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Bio-oil is a sustainable energy source, produced from pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials or algae. It is, however, difficult to directly use the bio-oil for fuels due to several drawbacks, such as its viscosities and high oxygen content. One of the ways to solve this is upgrading of the bio-oil through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). In this study, guaiacol was used as a bio-oil model compound in HDO reaction via catalytic transfer hydrogenation. The reaction was conducted in the presence of TiO2-supported palladium catalysts, with isopropyl alcohol as a hydrogen source. Nickel and molybdenum were added into the Pd catalyst to investigate their effects on the catalyst activity. The prepared catalysts were characterized using XRD, N2 physisorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, and transmission electron microscopy. HDO reaction was carried out using a pressurized batch reactor at 250 °C for 1 h with 30 bar of helium. Liquid products were analyzed by GC–MS and GC–FID to identify and quantify the conversions and product yields. The result showed that the presence of nickel on the catalyst could improve the catalytic activity of Pd/TiO2. Guaiacol conversion over Pd–Ni/TiO2 was 32.2%, while the conversion of guaiacol over Pd/TiO2 was only 17.9%. In addition, Pd–Ni/TiO2 showed good selectivity to produce cyclohexanol, while Pd/TiO2 showed good selectivity to produce one oxygenated compound such as 2-methylphenol and phenol.

Esterification is the reaction of the formation of an ester compound by reacting an alcohol compound and carboxylic acid. In this study, the performance of zeolite-based catalysts has been studied for esterification reactions. Modification of zeolite pore size was done to be hierarchical zeolite, with the aim of increasing the catalytic properties of zeolite. The modification was carried out by desilication by sodium hydroxide treatment with a variation of 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 M. The resulting catalyst was then characterized using BET and XRD. Furthermore, the catalyst was tested for activity for esterification of fatty acids and glycerol and the product was analyzed using GC-MS. Zeolite modification with sodium hydroxide has been proven to improve catalyst performance, without changing their crystal structure. The best catalytic activity was obtained on the catalyst with sodium hydroxide treatment of 0.3 M, resulting glycerol conversion of 92% and selectivity to monoglycerides of 74%.

Pillared clay-supported NiMo catalysts were synthesized in their reduced and sulfided forms and applied to the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) as a bio-oil model compound. The sulf...

Lignin-based black liquor from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a side product of the pretreatment process in second-generation bioethanol is the next problem in developing renewable energy. Therefore, developing technology to overcome this problem is needed. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst and their synergy with heterogeneous Fenton-like process for degrading lignin was investigated. Several conditions were varied and investigated independently to obtain the optimum condition. Result showed that among the conditions has the optimum number. 0.5 g of FeSO4, 400 mg/L of H2O2, pH 4, and 0.03 g of TiO2 were the optimum condition of heterogeneous photo-Fenton to decompose 100 ppm of Lignin up to 90% under UV-A irradiation. Post annealing treatment of the prepared TiO2 improved the photodegradation around 50%. The schematic illustration of lignin photodecomposition also supported the results.

In this study, guaiacol, as a model compound for lignin, was used as a reactant for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis using 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor over TiO2−supported Pd catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation, and the prepared catalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3−TPD) and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2−TPR) analysis. According to XRD analysis, PdTi alloy was formed during catalyst synthesis. Catalytic transfer hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, as a model compound of lignin, was carried out in a batch reactor at 250 °C for 1 hour under 30 bar of initial He pressure, and the products were then analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID. From our preliminary study, it was found that the prepared Pd/TiO2 catalyst was active for the catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis of guaiacol. The GC-MS analysis show that the amount of guaiacol conversion using Pd/TiO2 catalyst was 14.2 %.

