Search

Exposure to different types of stress is one of the significant risk factors in the emergence of clinically diagnosable depression. Studies are considerably less correlating the effect of stress on glial cell astrocytes, cognitive functions and behavioral analysis. The present study was aimed to. correlate the effect of chronic unpredictable stress on astrocytes in the hippocampus, cognitive functions and behavioral analysis. Adult Wistar albino rats were divided into Control group and stressed group (n=6 in each group). The rat were exposed to chronic unpredictable stressors for 15 consecutive days. On 15th day, the cognitive functions and the behavioral analysis was done. The animals were anesthetized and hippocampus was dissected and the astrocyte count was done using immunostaining method. The astrocyte count significantly (p

Lesions of the mesentery encompass a wide variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities. Being a metabolically active tissue, it is often subject to trauma and ischemia, which in turn can give rise to encapsulated masses. Encapsulated fat necrosis is one such nodular lesion which is often encountered by radiologists. It presents clinically with nonspecific abdominal symptoms, and many a times is discovered incidentally when imaging is done for other obvious pathologies. Though the lesion is known to shrink over time, surgical resection is often done to rule out other mimics, liposarcoma being the closest. Encapsulated mesenteric fat necrosis is a rare lesion and more so uncommonly found in association with pregnancy. Vascular hypoperfusion can be one of the hypotheses, although fetal role cannot be ruled out, especially in obese gravid females. We wish to document one such lesion detected intraoperatively, picked up incidentally suspecting to be a mesenteric cyst in a gravid obese female without history of trauma or predisposing factors, who underwent caesarian section at an institute in rural set up. The case also describes histopathological features of this interesting lesion for the pathologists.

The effect of position of benzo group in coumarin derivatives, 5,6 benzo-4-azidomethyl coumarin (5BAMC) and 7,8 benzo-4-azidomethyl coumarin (7BAMC) during their interaction with TiO2 nanoparticles in ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, butan-1-ol and acetonitrile solvents has been studied using different spectroscopic methods and electrochemical analysis. Benesi-Hildebrand plots indicate that nature of interaction between 7BAMC and TiO2 is 1:2 in solvent with low dielectric constant whereas for 5BAMC and TiO2, it is 1:1 in all the solvents. From the fluorescence quenching study and binding equilibria analysis, it is observed that interaction between 5BAMC and TiO2 depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Time resolved quenching study reveals that quenching is dynamic for 5BAMC in solvent with high dielectric constant. Whereas for 7BAMC, it is dynamic in solvent with low dielectric constant. Hence the nature of interaction of these two coumarin derivatives with TiO2 NPs is different. From electrochemical analysis, it is observed that, free energy change for electron transfer is more negative for 5BAMC-TiO2 compared to 7BAMC-TiO2 therefore quenching is more efficient for 5BAMC-TiO2 compared to 7BAMC-TiO2 system, which is also confirmed from fluorescence quenching studies. Non-radiative energy transfer rate is more than radiative energy transfer rate for both the systems according to FRET study.

The effect of position of benzo group in coumarin derivatives, 5,6 benzo-4-azidomethyl coumarin (5BAMC) and 7,8 benzo-4-azidomethyl coumarin (7BAMC) during their interaction with TiO

A laryngoscopically benign lesion with minimal hoarseness may turn out to be mimickers of malignancy or malignancy itself. Histopathological study is mandatory in such cases to rule out malignancy. A descriptive study of histopathological and laryngoscopic findings of benign laryngeal lesions were studies over a period of 4.5 years. Among the thirty-six patients studied, the mean age of the patients was 42 years. The most common presenting complaint was hoarseness of voice seen in 87.5% of cases. Twelve cases of vocal cord polyps were diagnosed based on clinical, laryngoscopical and histopathological features. Seven cases of vocal cord nodules, presenting with hoarseness of voice and laryngoscopic finding of a small nodular growth over the cord. Nine cases of laryngeal papillomas and papillomatosis showed branching papillae, lined by squamous epithelium with fibrovascular cores. A single case of amyloidosis and four cases of granulomatous lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were studied. One case each of rhabdomyoma and granular cell tumour was reported and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Rare benign tumours and tumour-like lesions mimicking malignancy on laryngoscopy need histopathological evaluation. It is mandatory to study excised biopsies of the larynx as grossly similar lesions can vary from non-neoplastic to frankly malignant.

Obesity in females is an emerging health problem. The consumption of MSG has been considered as a risk factor for obesity. The tastemakers in Chinese and fast foods, such as fish sauce and soy sauce, contain very high levels of glutamate. The deficiency of Vitamin D is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of co-administration of Vitamin D on body weight control in MSG-induced obese rats.Eighteen adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups equally. The first group (Group I) was treated with saline served as the control; the second group (Group II) received a daily oral dose of 5 g/kg Body weight of MSG; the third group (Group III) received the same dose of MSG along with calcitriol (0.2 mcg/kg BW) for 15 days.The body weight, food, and water intake were measured. MSG treated rats showed a significant increase (P 0.001) in the body weight, food, and water intake but significant decrease (P 0.001) was observed in the rats treated with MSG along with Vitamin D.Ingestion of Vitamin D suppresses body weight gain in MSG-induced obese rats. Active agents in Vitamin D are useful for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Foods tested with high glutamate levels can be fortified with minute quantities of calcitriol to combat the adverse effects without compromising on the taste of the food processed. The fortification of junk foods might also combat largely prevalent Vitamin D deficiency in India.

