltaic-Wind hybrid renewable energy system for a residential load demand of 51.54 kWh/day with 11.51 kW peak in standalone application. In this paper, a nine parameter based multi-target optimization and sizing scheme is executed by HOMER PRO software. This work sequentially addresses the techno-economic and socio-environmental indicators for optimization analysis. The specification of technical and financial fields are availed from the Indian local market. Seven feasible combinations of different resources are analysed for designing parameters and the optimized combination is selected by multi criteria analysis. The solar Photovoltaic-wind-diesel generator-battery storage is found best combination for consistent power supply. The net present cost and cost of energy are obtained as $ 0.179 and $31,439 respectively. Sensitivity analysis is performed for macro-economic factors and components cost to obtain better opportunity. Moreover, the technical and commercial viability of the proposed system is assured by robustness check for satisfying the consumer demand.

This paper exclusively investigates techno-economic performance of solar photo-voltaic (SPV)/diesel generator (DG) hybrid system using four different battery energy storage (BES) technologies namely lead acid battery, lithium ion battery, vanadium redox battery, and zinc bromine flow (ZBF) for the isolated Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands of India. The analysis has been performed using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software at Baratang and Minicoy islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep, respectively, in which SPV/DG/ZBF hybrid system (20 kW SPV, 7 kW DG, 100 kWh ZBF batteries and 20 kW converter) found to be most techno-economic viable optimized solution for both locations. The net present cost, levelized cost of energy, and operating cost of this configuration are found to be $23927.21, $0.167/kWh and $338.20, respectively, for Baratang island; and $22366.64, $0.155/kWh and $217.49, respectively, for Minicoy island. Using this system as baseline configuration, analysis was extended to different BES technologies to evaluate the performance parameters like system cost, return of investment, simple payback period, energy produced, pollutant emissions, renewable penetration etc. The effectiveness of the ZBF technology is justified with the obtained results which show highest value of return of investment and renewable penetration with lowest simple payback period and pollutant emission. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the system was performed using a unique three-dimensional approach.

Synchronization in the energy generated by renewable energy sources is one of the significant issue associated with the converter used in the system module. The presented paper concentrates on the design aspect of a PV and wind power input to a DC-DC converter which can be practically useful in hybrid renewable energy power systems. In this regard, the proposed converter can be utilized to obtain a smooth regulated output voltage from the given input renewable energy power sources. The proposed converter can be efficiently work under critical conditions having very few ripple in current waveform of input or output. A major advantage with this type of converter is the simple circuit with respect to the conventional converters in some critical situations. At the end, the result based on the simulation exercise and various experiments, performance of the converter in different situations is presented so that the efficiency of the designed converter arrangement is accepted.

A novel circuit topology of modified switched boost high frequency hybrid resonant inverter fitted induction heating equipment is presented in this paper for efficient induction heating. Recently, induction heating technique is becoming very popular for both domestic and industrial purposes because of its high energy efficiency and controllability. Generally in induction heating, a high frequency alternating magnetic field is required to induce the eddy currents in the work piece. High frequency resonant inverters are incorporated in induction heating equipment which produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field surrounding the coil. Previously this high frequency alternating magnetic field was produced by voltage source inverters. But VSIs have several demerits. So, in this paper, a new scheme of modified switched boost high frequency hybrid resonant inverter fitted induction heating equipment has been depicted which enhances the energy efficiency and controllability and the same is validated by PSIM.

The Photovoltaic power generation has been found to be most promising in distributed generation among the various non-conventional energy sources. Photovoltaic cell produces de power which is suitable for dc loads, to use this power for ac loads an inverter becomes necessity for photovoltaic cells. In case of conventional inverter a filter becomes necessary component; consequently increases the installation cost and adds complexity to the system. A cascaded H-bridge multi level inverter (MLI) has been found as a better alternative. This paper presents a photovoltaic system to drive three-phase induction motor using cascaded H-bridge MLI. For balancing the dc-bus (link) capacitor voltage individual maximum power point tracker (MPPT) control method has been adopted. The whole system is validated by analyzing the performance of three-phase induction motor.

The energy industry is extensively using the photovoltaic generators. The output of the panels during day time depends on various parameters solar irradiation, temperature, wind speed, humidity, fog and dust deposition, etc. In the outdoor photovoltaic generators under the natural weather conditions, the deposition of dust particles and pollutants reduce the energy efficiency. The deposition rate of dust particles are highly dependent on characteristics of the aerosol, humidity, wind direction, geographical location, tilt angle and cleaning time of panel. The dust density keep on increasing with the exposure time if cleaning is not done regularly. The dust covering the solar cell glaze leads to the degradation in the light beam optical transmittance, which causes the shadowing effect and reduction in the energy conversion efficiency. In the paper, particles with different dust densities are considered and reduction in the optical transmittance recorded experimentally and mathematically. In the study, dust particles of 4.2 to 1.4micrometer size are considered at different density level from 2g/m2 to 40g/m2. The paper provides the estimate of the number of particles present during different dust densities responsible for the optical transmittance loss. The results show that the transmittance is linearly decreasing in the initial dust densities, but after 20g/m2 the reduction is exponential and is followed by the saturation in transmittance. The result shows that the radius and density of the dust particles has a significant impact on the light beam transmittance.

The modern epoch of our existing generation witnesses an increased demand of electrical load in our diurnal lives. But this growing demand has caused a dearth of conventional resources utilized for the generation of electricity and as a consequence there has been a considerable rise in the electricity price and frequency of blackouts and cuts have increased substantially. Green Energy is an alternative form of energy among which Solar Energy is one such prevalent energy resource. A Solar Photovoltaic module is utilized to convert the solar energy into electrical energy without any increase in the pollution level. But the integration of this Solar PV system directly with the load won't give an optimum utilization of the energy. Thus it requires several electronics interface concerted with a separate battery energy system in between the source and the load to efficiently supply the load requirement at the customer's end. The PV system can be realized in a micro grid interface where the distributed generators, energy sources, energy storage devices and loads can operate as a single and independent controllable system. This entire system can be made to work in both islanded and grid connected modes. This paper focuses on the optimal energy management system for maximum utilization of the solar energy while being connected in either of the modes. The grid interfacing is done in such a way as to provide the required load in an efficient manner. The system is analyzed under different conditions like when the Solar energy is received in full radiations and the load requirement is varied below or above the base load demand. The battery system is incorporated to produce the extra load required during the islanded condition depending on its State of Charge. A particular battery control has been implemented in this case for the battery scheduling process which accordingly determines the charging and discharging of the battery. A flowchart has been developed and the model is tested and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK under different load conditions for different cases.