Biomass gasification has been widely known method to produce syn-gases, which can be considered as great alternative substitution for fossil fuels. However, accurate verification of the syn-gas composition requires a reliable and validated method for simultaneous measurement of H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , and CO. In order to fulfill the aforementioned requirements, which is the objective of this study; a GC-TCD method for simultaneous measurement of H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , and CO component in syn-gas has been validated in accordance to ISO/IEC 17025 and its application for real samples. For the method validation purpose, all of the performance parameters were evaluated and discussed in detail in this study. Intraday precision and interday precision were found to be acceptable having the %RSD below 0.67xCV Horwitz and below 1.0xCV Horwitz, respectively. The bias value falls within +2σ for entire components, indicating that the method accuracy can be accepted. Coefficient correlation for all components was higher than 0.99, which means that the method has suffi cient linearity. LoD and LoQ for each component were found to be lower than typical syn-gas concentration range. The method roughness was also found in an acceptable level (the p -values was higher than 0.05 for allctarget components. Application of the validated method for the measurement of a real syn-gas samples indicated that the method is quite reliable to produce an accurate data and the validated methid can be used in a routine analysis. The innovation of this study, as shown by experiment results, is to evaluate the validated method’s performance for simultaneous determination of syn-gas components’ concentration in one channel, compared to common method in which the syn-gas components were measured separatedly in a different channel. Biomass gasifi cation has been widely known method to produce syn-gases, which can be consideredas great alternative substitution for fossil fuels. However, accurate verifi cation of the syn-gas compositionrequires a reliable and validated method for simultaneous measurement of H2, CO2, CH4, and CO. Inorder to fulfi ll the aforementioned requirements, which is the objective of this study; a GC-TCD methodfor simultaneous measurement of H2, CO2, CH4, and CO component in syn-gas has been validated inaccordance to ISO/IEC 17025 and its application for real samples. For the method validation purpose,all of the performance parameters were evaluated and discussed in detail in this study. Intraday precisionand interday precision were found to be acceptable having the %RSD below 0.67xCV Horwitz and below1.0xCV Horwitz, respectively. The bias value falls within +2σ for entire components, indicating that themethod accuracy can be accepted. Coeffi cient correlation for all components was higher than 0.99, whichmeans that the method has suffi cient linearity. LoD and LoQ for each component were found to be lowerthan typical syn-gas concentration range. The method roughness was also found in an acceptable level(the p-values was higher than 0.05 for allctarget components. Application of the validated method for themeasurement of a real syn-gas samples indicated that the method is quite reliable to produce an accuratedata and the validated methid can be used in a routine analysis. The innovation of this study, as shown byexperiment results, is to evaluate the validated method’s performance for simultaneous determination ofsyn-gas components’ concentration in one channel, compared to common method in which the syn-gascomponents were measured separatedly in a different channel.Keywords: syn-gas, GC-TCD, method validation.

Bentonite is material from soil and has unique properties. Because of these properties, bentonite has been exploited widely for different utilization. Bentonite has a simple structure that collapses at elevated temperatures. Then, it was required to prepare zirconia to be pillared with high surface area and particular active site. Ultrasonic treatment was an alternative technology for preparation of zirconia pillared bentonite. Modified of structure and surface active site with variable condition ultrasonic on power output (30%, 50%, 70%) with 20 kHz and 20 minutes preparation of zirconia pillared bentonite were studied using by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), chemisorption and Nitrogen gas sorption technique. The results were confirmed that the presence of polycation zirconium under ultrasonic indicated an increase in the basal spacing from 14.93 Å to 19.42 Å and 10 times increase of specific surface area from 25.150 m2/g to 265.076 m2/g. It was confirmed that ultrasonic treatment with three type variations caused significant change in the structure of bentonite and obtained the highest increase in surface area. Activity of catalytic provided an effective and efficient conversion on the esterification reaction. Finally, it was found that the higher power output ultrasonic treatment at 70% of power output resulted in partial damage of the pillar bentonite.

Katalis asam padat berbasis niobia telah dibuat dan diuji coba untuk reaksi hidrolisis selobiosa membentuk senyawa glukosa. Untuk meningkatkan aktivitasnya, permukaan katalis dimodifikasi dengan menggunakan asam fosfat. Karakterisasi katalis dilakukan dengan menggunakan X-ray photoelectron sprectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dan ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3–TPD). Modifikasi pada permukaan katalis telah meningkatkan selektivitas katalis untuk membentuk glukosa dari reaksi hidrolisis selobiosa. Berdasarkan karakterisasi yang dilakukan, telah dipercaya bahwa kontribusi utama yang menyebabkan peningkatan selektivitas katalis adalah terbentuknya spesies dihidrogen fosfat pada permukaan katalis yang telah dimodifikasi, yang merupakan bentukan hasil reaksi antara asam fosfat dan niobic acid. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi permukaan katalis niobic acid mendorong terbentuknya produk penting dari selobiosa, yang nantinya dapat dipergunakan juga untuk selulosa dari biomassa.

