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Cuphea ingrata is a traditional medicinal plant species of the Lythraceae family. This work reports on the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of C. ingrata and the n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions against human skin and prostate cancer cells. The selectivity of action was tested in normal skin keratinocytes HaCaT and prostate epithelial cells PNT2. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity in all three human skin cancer cell lines: A375, HTB-140, WM793, with IC50 = 15.90; 3.40; 18.75 μg/mL, respectively. To obtain comparative information on the chemical composition, a quantitative analysis of oenothein B was performed using the UHPLC-PDA method. An analysis of its cytotoxic activity was also carried out.

The purpose of the current study was a qualitative UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of

Background Propolis has been used as a natural health product mainly due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic aldehydes, amino acids, vitamins and others bioactive constituents. To this natural substance are attributed different biological and pharmacological properties which are influenced by its chemical composition and organoleptic properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical properties and parameters of green propolis collected during a period of six years (2008-2013) in the state of Minas Gerais, located at the southeastern region of Brazil. Methods The methodology were in accordance with Brazilian legislation on the identity and quality standards of propolis. The evaluated parameters of hydroalcoholic from green propolis were total flavonoids, antioxidant activity - DPPH method, oxidation index, wax content, humidity and insoluble impurities. Results Propolis samples collected in different seasons during the years 2008 to 2013 presented mean values of total flavonoids (3.4 ± 0.11 mg/g), antioxidant activity DPPH (4.76 ± 0.16 μg/mL), oxidation index (3, 4 ± 0.33 seconds) and wax (15.14 ± 0.78% m/m), which are in accordance with Brazilian legislation. Conclusion Green propolis did not show abrupt seasonal changes during the six years of investigation, and may be considered as an adequate functional ingredient.

Aims This study investigates the antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus isolates (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)) and antioxidant activity of green propolis, Baccharis dracunculifolia DC extracts and Artepillin C™. Methods and Results The amount of Artepillin C in different extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration 90 (MIC90) was determined using 40 isolates of S. aureus inoculated in Mueller–Hinton agar culture medium containing the green propolis and B. dracunculifolia DC extracts. PVEE (green propolis ethanolic extract) and BDEH (B. dracunculifolia hexanic extract) showed the greatest antimicrobial activity with MIC90 values of 246·3 and 295·5 μg ml−1 respectively. Green propolis ethanolic and hexanic extracts (PVEE and PVEH respectively) showed the greatest antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) with IC50 values of 13·09 and 95·86 μg ml−1 respectively. Conclusions Green propolis ethanolic displays better antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to other extracts. These activities may be related to the presence of Artepillin C in synergism with the other constituents of the extracts. Significance and Impact of the Study In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of green propolis and B. dracunculifolia DC demonstrated in MRSA and MSSA clinical isolates indicated that they can be important tools to treat infections caused by these bacteria.

Sepsis has become one of the most frequent causes of mortality in intensive care centres. So far, there is no effective pharmacotherapy that can prevent or improve the neurological consequences and enhance survival. The goal of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) on behavioural dysfunctions produced in sepsis-surviving rats. Adult male rats were subjected to caecal ligation and puncture and the control animals were submitted to the sham operation. Lemon balm ethanolic extract or saline, given orally, was administered for one week after surgery procedures. Locomotion, anxiety, depressive behaviour and memory were investigated. In the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the percentage of open arm entries and open arm time was very significant in the animals treated with lemon balm extract, similar to the diazepam response in sham-operated and sepsis-surviving rats. Locomotion in open field tests and the enclosed arm entries in the EPM were not significantly altered by treatments. In the forced swimming (FS) test, the extract was effective at reducing the immobility time as that demonstrated by fluoxetine. In the step-down inhibitory avoidance test, the extract eased the effects on memory of sepsis-surviving animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that lemon balm ethanolic extract could be used for the prevention of cognitive and mood-related deficits that may be associated with sepsis sequelae. Key words: Anxiety, depression, locomotion, Melissa officinalis, memory.

Gluten is an important protein complex for baking products found in wheat, rye, barley, and some oat varieties. However, some people need to avoid these grains and their products because they result in gluten-related disorders. The only treatment for these individuals is to engage in a gluten-free diet. The objective of this work was to verify if the gluten content of several commercial food products sold in Brazil complied with their labeling. The Mendez ELISA R5 sandwich method was used to analyze 437 samples, and of these, 70% were labeled as gluten-free, 26% as containing gluten, and 4% not labeled in relation to gluten. The results indicated that 89% of the products labeled as gluten-free were correctly labeled and 11% were not, which represented a risk for celiac people.

