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Background: The popularity of noninvasive botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) injections for masseter muscle hypertrophy is increasing among Asian individuals with a square‐shaped lower face. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the adverse events (AEs) caused by BTX‐A injections into the masseter muscle. Patients/Methods: This observational study retrospectively evaluated 46 250 patients who underwent BTX‐A injections into the masseter muscle in 2022. The inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of an AE by the physician at the return visit and subsequent follow‐up of progress (n = 223). The patients who were lost to follow‐up (n = 40) were excluded from the study. Results: Among the 223 patients with AEs, the most common AE was paradoxical bulging (88.3%, n = 197/223). The average period from treatment until confirmation of improvement was 159.6 ± 113.6 days (range 13–667 days) for all AEs, all of which were temporary. The period until improvement was 166.1 days in the intervention group (n = 122) and 151.9 days in the observation group (n = 101) (p = 0.24). As the period until improvement of AEs included the period until the patients visited the clinics and the improvements were confirmed by physicians, the actual period was likely to have been shorter. Conclusions: (1) All AEs were temporary. (2) All AEs improved within 22.2 months (within 5.3 ± 3.8 months on average). (3) There was no significant difference between the intervention and observation groups in the period until the improvement of AEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of raw rice bran supplementation on in vitro rumen methane production, short-chain fatty acid ( SCFA) production and profile, and the population density of methanogenic archaea was studied using batch cultures of rumen fluid. The experimental batch culture conditions were as follows: a control group containing a substrate without supplements; substrates supplemented with 5, 10 or 15% raw rice bran; and a culture treated with an antimethanogenic agent, bromoethanesulfonate ( BES), as a positive control. The methanogen population density in the cultures was determined by methanogen-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) assay. The BES treatment completely inhibited methane production. Supplementation with 10% raw rice bran inhibited methane production by 18% after a 24-h incubation ( P > 0.05). No significant difference in total SCFA levels was observed between all the treatments, although the SCFA profiles were altered. Whereas the proportion of butyrate increased significantly, the proportion of propionate decreased significantly in the 10% rice bran treatment ( P < 0.05). Only 10% raw rice bran supplementation significantly reduced the methanogen population density by 25% compared with the control after the 24-h incubation ( P < 0.05). The results showed that supplementing the substrate with 10% raw rice bran affects SCFA profiles and methanogen population density in rumen fermentation in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]