Indonesia has many natural resources, one of which is montmorillonite which very potential to be used as a catalyst in the process converting ethanol to biofuel for an alternative fuel. Montmorillonite has unique properties, because the structure can expand and contract. Research to find alternative energy was needed to replace the limited amount of fossil energy. Chromium metal can be used as catalyst by using montmorillonite as buffer catalyst material. The purpose of this research is to make Cr/montmorillonite catalyst, which was used in the process of converting ethanol to biofuel. Cr/montmorillonite catalyst has synthesised by pillarization method, because it is simple and feasible. The conversion process was carried out by using a fixed bed reactor, peristaltic pump for flow the ethanol with flow rate 1 ml/min, and 1.5g Cr/montmorillonite pellets. The Cr/montmorillonite result was increased the basal spacing in the interlayer montmorillonite amount 150%. TGA shows the results water molecules and hydroxyl compounds decomposition process of Cr/montmorillonite in temperature 631°C. The results of the BET analysis show the specific surface area increased from 30.35 m2/g to 146 m2/g. XRF analysis shows the element content in montmorillonite, that was indicated addition of Cr metals in montmorillonite. FTIR measurements shows that the functional groups in bentonite typical peaks are Mg-OH, Si-O-Si bonds. SEM shows changes in the surface morphology particle in montmorillonite, that is for Cr particles in the form of flake. The GC-MS analysis results show the conversion of ethanol to biofuel or gasoline or biofuel.Â

Bentonite is a natural material that can used as a buffer catalysts and easy to modified. Tin and Chromium metals can used as catalyst material. Tin and Chromium metals supported into bentonite was successfully prepared by pillarization method, and was calling Bi-Oxides pillared clays. It has used to catalyst for ethanol to gasoline conversion. Basal spacing for bentonite and Sn-Cr/bentonite were 12,83Ǻ and 25,67Ǻ respectively. Specific surface area and pore volume of Sn-Cr/bentonite was investigated and appeared be bigger than bentonite. The results confirmed by BET analysis that were 30,35 m2/g become 168,86 m2/g and pore volume from 0,0065cm3/g become 0,03 cm3/g. The thermal stability was determined by Thermogravimetry Analysis from temperature 0ºC until 1000ºC and the functional group changes detected by Fourier Transform Infra Red. XRF and EDX detected the Sn-Cr metals in the bentonite. The results of the liquid catalyst test analyzed by GC-MS and showed the contents consisted of benzene, toluene, octane, and naphthalene, that were similar with commercial gasoline. So, the Sn and Cr were using as metal pillars for bentonite interlayer and successfully used this Bi-oxides pillared clays for ethanol to gasoline conversion. Keywords— Bi-Oxides, Pillared clays, Sn-Cr/Bentonite, Ethanol to Gasoline.

Renewability Indicator (RI) and Cumulative Degree of Perfection (CDP) were used to observe sustainability of Gamboeng Tea. The assessment then compared with black tea process in Black Sea Region in Turkey from the previous study. Calculation of exergy for Gamboeng fresh tea leaf had already described in Part.1. Since the main process for both production was drying, then tropical humid climate in Gamboeng is the main challenge to increase efficiency, and thus, renewability. This second part described the significant improvement of renewability had applied in Gamboeng by using wood pellet in rotary pannier. Further recommended improvement were by installing better humidity detector and connected to the process control so the process can adapt the ambient change which the relative humidity can be varied from 65% and up to 92%.

Stearic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid that can be converted into diesel-range alkanes as alternative fuels. In this work, the effects that metal oxide supports with different acid–base properties (Ru/γ-Al2O3 or Ru/MgO) on the product distribution during hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid was evaluated. The hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid was carried out in an autoclave batch reactor by varying temperature and pressure using water as a solvent. It was found that ruthenium on acid material was the most active catalysts yielding 4 times higher of alkanes than that of basic material after the reaction. At our best reaction conditions (300 °C, 40 bar H2, 1 h reaction time, catalyst to feed ratio = 1:30), the alkanes obtained from stearic acid for Ru/γ-Al2O3 and Ru/MgO were 34.3 and 8%, respectively.