Propolis is a natural resin used around the world to treatment of several diseases. We evaluated the effect of Brazilian propolis (P1) in guinea pig isolated trachea in vitro contracted with hista-mine, in paw oedema induced by histamine in mice and anti-ulcerogenic effect of propolis formulation in mice. We used a P1 extract from South of Brazil to produce a formulation containing sodium bicarbonate and propolis dry extract (2%). In the guinea pig trachea Brazilian propolis extract (10 μg/mL) produced a non-significant inhibition in the cumulative response curve for histamine. However, the dose of 100 μg/mL shown had a significant inhibitory effect on the contraction induced by histamine (51% ± 5%). In the mouse paw oedema induced by intraplantar injection of histamine (50 μg/paw), the results showed that the treatment of the mice with P1 (10 or 100 mg/Kg (p.o) or 1 or 10 mg/Kg (i.p)), 0.5 h beforehand, significantly inhibited the paw oedema with maximal inhibition (MI) of 25% or 42% by p.o. route or 22% or 37% by i.p. route, respectively. Finally we have pre-treated mice with P1 formulation (20 mg/Kg or 40 mg/Kg, p.o, one time) or vehicle (powder) in animals submitted to diclofenac-induced ulcer, after 8 h P1 formulation inhibited of 43% or 83% of ulcers scores, respectively. Results showed that P1 formulation inhibited the ulcerogenic effect induced by diclofenac. Results suggested also, at least in part, the antiulcerogenic effect of formulation containing standardized extract of propolis can be due to the antagonistic action on the histaminergic system.

A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a propolis rinse on induced gingivitis by using the co-twin study design.Twenty-one twin pairs (n=42) were enrolled in a gingivitis study with oral hygiene promotion (14 days) and gingivitis induction (21 days). During the gingivitis induction phase, one member of the twin pair was randomly assigned to a 2% typified propolis rinse, and the other was assigned a color-matched 0.05% sodium fluoride plus 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride rinse (positive control). Patients rinsed twice daily with 20 mL for 30 seconds for 21 days. Gingivitis was measured on days -14 (baseline), 0 (after hygiene phase), and 21 (after no-hygiene phase) by using the Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS) and by standard digital imaging of the gum tissues (G-parameter).The 38 persons who completed the study (age 13-22 years) were well balanced according to PBS at baseline and G-parameter after the initial hygiene phase. After 21 days without oral hygiene, the propolis rinse and positive control rinse groups did not differ significantly for average PBS measurements or G-parameter.Use of a 2% typified propolis rinse was equivalent to a positive control rinse during a 21-day no-hygiene period.

Brazil is the country with the biggest biodiversity on the planet, but it does not avail itself enough of this potential to produce herbal medicines. Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reissek is popularly known as "Espinheira-Santa" and in Brazil is widely used in popular medicine to treat a number of diseases such as gastritis and dyspepsia, and also displays laxative, diuretic, analgesic, antiseptic and healing properties and antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities. Among the reasons that hinder a better exploration of such biodiversity, the absence of an innovative culture draws a lot of attention, besides the inherent difficulties in the characteristics of the research and the development of this product modality. The aim of this study was developing an effervescent powder containing medicinal extract of M. ilicifolia. The methodologies to determine quality of the plant and extract including the organoleptic characteristics, the moisture content and volatiles, total ashes, extractive content, pH, and the bulk density. In our experiments, we demonstrated that the plant has been identified and has displayed the appropriate organoleptic characteristics to the preparation of the extract; we also demonstrated that the extract has been incorporated into a formulation that maintained its organoleptic characteristics, pH and content, as well as the formation of stable gases. With these experiments, we demonstrate for the first time that the developed formulation can serve as a prototype for the development of pharmaceutics effervescent product containing standardized extract of M. ilicifolia.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate both the antioxidant effect and anti inflammatory activity of a new transition metal coordinated rut in compound, Rutin-Cu2 complex. Study Design: Flavonoids have provenantioxidantand anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, recent researches demonstrate that the antioxidant activity of flavonoids is believed to increase when they are coordinated with transition metal ions. Our group has recently synthesized new compounds by the rea ction of rutin (a flavonoid) with divalent OriginalResearch Article

