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Summary An outbreak, characterised by fever, arthralgia and myalgia, in Male and other islands of the Maldives began in December 2006. The illness was suspected as being due to chikungunya virus based on clinical symptoms and the prevailing chikungunya epidemic in the Indian Ocean region. The Department of Public Health initiated an investigation and collected blood samples from 67 patients; 21% were IgM-positive for chikungunya and 96% were PCR-positive. Six percent were positive for dengue by enzyme immunosorbent assay and 4% had evidence of dual infection. This is the first time that chikungunya fever has been confirmed in the Maldives. A total of 11 879 suspected and confirmed cases affecting 61% of inhabited islands (attack rate ranging from 0% to 72% on individual islands) were reported by the end of the epidemic in April 2007.

Dengue fever emerged in Bangladesh in 2000. We tested 225 serum and plasma samples from febrile patients and 184 blood donors in 1996 and 1997 for dengue antibodies; 55 (24.4%) febrile patients had dengue antibodies (65.5% with secondary infection pattern), compared with one (0.54%) donor (p < 0.001), suggesting that dengue transmission was ongoing well before 1996.

To the Editor: Nepal is situated on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, surrounded by India on 3 sides and China to the north. Nepal’s altitude ranges from 8,848 m in the Himalayas to 90 m in the Terai, the southern, low, flatland bordering India. Nepal is a disease-endemic area for many vector-borne diseases, including malaria, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. Because of the porous border between Nepal and India, social, cultural, and economic activities in cross-border areas are common. Dengue is an emerging disease in Nepal; presumably transmission is moving north from India into the Terai (1–5). The first report of dengue virus isolation or RNA (serotype 2 with nucleotide homology closest to a dengue virus type 2 isolate from India) was in 2008 involving a Japanese patient returning from Nepal in October 2004 (5). Entomologic investigations from the 1980s showed Aedes albopictus in the Terai plains, but Ae. aegypti has not been previously reported. After Indian outbreaks now known to include all 4 dengue serotypes (6), a team from the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, investigated suspected cases of dengue fever during September–October 2006 in Banke, the district bordering Uttar Pradesh, India. The team collected blood samples from persons in Banke and, subsequently, from persons in a number of other districts and sent them to the National Public Health Laboratory in Kathmandu or the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand for analysis with ELISA, reverse transcription–PCR, (RT-PCR), or both. Case definitions for dengue fever were adopted based on World Health Organization guidelines (7). Blood samples were obtained from patients with an acute febrile illness of 2–7 days’ duration and with >2 of the following manifestations: headache, retro-orbital pain, muscular or joint pain, and rash. If laboratory tests were positive, cases were confirmed. Results were confirmed by ELISA performed at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences as previously described (8). Positive results were immunoglobulin (Ig) M >40 units or IgG >100 units. RT-PCR was performed by extracting RNA from 140 μL of each serum sample using QIAGEN Viral RNA Extraction Kit per manufacturer’s instructions (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD, USA). RT-PCR and nested PCR were conducted according to the Lanciotti protocol (9) with the following modifications. Reverse transcriptase from avian myeloblastosis virus (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was used in the first round RT-PCR. The concentrations of the primers used in the RT-PCR and nested reactions were reduced from 50 pmol to 12.5 pmol per reaction, and the number of nested PCR amplification cycles was increased to 25. Serum specimens were obtained from 70 suspected case-patients from 16 districts from October 13 through December 3, 2006; 25 confirmed cases (13 by ELISA, 10 by RT-PCR, and 2 by both tests) came from 9 districts (Table). The average age was 29 years (range 5–65 years); 80% of the case-patients were men. Three patients had a history of travel to India, but clusters of dengue fever cases reported in October (Banke and Dang districts) indicated local transmission was occurring among patients with no travel history. The Terai districts accounted for 80% of cases. Entomologic collections done indoors and outside at 5 different sites reporting suspected cases identified Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in all 5 districts. Table Dengue laboratory test results, National Public Health Laboratory, Nepal, and AFRIMS, Bangkok, 2006* These clinical and laboratory test results confirmed the presence of all 4 dengue serotypes. Notably, patients from the Dang district had no travel history outside the Dang valley. Because Aedes spp. have been identified in Dang, the data strongly suggest the existence of an endemic cycle of dengue. Underreporting is expected in the absence of diagnostic facilities at the field level. It is unclear whether the predominance of male patients is indicative of greater outdoor as opposed to indoor transmission. Of note, Ae. albopictus has been found in the country since the 1980s; in this study, we found Ae. aegypti in Nepal. Men typically wear short-sleeved clothes due to hot and humid conditions and, therefore, are frequently exposed to mosquito bites. However, men may also access the healthcare system more frequently. The ages of case-patients point to a relative lack of dengue immunity among the older population, and this finding is consistent with a new introduction of dengue. Because dengue hemorrhagic fever appears when >1 serotype becomes endemic to an area (10), the presence of all 4 serotypes portends the emergence of more severe dengue disease in Nepal.