Several types of magnesium oxide (MgO) has been studied as catalyst for catalytic conversion of ethanol into butanol. The reactions have been conducted at 350 °C in batch reactor. MgO catalysts have been characterized by XRD, CO2-TPD, and N2-physisorption. It was found that of the highest yield of butanol was obtained from MgO synthesized from precipitation method. The highest butanol yield was 2.4% at our experimental conditions. This was attributed to its surface area and basicity.

Bentonite is a clay mineral type of montmorillonite that can be used as a catalyst. The use of bentonite as a catalyst has weaknesses, namely small surface area, pore volume and low thermal stability, so it is necessary to modify the structure. Modification of bentonite structure carried out in this research used the pillarization method (Pillared Clay or PILC) with the addition of Fe and Cr metals to form Cr/PILC, Fe/PILC, and Fe-Cr/PILC catalysts. The PILC catalysts can be used as a catalyst in the ethanol to gasoline conversion processess for alternative fuels. The XRD result shows that the pillarization process with the addition of Fe and Cr metals was succeeded so it can increase the interlayer spacing by 22,03 Å, 15,79 Å, and 15,85 Å on the Cr/PILC, Fe/PILC, and Fe-Cr/PILC catalysts. The SAA result shows an increase in surface area and pore volume in the Cr/PILC, Fe/PILC, and Fe-Cr/PILC catalysts structure. The presence of Brønsted acid type is indicated through the absorption peaks at 1515-1640 cm−1 and Lewis acid type at 1435-1470 cm−1 from the FTIR result. The TGA result shows an increase in thermal stability on the Cr/PILC, Fe/PILC, and Fe-Cr/PILC catalysts. The Fe-Cr/PILC catalyst shows the best activity results on the ethanol to gasoline conversion process with the acquisition of percent conversion and selectivity by 43.30% and 87.15% respectively.

UTILIZATION OF PRETREATMENT WASTE DURING PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR RECOVERY FINE CHEMICALS BY PYROLYSIS . In production of second generation bioethanol by utilizing lignocelluloses as raw material, black liquor was produced from its pretreatment process. As waste of pretreatment process, the black liquor was rich in lignin. Therefore, the black liquor has potential to be proceeded to produce fine chemicals. In this study, black liquor powder was pyrolyzed at 450-600 °C for 15 minutes using a fixed bed type reactor. Pyrolysis process produced four types of products thal called as liquid tar, heavy tar, char and gas. Liquid tar was condensable volatile product in condenser and uncondensable ones was called gas. Heavy tar was heavier volatile product that stick to reactor wall on bed of feed and unable to enter a condenser. Whereas, char was deposited carbon left in the pyrolizer. The liquid tar consisted of several chemical compounds that classified into groups of chemicals based on similar functional groups. In a range of temperatures process, higher yield of liquid tar was produced after treated at 550 °C compared to other conditions. The main chemical compounds in the liquid tar were phenol, alcohols and alkyl phenols that mainly predicted derived from decomposition of lignin and represented as the fine chemicals from black liquor powder. Keywords: bioethanol; black liquor powder; fine chemicals; lignocelluloses; pyrolysis Abstrak Dalam produksi bioetanol generasi kedua dengan memanfaatkan lignocellulosa sebagai bahan baku, akan menghasilkan black liquor pada saat proses pretreatment. Sebagai limbah proses pretreatment, black liquor ini kaya akan lignin. Oleh karena itu, black liquor berpotensi diolah untuk menghasilkan fine chemicals. Pada penelitian ini, bubuk black liquor diproses secara pirolisa pada suhu 450-600°C selama 15 menit menggunakan reaktor jenis fixed bed. Proses pirolisa menghasilkan produk yang dapat digolongkan menjadi empat jenis yaitu liquid tar, heavy tar, char dan gas. Liquid tar merupakan volatile product yang terkondensasi di kondensor dan yang tidak dapat terkondensasi disebut sebagai gas. Heavy tar adalah volatile product yang lebih berat dan terlebih dahulu menempel di dinding reaktor pirolisa di atas bed umpan dan tidak sampai masuk ke kondensor. Sementara char adalah deposit karbon yang tertinggal di dalam reaktor pirolisa. Liquid tar tersusun oleh berbagai macam senyawa kimia yang bisa dikelompokkan menjadi grup-grup berdasarkan kesamaan gugus fungsi. Dari rentang suhu proses tersebut, liquid tar paling banyak dihasilkan pada suhu 550°C. Liquid tar tersebut banyak mengandung fenol, alkohol dan alkil fenol yang diprediksi umumnya berasal dari dekomposisi lignin dan menjadi fine chemicals yang dapat di-recovery dari bubuk black liquor Kata kunci: bioetanol; bubuk black liquor; fine chemicals; lignoselulosa; pirolisa .