A própolis, uma substância resinosa produzida pelas abelhas melíferas a partir de exsudatos coletados em diferentes partes das plantas, tem sido utilizada há séculos na medicina popular devido as suas propriedades terapêuticas. Este trabalho descreve a padronização de um extrato etanólico de própolis verde, onde foram identificados os compostos químicos por CLAE (Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência), caracterização fitoquímica por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), teor de sólidos solúveis, teor de fenóis e flavonóides totais e atividade antioxidante por 2,2-difenil- 1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Este extrato etanólico de própolis verde (EEPV) analisado posteriormente será estudado como agente virucida. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que este EEPV está dentro dos padrões requisitados pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, apresentando 9,35% de teor de sólidos solúveis, atividade antioxidante com CE50% de 9,80 μg/mL, duas classes fitoquímicas, polifenóis e flavonóides, identificadas pela CCD, altos níveis de fenóis e flavonóides totais (12.93 e 6,05% respectivamente), comprovados por CLAE, o qual identificou altas concentrações de ácidos fenólicos (ácido p-cumárico, ácido diprenil-hidroxicinâmico, derivados do ácido cinâmico), os quais são atribuídos as propriedades antibacteriana, antioxidante, antiviral e virucida.

Intracanal medication in pulpectomy therapy is used between appointments with the Objective of reducing pain and inflammatory processes in pulp and periapical tissues. Propolis has been known as a natural antibiotic and has been subject of medical and dental research due to its therapeutic properties such as antibiotic, analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects. Objective: The aim was to carry out an in vivo evaluation of the periapical tissue response to propolis paste when used as an intracanal medication in the teeth of dogs after pulpectomy. Material and Methods: 72 dog’s incisors were selected for the experiment. After biomechanical preparation the root canal was filled with a corticosteroid-antibiotic preparation, experimental propolis paste, non-medicament (negative control) or non-pulpectomy at all (positive control). The medications were left inside the root canal for 7, 14 or 28 days. At the end of the experimental period histological sections were prepared and all laboratories processes for Harris hematoxylin and eosin staining was proceeded followed by the analysis using an optical microscope. Sections were classified according to a score representing the inflammatory events observed: the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polymorphonuclear eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells, macrophages and/or giant cells, fibrous condensation and abscesses. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the tissue reactions caused by the two substances being tested, after different experimental periods, with the periapical tissue that was in contact with propolis paste exhibiting fewer inflammatory reactions in comparison to corticosteroid-antibiotic preparation. Conclusions: The low tissue responses from propolis paste suggest that this material could be considered as an option for root canal medication after pulpectomy.

This work describes the synthesis, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of O-prenyl derivatives: O-prenyl derivatives 2-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)acetophenone (L1) and 3-methoxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)benzaldehyde (V1). Treatment with L1- or V1-produced antinociceptive effect on classical pain models: acetic acid abdominal contortions and formalin test (first and second phases), and in hot plate or tale flick models in mice without changing the locomotors performance, and anti-oedematogenic or anti-inflammatory effect in vivo: carrageenan-induced paw oedema and peritonitis in mice. In addition, L1 and V1 derivatives reduced nitric oxide production on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide without changing the cell viability. Taken together, our results show for the first time that L1 and V1 can produce antinociception and modulate inflammatory response when administered in mice.

Adjuvants play an important role in vaccine formulations by increasing their immunogenicity. In this study, the phenolic compound-rich J fraction (JFR) of a Brazilian green propolis methanolic extract stimulated cellular and humoral immune responses when co-administered with an inactivated vaccine against swine herpesvirus type 1 (SuHV-1). When compared to control vaccines that used aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, the use of 10 mg/dose of JFR significantly increased (p < 0.05) neutralizing antibody titres against SuHV-1, as well as the percentage of protected animals following SuHV-1 challenge (p < 0.01). Furthermore, addition of phenolic compounds potentiated the performance of the control vaccine, leading to increased cellular and humoral immune responses and enhanced protection of animals after SuHV-1 challenge (p < 0.05). Prenylated compounds such as Artepillin C that are found in large quantities in JFR are likely to be the substances that are responsible for the adjuvant activity.

