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The carbon‐free chemical storage and release of renewable energy is an important task to drastically reduce CO2 emissions. The high specific energy density of iron and its recyclability makes it a promising storage material. Energy release by oxidation with air can be realized by the combustion of micron‐sized iron powders in retro‐fitted coal fired power plants and in fixed‐bed reactors under milder conditions. An experimental parameter study of iron powder oxidation with air was conducted based on thermogravimetric analysis in combination with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In agreement with literature the oxidation was found to consist of a very fast initial oxidation of the outer particle layer followed by much slower oxidation due to diffusion of iron ions through the Fe2O3/Fe3O4 layer being the rate‐limiting step. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the iron particle before and after oxidation reveal a strong particle morphology transformation. This impact on the reaction was studied by cyclization experiments. Up to 10 oxidation‐reduction cycles show that both, oxidation and reduction rates, increase strongly with cycling due to increased porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical investigation on the implications of intensive‐dry mixing on the resulting cathode microstructure and hence, the electrochemical performance has been presented in this contribution. In this regard, characterization as well as scale‐resolving electrochemical performance simulations were carried out. The basis for these numerical investigations were computer generated cathode geometries, generated by means of a discrete element method simulation model, presented in our previous work. Consequently, three different stages of comminution of the conductivity additive during intensive dry mixing with nickel rich active material were incorporated into computational half cells and classified based on the simple quality parameter, bulk density. Furthermore, the possible coating phenomenon occurring during the process, to which the bulk density measurements are not susceptible, was modelled with the help of a numerical parameter called the coating factor. It was found that bulk density of cathode blends, which is a rather trivial parameter to measure from intensive dry mixed blends, could be strongly correlated to cathode performance under the consideration of solvent free manufacturing. The findings suggest that, while considering limited volume during cell design, higher bulk density of dry cathode components delivers the best performance under higher energy and low current conditions. At high power and high current condition however, a compromise between energy and power dictates the choice. Conversely, if the material mass is the constraining factor, the lower bulk density tends to perform the best due the best utilisation of the available energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce unwanted fat bloom in the manufacturing and storage of chocolates, detailed knowledge of the chemical composition and molecular mobility of the oils and fats contained is required. Although the formation of fat bloom on chocolate products has been studied for many decades with regard to its prevention and reduction, questions on the molecular level still remain to be answered. Chocolate products with nut-based fillings are especially prone to undesirable fat bloom. The chemical composition of fat bloom is thought to be dominated by the triacylglycerides of the chocolate matrix, which migrate to the chocolate’s surface and recrystallize there. Migration of oils from the fillings into the chocolate as driving force for fat bloom formation is an additional factor in the discussion. In this work, the migration was studied and confirmed by MRI, while the chemical composition of the fat bloom was measured by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC–MS, revealing the most important triacylglycerides in the fat bloom. The combination of HPLC–MS with NMR spectroscopy at 800 MHz allows for detailed chemical structure determination. A rapid routine was developed combining the two modalities, which was then applied to investigate the aging, the impact of chocolate composition, and the influence of hazelnut fillings processing parameters, such as the degree of roasting and grinding of the nuts or the mixing time, on fat bloom formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic seeded filtration (MSF) is a multidimensional solid–liquid separation process capable of fractionating a multimaterial suspension based on particle size and surface properties. It relies on the selective hetero-agglomeration between nonmagnetic target and magnetic seed particles followed by a magnetic separation. Experimental investigations of multimaterial suspensions are challenging and limited. Therefore, a Monte Carlo model for the simulation of hetero-agglomeration processes is developed, validated, and compared to a discrete population balance model. The numerical investigation of both charge-based and hydrophobicity-based separation in an 11-material system, using synthetic agglomeration kernels based on real-world observations, yields results consistent with prior experimental studies and expectations: Although a multidimensional separation is indeed possible, unwanted hetero-agglomeration between target particles results in a reduced selectivity. This effect is more pronounced when separation is based on a dissimilarity rather than a similarity in the separation criterion and emphasizes the advantages of hydrophobicity-based systems. For the first time, 2D grade efficiency functions T (φ , d) are presented for MSF. However, it is shown that these functions strongly depend on the initial state of the suspension, which casts doubt on their general definition for agglomeration-based processes and underlines the importance of a simulation tool like the developed MC model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid volume fraction of a slurry requiring solid–liquid separation often fluctuates in industrial cake filtration processes. For low solid volume fractions, particle segregation arises, resulting in an inhomogeneous filter cake structure. Particle segregation has significant impacts on cake formation such as a longer cake formation time compared to homogeneous cakes. This work addresses the impact of this effect on vibration compaction, which is an alternative deliquoring method applying oscillatory shears to the filter cake. The dewatering results of homogeneous and segregated cakes made of the same material with a broad particle size distribution are compared. Although cake deliquoring is achievable despite particle segregation, vibration compaction is more effective for homogeneous cakes. The reason is that no particle size homogenization within segregated cakes occurs due to oscillatory shear, as particle size analyses indicate. The particle size measurements of cakes before and after vibration compaction reveal that the material's particle size distribution is preserved despite vibration application. Vibration compaction achieves higher deliquoring than the common compaction method by squeezing, as elastic recovery effects after squeezing lead to the reabsorbing of liquid, already expressed and stored in the filter cloth. This demonstrates that vibration compaction is a real alternative for cake deliquoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid–liquid separation plays a decisive role in various industrial applications particularly in the treatment and purification of suspensions. Solid bowl centrifuges, such as the decanter centrifuge, are commonly employed in these processes as they operate continuously and enable high throughputs with short processing times. However, predicting the separation performance of solid bowl centrifuges proves to be challenging due to dynamic phenomena within the apparatus, such as particle settling, sediment build-up, consolidation and sediment transport. In practice, design considerations and the dimensioning of the apparatus rely on analytical models and the manufacturer's expertise. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a way to deepen our understanding of these devices by allowing detailed examination of flow phenomena and their influence on the separation processes. This study utilizes the open-source software OpenFOAM to simulate multiphase flow in a laboratory-scale decanter centrifuge, solving individual transport equations for each particle size class. The basis is the characterization of the material through targeted laboratory experiments to derive material functions that describe the hindered settling and the sediment consolidation. Furthermore, experiments on a laboratory decanter served as validation. The results demonstrate the solver's capability to replicate clarification and classification within the apparatus. Furthermore, the solver supports the definition of geometries tailored to specific separation tasks. This research demonstrates the potential of CFD for a better understanding of complex centrifuge processes and for optimizing their design to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NMR methods were applied for lubricant analysis. Different factors influence the real aging of lubricants on diverse length scales and are captured by NMR. Chemical conversion of additives is addressed by NMR spectroscopy. High‐field NMR experiments allow the identification and quantification of chemical components and are transferred to benchtop devices. Molecular dynamics and contaminations like fuel or abrasion are addressed via NMR relaxation and diffusion. Quality parameters were extracted via suitable data analysis of NMR raw data, which allow the detection of aging and indicate changes in the oil composition. At the same time, the methodology is optimized to the conditions in quality control. The feasibility is shown the example of a series of lubricants from applications in regenerative energy production, namely, wind turbine oils and biogas motor oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]