Black liquor produced from a pretreatment process of bioethanol using the lignocellulose material, such as an empty palm bunch. Black liquor is organic liquid waste and should be treated before release to the environment. One of the degradation processes of black liquor is by the photocatalytic reaction using the Ti-Pillared Clay (Ti-PiLC) catalyst. However, there is a limitation of process condition if using a Ti-PiLC catalyst; the degradation process should be conducted under a UV light source. This study is focused on the modification of photocatalytic catalyst Ti-PiLC by adding Zn metal (Ti-Zn/PiLC), thus the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on a visible light source. Characterizations of the prepared photocatalysts were obtained using XRD, BET, TPD, TGA, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the degradation degree. Although the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on the visible light source, the degradation degree was still minor compared with only using Ti-PiLC photocatalyst. It is assumed that combination Ti and Zn as the active metals of the photocatalyst was not good enough to enhance the degradation process of black liquor even on the visible light source, perhaps using other metal, such as cerium (Ce).

Fatty acids, which are contained in vegetable oils, can be converted into alkanes through the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction, as an alternative fuel. In this study, the HDO of stearic acid was carried out in the presence of nickel-based bimetallic catalysts supported on Silica-Alumina (SiAl) in an autoclave batch reactor using decane as a solvent. Various metals, including Fe, Cu, and Co, were added into Ni catalysts using conventional wet impregnation method. Among others, additional Cu on Ni/SiAl increased the performance of the catalyst for the reaction.

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) contain approximately 32.5% of lignin, which is potentially utilized as a source of energy and fine chemicals. In this study, lignin was isolated from EFB by organosolv method, and then analyzed and characterized. The result of compositional analysis showed the isolated lignin purity was 98.8%. The obtained lignin was then depolymerized in liquid phase at various reaction temperatures over a ruthenium metal catalyst supported on TiO2. The optimum temperature of the depolymerization reaction was obtained at a temperature of 280 °C with a total concentration of aromatic monomers was 4.2 mM.

Esterification is a reaction to produce an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Generally, homogenous acid catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction rate due to their excellent performance in the reaction. The catalysts provide high conversion of carboxylic acids and good selectivity to produce esters. However, it has several drawbacks, such as difficulty catalyst-product separation, corrosiveness, toxic waste production, and non-reusable. It is, therefore, necessary to develop heterogeneous catalysts for the reaction. Zeolite has potential to use as a catalyst for esterification. Yet, it is sometimes easily to be deactivated due to the formation of coke on its surface. This paper presents a preliminary study of zeolite as a catalyst for esterification reaction. Zeolite catalyst was prepared from natural zeolites, originally obtained from Indonesia. The prepared catalyst was tested for the esterification reaction of glycerol with oleic acid to produce monoglycerides, which can be used as food emulsifiers.

In this study, Al/Co-pillared bentonite synthesis by ultrasonic treatment is carry out reducing synthesis time. This pillared clay is compared with that obtained by conventional method of pillaring. Al/Co-pillared bentonite were characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SAA-BET. The results indicated that ultrasonic technique in is responsible for diffusion of the intercalating species, which enhance textural properties and morphology. Thus, the pillared bentonite obtained by ultrasonic technique in 20 kHz and 20 minute at ambient temperature, were increased the thermal stability to 440°C, surface area to 105.6457 m2/g, and spacing between spaces basal 4,455 A, with binding changes in the Si-OH group. Al/Co-pillared bentonite with ratio 0.3 pollycation as catalyst to reacted in oxidation reaction was performed.

World concern about depletion of fossil fuel and energy security supply has driven into increasing awareness about biomass derived energy. Empty fruit bunch (EFB), one of the major palm oil-derived biomass available in Indonesia, is a potential source for fuel production. Pyrolitic conversion of EFB to bio-fuels is being considered for national energy security and environmental advantages. The objective of the work is to determine the effect of reaction temperature and time on the EFB fast pyrolysis optimization. Elemental analysis composition and physical properties of bio-oil show increase in carbon content, decrease in oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen content with increases the pyrolysis temperature.