Deflazacort (DFZ) is a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drug. No official methods are available for DFZ determination in pharmaceutical formulations. The objective of this study was to develop, validate and compare spectrophotometric (UV and colorimetric) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, for the quantitative determination of DFZ in tablets and oral suspension. For the UV method, ethanol was used as the solvent, with detection at 244 nm. The colorimetric method was based on the redox reaction with blue tetrazolium in alkaline medium, with detection at 524 nm. The method by HPLC was carried out using a C18 column, mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water (80:20, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection at 244 nm. The methods proved linear (r > 0.999), precise (RSD < 5%) and accurate (recovery > 97%). Statistical analysis of the results indicated that the UV and HPLC methods were statistically equivalent, while the values obtained for the colorimetric method differed significantly from the other methods. O deflazacorte (DFZ) é um fármaco glicocorticóide usado como antiinflamatório e imunossupressor. Métodos oficiais não estão disponíveis para a determinação de DFZ em formas farmacêuticas. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver, validar e comparar métodos por espectrofotometria (UV e colorimetria) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), na determinação quantitativa de DFZ em comprimidos e suspensão oral. O método por UV utilizou etanol como solvente, com detecção em 244 nm. O método colorimétrico foi baseado na reação de redução com azul de tetrazólio em meio alcalino, com detecção em 524 nm. O método por CLAE utilizou coluna C18; fase móvel constituída de acetonitrila:água (80:20, v/v), com fluxo de 1,0 mL min-1 e detecção em 244 nm. Os métodos foram lineares (r > 0,999); precisos (RSD < 5 %), e exatos (recuperação > 97%). As análises estatísticas dos resultados obtidos indicaram que os métodos por UV e por CLAE foram estatisticamente equivalentes, enquanto os valores obtidos para o método colorimétrico diferiram significativamente dos demais métodos.

Despite recent technological advances in vaccine production, most vaccines depend on the association with adjuvant substances. In this study, propolis, which has been attracting the attention of researchers due to its bioactive properties, was evaluated as an immunological adjuvant. The association of 40 mg/dose of an ethanolic extract of green propolis with an inactivated oil vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5), resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the neutralizing antibody levels, comparing to the bovines that received the same vaccine without propolis. Besides, propolis increased the percentage of animals with high antibody titers (above 32). Phenolic compounds such as artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and the derivatives of cinnamic acid besides other flavonoid substances were abundant in the propolis extract used, and they could be the main substances with adjuvant action. The effect of the green propolis extract on the humoral immune response can be exploited in the development of new vaccines.

Despite recent technological advances in vaccine production, most the vaccines depend on the association with adjuvant substances. This work evaluated the adjuvant capacity of an ethanol extract of green propolis associated to inactivated Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SuHV-1) vaccine preparations. Mice inoculated with SuHV-1 vaccine plus aluminum hydroxide and 5mg/dose of propolis extract presented higher levels of antibodies when compared to animals that received the same vaccine without propolis. The use of SuHV-1 vaccine with propolis extract alone did not induce significant levels of antibodies, however it was able to increase the cellular immune response, evidenced by the increase in the expression of mRNA to IFN-gamma. Besides, propolis increased the percentage of protected animals against challenge with a lethal dose of SuHV-1. The effect of green propolis extract on the humoral and cellular immune responses may be exploited for the development of effective vaccines.

This work describes the anti-inflammatory effect of the curcumin-analog compound, sodium 4-[5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-penta-1,4-dienyl]-2-methoxy-phenolate (DM1), and shows that DM1 modulates iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in cultured RAW 264.7 cells and induces autophagy on human melanoma cell line A375.

Phamacological activities of a standard ethanol extract G1 from Brazilian green propolis, typified as BRP1, was evaluated in mouse models of pain and inflammation. Intraperitoneal injection ( I. P.) of G1 inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions with an ID (50) = 0.75 +/- 0.05 mg/kg, and in the formalin test the ID (50) values were 0.85 +/- 0.07 mg/kg and 13.88 +/- 1.12 mg/kg, respectively, for the neurogenic and inflammatory phases. The extract was ineffective when assessed in the hot-plate assay. In serotonin-induced paw edema, G1 led to a maximal inhibition (MI) of 51.6 % after 120 min when administered I. P. and of 36 % after 15 min by the oral route ( O. R.). When the inflammatory agent was complete Freund's adjuvant, inhibition of paw edema was also observed after administration of the extract by both routes. In the capsaicin-induced ear edema the ID (50) values were 1.09 +/- 0.08 mg/kg ( I. P.) and 10.00 +/- 0.90 mg/kg ( O. R.). In the acute carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction induced by carrageenan, G1 reduced the number of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity with IC (50) values of 0.72 +/- 0.08 mg/kg and 4.17 +/- 0.50 mg/kg, by I. P. or O. R. administration, with a preferential migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. IN VITRO, G1 decreased nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (IC (50) = 41.60 microg/mL), and also the luciferase activity in TNF-alpha-stimulated HEK 293 cells transfected with NF-kappaB-luciferase reporter gene driven by the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) (IC (50) = 200 microg/mL). This extract, which at low concentrations induces anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in mouse models, presents a high content of flavonoids, known to inhibit inducible NOS (iNOS) activity. These data taken together led us to reinforce the hypothesis in the literature that the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis may be a due to inhibition of iNOS gene expression, through interference with NF-kappaB sites in the iNOS promoter.