Context: Lung is the most common site of small cell carcinoma (SCLC) – a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNEC). SCLC comprises 15–20% of the invasive cancers of the lung. Aim: This study was conducted to appraise the accuracy and pitfalls of the diagnosis of PDNEC on cytology along with treatment responses if available. Settings and Design: Retrospective study for 2 years yielded 21 cases on cytology. Subjects and Methods: Slides of fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes, the tumor, bronchial brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were used. The histological correlation was obtained as were treatment responses. Results: Eighteen SCLCs were confirmed on review. Of these, 13 initial reports were concordant and five, discordant. The rest three cases which initially reported as SCLC were found to be negative (2) and combined SCLC (1). One SCLC with concordant initial and reviewed diagnoses failed to confirm on histopathology. The patients, all heavy smokers, were predominantly males in the seventh to eighth decade age group. The sensitivity and specificity of reviewed diagnoses were better than that of the original. The difference between histopathology and cytology diagnoses (reviewed and original) was statistically insignificant. All patients were categorized as “extensive stage” by positron emission tomography-computerized tomography, and five were treated with etoposide and cisplatin with/without radiotherapy. Conclusion: Age group (61–70) and gender (males) distribution were statistically significant. Intermediate variants of SCLC may be misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Similarly, combined SCLC may be missed on cytology if the observer does not sustain a high index of suspicion. Unequivocal cytology diagnosis opposed to negative histopathology report demands repeat biopsy.

Background & objective Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with high mortality, necessitating quicker diagnostic methods. We wish to enhance the existing cervical biopsies of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL) using p16 and Ki67 as surrogate markers to assess correlation between its positivity and histological grade of the lesion. Methods Analysis of p16 and Ki67 expression was done on 31 histopathologically diagnosed cases of SILs. Positive expression of p16 was assessed based on a scoring system and compared with histology and cytology. Ki67 expression was studied and the correlation was observed with degree of dysplasia. Twenty cases of chronic cervicitis was assigned to the control group for comparison. Results Cases of HSIL showed greater expression of p16 as compared to LSIL. Sensitivity of p16 for HSIL was higher than that for LSIL. The specificity for HSIL and LSIL was 100%. Ki67 expression correlated well with the degree and level of dysplasia with a significant P-value of 0.002. Conclusion p16 and Ki67 positivity of SILs should point towards further evaluation. The expressions of p16 and Ki67 are useful markers for confirmation of SILs and in predicting HPV infection which can be further confirmed by HPV DNA testing.

Through the 73rd and 74th Amendment Act of 1992, India sought to empower urban and rural local bodies. On the contrary, parallel modes of governance have undermined them. In the case of megacity Bangalore, two such modes i.e Electronic City and Smart City are studied to unpack the status of decentralisation. Key person interviews serve as primary data. Following the enquiry of decentralisation and devolution, elements of disconnectedness emerge. Disconnectedness can be seen between parts-affecting the whole, embodied as intents as well as outcomes through tools of planning, administrative, legal, political and economic choices. This leads us to enquire how we can retain decision-making power within the democratic realm and strengthen the role of local bodies in megacities. Unpacking the dynamics of decentralized governance is critical across megacities globally, as cities continue to seek autonomy not just in functioning but identity and influence, in the network of global flows.

Mudi-chood disease (“heat of the hair” in Malayalam language) is an atypical papulosquamous disease, initially described by Sugathan and Nair in 1972 in women from the state of Kerala in India.

Introduction Hemangiopericytomas are rare, vascular neoplasms that are derived from Zimmerman’s capillary pericytes. They are found most commonly in the retroperitoneum/pelvis and lower extremities and are known to have malignant biological behavior. Of the paranasal sinuses, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses are most commonly involved. Case Report We report an uncommon case of a 77-year-old man, who presented with history of nasal block, nasal discharge and epistaxis since 10 years. On examination, there was a fleshy polypoidal mass seen filling the entire right nasal cavity. CT scan of the osteomeatal complex revealed a soft tissue density lesion occupying the entire right nasal cavity, projecting through the posterior choanae into the nasopharynx. An endoscopic excision of the entire mass was done. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of Hemangiopericytoma. Discussion Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular tumor. These lesions are more frequently reported in the seventh decade of life, and the usual presentation includes epistaxis and nasal obstruction. While corticosteroid use, hypertension and pregnancy have been proposed as etiological factors in the development of HPC, this is not widely accepted. It exhibits low malignant potential and distant metastasis is exceedingly rare. Conclusion Hemangiopericytomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses exhibit low malignant potential and distant metastasis. The treatment of choice is wide surgical resection which is the only curative modality.

Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) or Dabska tumor is an extremely rare vascular tumor. It is discovered by Maria Dabska and only 33 cases have been reported till date [1]. It usually occurs in infants and children although 25 % of the cases occur in adulthood [2]. Most of these occur in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of extremities [3]. Other locations include spleen, tongue, testis and bone. Intraosseous PILA is very rare and only three cases have been reported. They present as plaques or nodules with asymptomatic growth until it reaches significant size [1, 2]. This lesion present as osteolytic lesion [1, 4, 5]. Surgical excision is the treatment [3, 4]. Histopathology shows interconnecting vascular channels lined by mildly atypical cuboidal endothelial cells with hob nailing and small papillary tufts into lumen [1, 2]. Prognosis is excellent with complete wide excision [1].We present a case of 42 year old male who came with complains of neck pain of 2 months duration. Lesional biopsy showed metastatic carcinoma with features closely mimicking dabska tumor and which was later confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

Congenital epulis (CE) also known as granular cell tumor of new born was first described by Neumann in the year 1871. Most frequent location includes maxillary alveolar ridge with a female preponderance up to 8 times more than males. These tumors are usually small and can be solitary or multiple, pedunculated or protuberant mucosa covered nodules presenting at birth. Multiple theories have been proposed for their origin. Though, it may cause panic at birth they are indolent and regress spontaneously. Rare cases require surgical intervention in the neonatal period when symptomatic, causing difficulties in respiration or deglutition. We describe a case of CE in a 2-day-old female neonate, who presented with pink protuberant mass in the anterior alveolar ridge of maxilla. The mass was symptomatic and surgery was indicated. The mass was excised and the benign nature was confirmed by histopathology.

Context: Medullary thyroid carcinoma is one of the rare thyroid malignancies representing only about 5%–10%of total thyroid cancers. Aims: To study the age, sex distribution, and various histopathological features of medullary carcinoma of thyroid in our institute over a period of 5 years. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective descriptional study of the cases diagnosed as medullary carcinoma over a period of 5 years in our institute (i.e., from April 01, 2010, to March 31, 2015). Subjects and Methods: The study material obtained from departmental records, gross specimens, paraffin blocks or slides and case files from medical record sections. Histopathologically, tumor was identified according to the classical features as described in the World Health Organization of classification of tumors of endocrine organs. Results: We found 20 cases of medullary carcinoma which accounted for 12% of thyroid malignancies. There was female dominance, and the age group of patients ranged from 20 years to 66 years. Microscopically, tumor cell arrangement was classic in all the cases with some showing pseudopapillary and spindle cell areas. Apoptosis of the tumor cells were seen notably in three cases. Three cases had necrotic areas. One case of micro medullary carcinoma was found incidentally. We had one interesting case where the clinical and cytological features were more in favor of papillary carcinoma. Conclusions: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is rare. Identifying the histopathological features and its variations may show light into understanding of the tumor biology with its implications on patient management and prognosis.

Poorly differentiated (insular) thyroid carcinoma (PDITC) is an uncommon thyroglobulin producing neoplasm intermediate in aggressiveness between well-differentiated carcinomas of follicular cell origin and undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma. Its cytomorphological recognition is essential for planning surgery and subsequent management as it is known for its aggressive behavior, advanced stage at presentation, local recurrences and rapid dissemination. We report a case of PDITC arising in a long-standing goiter, in which presence of microfollicular structures and minimal necrosis resulted in difficulty in distinguishing it from a follicular neoplasm of thyroid.

We report a case of 10 months old child with a variant of Goldenhar syndrome in the form of microtia of right ear, microsomia of the right-side face, right facial nerve palsy with cardiac anomaly, renal anomaly and sensorineural hearing loss on the right side which were rare associations prompted to report this case.

Background: Pancreas, a relatively inaccessible organ, poses diagnostic difficulties with overlapping presentation among benign and malignant tumors. In the present study, pancreatic aspirates obtained by computed tomography (CT) guided procedures were used for cytodiagnosis. Our study aims at correlating clinical, cytological, biochemical, and histopathological results in obtaining a final diagnosis. Methodology: A retrospective study of 2 years was done which included 32 cases of pancreatic tumors at a tertiary care center. Patient data were retrieved and analyzed. Results: Twenty-seven of the 32 (84.37%) cases were malignant tumors. Age distribution in malignant tumors was predominantly seen in the fourth to eighth decade, whereas in benign, it ranged in the second to third decade. Thirteen out of the 32 (40.62%) cases reported were females, with male:female ratio of 1.46:1. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain followed by jaundice and vomiting. Three of the 32 cases had visceral metastasis at the time of diagnosis. CT-guided aspirates in most cases yielded diagnostic material. Cytological and histopathological results concurred except for three cases. Cancer Antigen 19-9 was worked up for 14 of 27 malignant cases, 11 of which showed grossly elevated values (700–7000), and three cases showed mildly elevated values (100–300). Three of the four benign cases worked up for CA 19-9 showed normal values. Conclusions: Among the mass forming lesions in pancreas, malignancy was more common compared to benign tumors. A multidisciplinary approach in the assessment and diagnosis of pancreatic tumors yields accurate results in spite of the limitations faced in obtaining adequate samples by needle aspirates.