Hydrothermal pretreatment methods in 2nd generation bioethanol production more profitable to be developed, since the conventional pretreatment, by using acids or alkalis, is associated with the serious economic and environmental constraints. The current studies investigate hydrothermal pretreatment of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) in a batch tube reactor system with temperature and time range from 160 to 240 C and 15 to 30 min, respectively. The EFB were grinded and separated into 3 different particles sizes i.e. 10 mesh, 18 mesh and 40 mesh, prior to hydrothermal pretreatment. Solid yield and pH of the treated EFB slurries changed over treatment severities. The chemical composition of EFB was greatly affected by the hydrothermal pretreatment especially hemicellulose which decreased at higher severity factor as determined by HPLC. Both partial removal of hemicellulose and migration of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment caused negatively affect for enzymatic hydrolysis. This studies provided import...

Biomass as a renewable and sustainable resources need to utilize in many applications, especially for energy application. One of its energy application is about converting biomass into bio-oil. High oxygen content in bio-oil needs to be upgraded through hydrodeoxygenation process before being used as transportation fuel. The development of heterogenenous catalysts become an important aspect in hydrodeoxygenation process, in particular the upgrading process of bio−oil. Several supporting mesoporous materials, such as TiO2, Al2O3 and MCM−41 have unique properties, both physical and chemical properties that can be utilized in various application, including catalyst. These heterogeneous catalysts were modified their catalytic properties by impregnation with some transition metal. The effect of various supporting material and transition metal impregnated were also studied. Their chemical and physical properties were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluororesence, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Surface Area Analyzer. The result of characterizations showed that Ni-Mo/TiO2 is more crystalline than Ni-Mo/MCM-41 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3. In other hand, the specific surface area of Ni-Mo/TiO2 is lower than others. These heterogeneous catalysts were tested their catalytic activity in upgrading bio-oil. The liquid products produced were analyzed by using Elemental Analyzer. The result of catalytic activity tests showed catalysts resulted Ni-Mo/TiO2 exhibits best catalytic activity in hydrodeoxygenation process. The oxygen content decreased significantly from 41.61% to 26.22% by using Ni-Mo/TiO2. Compared with Ni-Mo/TiO2, Ni−Mo/MCM-41 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3 decrease lower to 33.22% % and 28.34%, respectively. Ni-Mo/TiO2 also resulted the highest Deoxygenation Degree (DOD) as of 55% compared with Ni-Mo/MCM-41 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3 as of 31.99 % and 47.99%, respectively.Biomass as a renewable and sustainable resources need to utilize in many applications, especially for energy application. One of its energy application is about converting biomass into bio-oil. High oxygen content in bio-oil needs to be upgraded through hydrodeoxygenation process before being used as transportation fuel. The development of heterogenenous catalysts become an important aspect in hydrodeoxygenation process, in particular the upgrading process of bio−oil. Several supporting mesoporous materials, such as TiO2, Al2O3 and MCM−41 have unique properties, both physical and chemical properties that can be utilized in various application, including catalyst. These heterogeneous catalysts were modified their catalytic properties by impregnation with some transition metal. The effect of various supporting material and transition metal impregnated were also studied. Their chemical and physical properties were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluororesence, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Surfa...

Fast pyrolysis process of palm fronds has been conducted in the fluidized bed reactor to yield bio-oil product (pyrolysis oil). The process employed sea sand as the heat transfer medium. The objective of this study is to design of the fluidized bed rector, to conduct fast pyrolysis process to product bio-oil from palm fronds, and to characterize the feed and bio-oil product. The fast pyrolysis process was conducted continuously with the feeding rate around 500 g/hr. It was found that the biomass conversion is about 35.5% to yield bio-oil, however this conversion is still minor. It is suggested due to the heating system inside the reactor was not enough to decompose the palm fronds as a feedstock. Moreover, the acids compounds ware mostly observed on the bio-oil product.