This study examines the mechanisms by which the standardised ethanolic extract of propolis induces relaxation of the guinea-pig trachea in-vitro. In guinea-pig trachea with or without epithelium and contracted by histamine, the propolis extract caused reproducible and graded relaxation, with a mean EC50 value of 3.8 or 10.5 μg mL−1 and Emax of 100%, respectively. The propolis extract-induced relaxation was markedly reduced (26 ± 9 and 96 ± 3%) when guinea-pig tracheas were exposed to Krebs solution containing elevated K+ in the medium (40 or 80 mM). Pre-incubation of guinea-pig tracheas with tetraethylamonium (100 mM) or with 4-aminopyridine (10 mM) reduced the propolis extract-induced relaxation by 31±10% and 28 ± 2%. Likewise, apamin (0.1 μM), charybdotoxin (0.1 μM) or iberiotoxin (0.1 μM) caused marked inhibition of propolis extract-mediated relaxation in guinea-pig trachea (percentage of inhibition: 65 ± 3%, 60 ± 5% and 65 ± 9%, respectively). Also, glibenclamide (1 μM) inhibited the relaxant response caused by the propolis extract by 57 ± 4%. ω-Conotoxin GIVA (0.1 μM) or capsaicin (1 μM) produced small but significant inhibition (30 ± 5% or 47 ± 7%, respectively) of the propolis extract-induced relaxation. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antagonist D-P-CI-Phe6, Leu17[VIP] porcine (0.1 μM) inhibited relaxation by 55 ± 5%, while propranolol (1 μM) induced a parallel rightward displacement (about 20 fold) of the propolis extract concentration-response curve. Finally, the propolis extract-induced relaxation was inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine (L-NOArg, 100 μM) (48 ± 6%), and by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (10 μM) (37 ± 6%), while the more selective soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolol[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 1 μM) produced only a parallel (about 3 fold) rightward displacement of the propolis extract concentration-response curve. Collectively, these results support the notion that the propolis extract-mediated relaxation in the guinea-pig trachea involves the release of nitric oxide, probably from sensory neurons, besides the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and activation of Ca2+- and ATP-sensitive K+channels. Furthermore, the stimulation of β2-adrenergic and VIP receptors also seems to account for its relaxant action.

Na atualidade, as questões que envolvem o uso de anticoagulantes com o sangramento gengival aumentado ainda não são bem esclarecidas, havendo necessidade de avaliação se realmente estes medicamentos podem condicionar a mudança na inflamação gengival. Buscou-se neste estudo questionar e avaliar a saúde gengival de indivíduos cardiopatas, que utilizam anticoagulantes em período de internação. Foram aplicados questionários para coleta de dados socioeconômicos dos pacientes cardiopatas internados e realizou-se exame dos índices de placa visível (IPV) e sangramento gengival (ISG). Os pacientes participantes deste estudo eram > 18 anos, com 10 ou mais dentes em boca, cardiopatas internados e usuários de anticoagulantes. Participaram deste estudo 58 pacientes, a média de idade foi 55+12,92 anos; 69% eram homens; 62,1% leucodermas; 20,7% tabagistas e 46,6% diabéticos. O tempo da cardiopatia foi de 57,18+85,69 meses. O retorno ao Dentista ocorreu em média de 83,20 meses; 53,5%, 43,1% e 3,4% pertencem, respectivamente, as classes C, D e B. A maioria dos pacientes (87,9%) teve presença de IPV e 46,6% apresentou ISG. Na análise de risco houve uma relação entre o IPV e tabagismo -1,31 (1,12-1,53); >30 anos 1,085 (1,002-1,176), >40 anos; 1,244 (1,084 – 1,424). Cardiopatas que usam anticoagulantes apresentam necessidades de cuidados em relação à cavidade oral.Palavras-chave: Doença das Coronárias. Boca. Equipe Hospitalar de Odontologia. Gengivite.AbstractNowadays, the issues surrounding the use of anticoagulants such as increased bleeding gums are not well understood yet, there is need to assess whether these drugs actually may make the change in gingival inflammation. We sought to study this question and assess the gingival health of cardiac patients using anticoagulants in hospitalization. Questionnaires were used to collect socioeconomic data from hospitalizedpatients and examination of visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding (GBI) were carried out. The patients participating in the study were ≥18 years, with 10 or more teeth in their mouth, hospitalized cardiac patients and anticoagulants user. The study included 58 patients, mean age was 55+12,92; 69% were men; 62.1% Caucasian; 20.7% were smokers and 46.6% diabetics. The time of disease was 57,18+85,69 months. The return to the dentist was an average of 83.20 months; 53.5%, 43.1% and 3.4% are respectively the classes C, D and B. Most patients (87.9%) had the presence of IPV and 46.6% had ISG. The risk analysis there was a relationship between VPI and smoking -1.31 (1.12 to 1.53); > 30 years 1.085 (1.002 to 1.176), > 40; 1.244 (1.084 to 1.424).Keywords: Coronary Disease. Mouth. Dental Staff Hospital. Gingivitis.

We examined some of the mechanisms by which the aspirin metabolite and the naturally occurring metabolite gentisic acid induced relaxation of the guinea pig trachea in vitro. In preparations with or without epithelium and contracted by histamine, gentisic acid caused concentration-dependent and reproducible relaxation, with mean EC(50) values of 18 microM and E(max) of 100% (N = 10) or 20 microM and E(max) of 92% (N = 10), respectively. The relaxation caused by gentisic acid was of slow onset in comparison to that caused by norepinephrine, theophylline or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The relative rank order of potency was: salbutamol 7.9VIP 7.0gentisic acid 4.7theophylline 3.7. Gentisic acid-induced relaxation was markedly reduced (24 +/- 7.0, 43 +/- 3.9 and 78 +/- 5.6%) in preparations with elevated potassium concentration in the medium (20, 40 or 80 mM, respectively). Tetraethylammonium (100 microM), a nonselective blocker of the potassium channels, partially inhibited the relaxation response to gentisic acid, while 4-AP (10 microM), a blocker of the voltage potassium channel, inhibited gentisic acid-induced relaxation by 41 +/- 12%. Glibenclamide (1 or 3 microM), at a concentration which markedly inhibited the relaxation induced by the opener of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, levcromakalim, had no effect on the relaxation induced by gentisic acid. Charybdotoxin (0.1 or 0.3 microM), a selective blocker of the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, caused rightward shifts (6- and 7-fold) of the gentisic acid concentration-relaxation curve. L-N(G)-nitroarginine (100 microM), a NO synthase inhibitor, had no effect on the relaxant effect of gentisic acid, and caused a slight displacement to the right in the relaxant effect of the gentisic acid curve at 300 microM, while methylene blue (10 or 30 microM) or ODQ (1 microM), the inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase, all failed to affect gentisic acid-induced relaxation. D-(P)-Cl-Phe(6),Leu(17)[VIP] (0.1 microM), a VIP receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited (37 +/- 7%) relaxation induced by gentisic acid, whereas CGRP (8-37) (0.1 microM), a CGRP antagonist, only slightly enhanced the action of gentisic acid. Taken together, these results provide functional evidence for the direct activation of voltage and large-conductance Ca(+2)-activated K(+) channels, or indirect modulation of potassium channels induced by VIP receptors and accounts for the predominant relaxation response caused by gentisic acid in the guinea pig trachea.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine in arandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinicaltrial the effects of typified propolis and chlorhexidinerinses on salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS)and lactobacilli (LACT). Methods: One hundredpatients were screened for salivary levels of MS>100,000 CFUs/mL of saliva. All patients presentedwith at least one cavitated decayed surface. Sixtypatients met entry criteria. Subjects were adults 18-55 years old. After restoration of cavitated lesionspatients were randomized to 3 experimental groups:1) PROP-alcohol-free 2% typified propolis rinse (n =20); 2) CHX- 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse; 3) PL-placebomouthrinse. Patients rinsed unsupervised 15 mL ofrespective rinses twice a day for 1 min for 28 days.Patients were assessed for the salivary levels of MS(Dentocult SM) and LACT (Dentocult LB) at baseline,7-day, 14-day, and at 28-day visits (experimentaleffects) and at 45-day visit (residual effects). Generallinear models were employed to analyze the data.Results: PROP was superior to CHX at 14-day and28-day visits in suppressing the salivary levels of MS(p

This work describes the synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of a pentadienone derivative, HB2. The treatment with HB2 produced anti-oedematogenic, anti-inflammatory and antinociception without change locomotors performance. Finally, HB2 reduced the nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 production on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS without changing the cell viability. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, that HB2 can modulate the inflammatory response when administered to mice.