Clay minerals have received considerable attention in the last years because of their environmental compatibility, low cost, high selectivity, and operational simplicity. Although clays are very useful for many application in the field of catalysis, they have main disadvantage: their lack of pore volume and spesific surface area. Porosity and stability of these materials are improved by pillaring the clay layers with SnCl4, which leads to materials known as pillared clays (PILC). This research aims were to characterize the Bentonite and Sn-Bentonite as catalysts for cracking and oligomerization. The Sn-Bentonite was prepared by pillarization method with a variation in metal ratio of 5 mmol dan 10 mmol.gr−1 of bentonit. The catalyst characterized by X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Fluorescence, Fourier Transform Infra Red, Brunauer Emmett Teller, Thermogravimetric Analysis. The results showed that the Sn-Bentonite catalyst had large basal spacing and good porous structure, and the specific surface areas increased. XRF detected the Sn in the Bentonite and TGA results showed the ability Sn-Bentonite in receiving heat. FTIR test showed two type of acidity, broansted and lewis acid. The characterized results indicated that Sn-Bentonite with metal ratio 5 mmol.gr−1 better than Sn-Bentonite with metal ratio 10 mmol.gr−1, in which there was a significant increase the basal spacings, specific surface area, and pore volume. The TGA results for Sn-Bentonite appeared to be more thermally stable than Bentonite.

Natural clays could be modified by the pillarization method, called as Pillared Clays (PILCs). PILCs have been known as porous materials that can be used for many applications, one of the fields is catalysis. PILCs as two dimensional materials are interesting because their structures and textural properties can be controlled by using a metal oxide as the pillar. Different metal oxide used as the pillar causes different properties results of pillared clays. Usually, natural smectite clays/bentonites are used as a raw material. Therefore, a series of bentonite pillared by metal oxides was prepared through pillarization method. Variation of metals pillared into bentonite are aluminium, chromium, zirconium, and ferro. The physicochemical properties of catalysts were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurement. Noteworthy characterization r...

In this study, a simulation for gasification process of oil palm empty fruit bunches waste (OPEFB) using a fixed bed gasifier (throat downdraft) by varying the particle size of OPEFB and equivalence ratio (ER) was investigated. The rate of fuel consumption was 10 kg/h with air as the oxidizing medium and 1 hour process time for 1 batch. Simulation was performed with two-dimensional approach (2D) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ANSYS FLUENT 14 software. Simulation results show that ideal amount of equivalence ratio (ER) for gasification process of OPEFB pellets with diameter (φ) of 6 mm and 8 mm is 0.1 ≤ ER ≤ 0.2. ER variation affects the higher heating value of syngas (HHV), the carbon efficiency (ηC), gasification efficiency and temperature distribution in the gasification reactor. Variations in particle size did not have a significant effect in the gasification process.Keywords: CFD, OPEFB gasification, particle size, equivalence ratio

Research on a subject of the preparation of Ni-Mo catalyst on pillared clay support by wetness impregnation method will be investigated in laboratory. The metal concentration of Mo, which will be treated, is roughly 20 %wt and of Ni is 3 %wt. Due to using MoO 3 as the metal active catalyst; therefore the support has to contain a specific surface area more than 210 m 2 /gr in order to achieve the high dispersion of active metal on the support. Also, the effect of the pH of the Mo impregnation solution to the metal active dispersion and activity for Coker naphtha hydrodesulfurization (HDS) will be studied. Characterization of the catalyst will be conducted by using X-ray Diffraction, FT-Infrared, X-ray fluorescence and nitrogen sorption measurement. It is found that the surface area of the support is generated almost 280 m 2 /gr by pillarization with the oxide composition of the catalyst was 12%-wt of MoO 3 and 1.4%-wt of NiO. NiMo-PILC pH-10 catalyst had higher dispersion of active metal on the support than NiMo-PILC pH-1 catalyst. On NiMo-PILC pH-10 catalyst, there was a substantial part of Mo species in the interlayer space of the Al-pillared lay, probably in interaction with the alumina pillar. Although, it has to be more detail investigated. From the result of the activity test for Coker naphtha HDS showed that NiMo­ PILC pH-10 catalyst had slightly higher activity than NiMo-PILC pH-1 catalyst. However, the both of catalyst still had not good enough activity if compare with the commercial catalyst. Keywords: Montmorillonite-Pillared Clay, Ni-Mo catalyst, Preparation Abstrak Suatu penelitian mengenai preparasi katalis Ni-Mo pada penyangga lempung berpilar dengan metoda impregnasi basah dirancang dan dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium. Konsentrasi logam Mo yang digunakan sebesar 13%-b MoO 3 dan logam Ni 4%-b NiO. Karena fasa aktif katalis yang digunakan adalah MoO 3 maka luas permukaan penyangga yang dibutuhkan adalah lebih besar dari 210 m 2 /gr guna mendapatkan dispersi yang tinggi. Selain itu, dipelajari juga efek pH larutan impregnasi Mo terhadap dispersi fasa aktif dan aktivitas katalis pada reaksi hidrodesulfurisasi coker nafta. Karakterisasi katalis berpenyangga dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat difraksi sinar-x, FT-IR, XRF serta dilakukan pengukuran luas permukaan spesifiknya. Dari penelitian ini, didapatkan luas permukaan penyangga lempung berpilar sebesar 277 m 2 /gr dengan komposisi okasida katalis NiMo yang dihasilkan adalah 12%-b MoO 3 dan 1.4%-b NiO. Katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1O memiliki dispersi logam aktif yang lebih tinggi pada penyangga jika dibandingkan dengan katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1. Selain itu, pada katalis NiMo-PILC pH-10 ditemukan adanya sebagian logam Mo yang masuk kedalam ruang interlayer dari lempung, yang diduga menjadi pilar. Namun hal ini harus diteliti lebih detail. Hasil uji aktivitas katalis pada reaksi HDS coker nafta menunjukan bahwa katalis NiMo-PILC pH-10 memiliki aktivitas yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan katalis NiMo-PILC pH-1. Namun aktivitas dari kedua katalis tersebut masih di bawah dari katalis hidrotreating komersial. Kata kunci: Coker Nafta, Katalis Ni-Mo, Lempung Berpilar, Preparasi