Artepillin C is the major compound in the Brazilian green propolis from Baccharis dracunculifolia. Our aim in this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects, absorption, and bioavailability of Artepillin C in mice. The animals used were male Swiss mice subjected to: paw oedema by carrageenan (300 microg/paw), carrageenan-induced peritonitis, and prostaglandin E(2) determination. We also measured in vitro nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 cells and NF-kappaB activity in HEK 293 cells. Finally, we measured the absorption and bioavailability of Artepillin C in plasma from mice by means of GC-MS after a single oral dose (10 mg/kg). In vivo, Artepillin C produced a maximal inhibition of 38% after 360 min on paw oedema. Artepillin C also decreased the number of neutrophils during peritonitis (IC(50): 0.9 (0.5-1.4) mg/kg). Treatment with Artepillin C decreased prostaglandin E(2) by 29+/-3% and 58+/-5% at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, with a mean ID(50) of 8.5 (8.0-8.7) mg/kg). Similarly, in in vitro models, Artepillin C (3, 10, or 100 microM) decreased nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 cells with a mean IC(50) of 8.5 (7.8-9.2) microM. In HEK 293 cells, Artepillin C reduced NF-kappaB activity with a mean IC(50) of 26 (22-30) mug/ml), suggesting anti-inflammatory activity, particularly during acute inflammation. Lastly, Artepillin C was absorbed after an oral dose (10 mg/kg) with maximal peaks found at 1 h (22 microg/ml). Collectively, Artepillin C showed anti-inflammatory effects mediated, at least in part, by prostaglandin E(2) and nitric oxide inhibition through NF-kappaB modulation, and exhibited bioavailability by oral administration.

8 pages, 1 figure, 3 tables., Four compounds were isolated from Brazilian propolis. They are identified as: (1) 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (PHCA), (2) 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyrane (DCBEN), (3) 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), and (4) 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran (DPB). The structures of the compounds were determined by MS and NMR techniques. All compounds were assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. Compounds (1) to (4) were active against T. cruzi. Except (1), all compounds presented activity against the bacteria tested. When compounds (1)–(3) were tested in the guinea pig isolated trachea, all induced a relaxant effect similar to propolis extract., The authors are grateful to FAPESP (Fundaçäo de Amparo á Pesquisa do Estado de Säo Paulo, No. 94:3686-8; 95:9306-5), to PAPES: FIOCRUZ:FAPERJ, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnólogico (CNPq).

Propolis, or bee glue, which contains a complex mixture of secondary metabolites, has long been used in many countries for the management of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by means of several pharmacological models, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of propolis collected in the south of Brazil. The abdominal constrictions induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (0.6%), kaolin (50 mg kg−1) or zymosan (40 mg kg−1) were inhibited to different extents by an extract of propolis (1–60 mg kg−1) administered intraperitoneally 30 min earlier; mean ID50 (concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition) values were 2.7, 10.8 and 10.7 mg kg−1, respectively, and maximum inhibition was 58 ± 5, 57 ± 10 and 51 ± 5%, respectively. Given orally (25–200 mg kg−1, 1 h previously) propolis also inhibited the abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid (maximum inhibition 43 ±5%). When injected intraperitoneally (3–60 mg kg−1, 30 min previously), propolis attenuated both the neurogenic (first phase) and inflammatory (second phase) pain responses and paw oedema caused by intraplantar injection of formalin (2.5%); maximum inhibition was 32 ±5, 43 ±6 and 19 ±2%, respectively. Oral administration of propolis (25–200 mg kg−1, 1 h previously) inhibited both phases and reduced the oedema formation associated with the second phase of the formalin test (maximum inhibition 22±5, 33 ±6 and 26±3%) and extract of propolis (3–30 mg kg−1 i.p. or 25–100 mg kg−1 p.o., respectively 30 min and 1 h previously) significantly inhibited capsaicin-induced pain with maximum inhibition of 39±8 and 41 ±8%, respectively. When assessed in the Randall–Sellito test of pain, the extract of propolis (3–30 mg kg−1, i.p., 30 min previously) significantly reversed the hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of bradykinin (3 nmol per paw) in rats (P < 0.01). In contrast with morphine the extract of propolis (. 100 mg kg−1, 30 min previously) was ineffective when assessed in the tail-flick and hot-plate thermal assays. Naloxone (5 mg kg−1 i.p.) reversed (P < 0.01) the effect of morphine (5 mg kg−1 s.c.) by 70 and 94% respectively in the first and second phases of the formalin test, but did not interfere with the analgesic effect of propolis (10 mg kg−1 i.p., 30 min previously). These results show that ethanolic extract of propolis, given systemically, has significant anti-hyperalgesic action when assessed in chemical, but not thermal, models of nociception in mice and rats. Its analgesic action seems to be unrelated to release or activation of the opioid system.