The modification of bentonite by pillarization using aluminum polycation type Keggin [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ has been carried out, by exchange of cation from interlayer with aluminum polycation. The amount of aluminum polycation, which was used for the pillaring of bentonite was varied, i.e. 5 mmol/gram, 10 mmol/gram, and 20 mmol/gram of bentonite. After drying, the pillared bentonite was calcined at 400 oC for 6 hour with temperature rate of 5 oC/min. The cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of starting bentonite was 98.3 meq/100 gram. The concentration ratio of Al/Si increased from 0.27 to 0.34 for pillared bentonite and of Ca/Si was decreased from 0.06 to 0.006 for pillared bentonite. The basal space for pillared bentonit increased significantly from 7.30 Å to about 18 Å . The measured specific surface area (by BET) of pillared bentonite was also increased significantly from 46 m2/g to about 162 m2/g. It was concluded that bentonite has been pillared by aluminum polication successfully. Keywords: aluminum polycation, bentonite

A series of MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts was prepared using citric acid (CA) as a chelating agent by a simultaneous impregnation method or by a post-treatment method. The catalyst was tested for the HDS of thiophene. The catalysts were characterized by means of LRS, XRD, Mo K-edge EXAFS and XANES, NO adsorption capacity, and surface area measurements. The catalysts were also subjected to a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using Co(CO)3NO as a precursor of Co to prepare CVD-Co/MoS2 catalysts. The addition of citric acid to 8.7 wt% Mo/Al2O3 increased neither the HDS activity nor the edge dispersion of MoS2 particles. On the other hand, the addition of citric acid by the post-treatment to MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts having a higher Mo content (>20 wt% Mo) significantly enhanced the edge dispersion of MoS2 particles and thus the catalytic activity of MoS2/Al2O3 and CVD-Co/MoS2/Al2O3. The addition of citric acid by the post-treatment resulted in the formation of well-dispersed Mo species on the catalyst surface at the expense of crystalline MoO3. The Mo K-edge XAFS and XANES showed that the sulfidation degree of Mo is greatly improved by the addition of citric acid at a high Mo content regardless of the addition procedure.

The chemical states of the active species, Co and Mo, of the Co–Mo/B 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts were investigated during the sulfidation treatment by means of an in situ X-ray absorption fine structure technique. It was clearly shown by Co K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra that the sulfidation of Co is strongly suppressed by the addition of citric acid (CA) to the catalyst. Mo K-edge XANES spectra revealed that the sulfidation of Mo is also inhibited by the addition of CA. The sulfidation behavior of Mo depended on the catalyst preparation method. With the Co–Mo catalyst prepared by the post-treatment of a calcined Co–Mo catalyst with CA, Mo was sulfided prior to or in parallel with the sulfidation of Co, resulting in a higher activity of the catalyst for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene than that of a catalyst prepared by simultaneous impregnation of Co, Mo, and CA.