Objective: Propolis is a natural product produced by bees. In this study, the free radical scavenger and hepatoprotective activity of green propolis extract (G1) was investigated. Methods: In vitro experiments on guinea pig isolated trachea tissues and in vivo study on rat liver tissues were performed. Hepatic damage was induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to rats. Hepatoprotective effect was monitored by histological analysis of neutrophil margination (NM) on liver, aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST, ALT), and gamma-glutamil transferase (γ-GT) activity. Results: Chemical constitution of G1 by high performance liquid chromatography analysis resulted in the presence of phenolic compounds. G1 produced a reduction of the relative activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. G1 also exhibited high superoxide radical and potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. On guinea pig isolated trachea tissues, G1 inhibited the superoxide radical-induced contraction in vitro. After CCl4 administration, AST, ALT and -GT activities were found to be increased; these levels were reduced with G1 treatment. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest a potent antioxidant effect of G1, related with hepatoprotective action on liver damage induced by CCl4.

This study analyses the relaxation induced by the hydroalcoholic extract of stems, leaves and roots from Phyllanthus urinaria (Euphorbiaceae) in the guinea-pig trachea (GPT) pre-contracted by carbachol. The hydroalcoholic extract of P. urinaria (0.1–10 mg mL−1) caused a graded relaxation in GPT with or without epithelium, with mean EC50 values of 1.94 (1.41-2.67) and 2.00 (1.47-2.78) mg mL−1 and Emax of 717 mg (± 16) and 627 mg (± 12), respectively. The relaxation in response to hydroalcoholic extract, like that to cromakalim (EC50 3.57 (2.75-4.64 μM) in GPT without epithelium, was fully abolished in the presence of high KCl concentrations (80 mM), and was significantly attenuated by tetraethylammonium (10 or 30 mM) or glibenclamide (0.1 or 3 μM). However, the relaxation caused by the hydroalcoholic extract was unaffected by apamin (0.1 or 1.0 μM), nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 100 μM), methylene blue (10 μM) or by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (8–37) (a CGRP antagonist, 0.1 μM). Both propranolol (1 or 3 μM) and [D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]VIP (a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist, 0.1 μM) produced a significant displacement to the right (about 2-fold) of the relaxation response to hydroalcoholic extract of P. urinaria. Thus, the present results indicate that the ATP-activated potassium channels sensitive to glibenclamide, but not the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels sensitive to apamin, largely contribute to the relaxation effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. urinaria in GPT. In addition, both β2 and VIP-mediated responses seem to account, at least in part, for the relaxation effect of the hydroalcoholic extract, as its relaxant response was partially attenuated by both propranolol and VIP receptor antagonist.

1. 1. The hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of stems, leaves and roots from P. urinaria (Euphorbiaceae) (1–3000 μ/ml), caused graded contraction in guinea pig trachea (GPT), being more effective in preparations without epithelium. 2. 2. Response to HE was slightly affected by tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM) and nicardipine (1 μM), but was unaffected by w-conotoxin, atropine, mepyramine or staurosporine (all 1 μM). Indomethacin (3 μM) greatly inhibited HE contraction, but MK 571 (leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist) caused partial inhibition; L-655,240 (thromboxane A2 antagonist) and WEB 2086 (PAF antagonist) (all 1 μM) were ineffective. 3. 3. Response to HE was markedly inhibited in a Ca2+-free solution and was partially affected in GPT desensitized to capsaicin (10 μM). 4. 4. Capsazepine (capsaicin antagonist, 3 μM) antagonized the contraction from capsaicin, leaving the response to HE unaffected. In contrast, ruthenium red (an ionic channel antagonist coupled to vanilloid receptors of capsaicin) (0.1–3 μM) caused graded and equipotent noncompetitive inhibition of HE- and capsaicin-induced contractions, but had no effect on carbachol- and prostaglandin E2-mediated responses. 5. 5. FK 888 and SR 48968 (NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists, respectively) (both 1 μM) antagonized, through a competitive mechanism, the contraction from SP and [β-ala8]NKA(4–10) respectively, but antagonized, through a noncompetitive mechanism, HE-mediated contraction. 6. 6. We concluded that contraction to HE in GPT is modulated by the epithelium, depends on the release of a cyclo-oxygenase metabolite, and relies largely upon an extracellular Ca2+ influx that is highly sensitive to ruthenium red, but is insensitive to L and N-type of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel antagonists. In addition, NK1 and NK2 tachykinins, but not vanilloid receptors, play an important role in mediating its response.