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Abstract Background Cancer cachexia‐induced skeletal muscle fibrosis (SMF) impairs muscle regeneration, alters the muscle structure and function, reduces the efficacy of anticancer drugs, diminishes the patient's quality of life and shortens overall survival. RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a transcription factor, and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), the principal constituent of SMF, have been linked previously, with Runx2 shown to directly modulate COL1A1 mRNA levels. l‐Carnitine, a marker of cancer cachexia, can alleviate fibrosis in liver and kidney models; however, its role in cancer cachexia‐associated fibrosis and the involvement of Runx2 in the process remain unexplored. Methods Female C57 mice (48 weeks old) were inoculated subcutaneously with MC38 cells to establish a cancer cachexia model. A 5 mg/kg dose of l‐carnitine or an equivalent volume of water was administered for 14 days via oral gavage, followed by assessments of muscle function (grip strength) and fibrosis. To elucidate the interplay between the deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3L(DTX3L)/Runx2/COL1A1 axis and fibrosis in transforming growth factor beta 1‐stimulated NIH/3T3 cells, a suite of molecular techniques, including quantitative real‐time PCR, western blot analysis, co‐immunoprecipitation, molecular docking, immunofluorescence and Duolink assays, were used. The relevance of the DTX3L/Runx2/COL1A1 axis in the gastrocnemius was also explored in the in vivo model. Results l‐Carnitine supplementation reduced cancer cachexia‐induced declines in grip strength (>88.2%, P 57.9%, P

Background The phenomenon of coronary slow flow (CSF) is characterized by recurrent angina pectoris, which may lead to acute myocardial infarction, fatal arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death, and reduce the quality of life of patients. With the improvement of the safety, feasibility and reliability of coronary angiography (CAG), the detection rate of CSF increased gradually. However, there are few studies on the mechanism of early-onset CSF and clinical characteristics of young patients with CSF. Objective To explore the clinical characteristics in young patients with CSF and compare them with the elderly patients in order to provide its pathogenesis. Methods Continuity analysis from January 2017 to January 2019, 86 young patients (18 years ≤ age

Abstract Three novel asymmetric Ir(III) complexes have been rationally designed to optimize their emitting dipole orientations (EDO) and enhance light outcoupling in blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), thereby boosting their external quantum efficiency (EQE). Bulky electron‐donating groups (EDGs), namely: carbazole (Cz), di‐tert‐butyl carbazole (tBuCz), and phenoxazine (Pxz) are incorporated into the tridentate dicarbene pincer chelate to induce high degree of packing anisotropy, simultaneously enhancing their photophysical properties. Angle‐dependent photoluminescence (ADPL) measurements indicate increased horizontal transition dipole ratios of 0.89 and 0.90 for the Ir(III) complexes Cz‐dfppy‐CN and tBuCz‐dfppy‐CN, respectively. Analysis of the single crystal structure and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results revealed an inherent correlation between molecular aspect ratio and EDO. Utilizing the newly obtained emitters, the blue OLED devices demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a maximum EQE of 30.7% at a Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.140, 0.148). Optical transfer matrix‐based simulations confirmed a maximum outcoupling efficiency of 35% due to improved EDO. Finally, the tandem OLED and hyper‐OLED devices exhibited a maximum EQE of 44.2% and 31.6%, respectively, together with good device stability. This rational molecular design provides straightforward guidelines to reach highly efficient and stable saturated blue emission.

Objectives: To identify whether the Grip-Strength-Lean-Mass Index (GSLMI) can precisely diagnose sarcopenia and predict prognosis for cancer patients in clinical settings. Design: A nationwide multicenter cohort study. Setting and participants: 8,831 inpatients aged 18 years and older, histologically diagnosed with cancer and receiving anti-cancer therapy. Measurements: The GSLMI is the ratio of hand grip strength (HGS) divided by lean mass (LM), calculated by the formula: GSLMI = HGS (kg) / LM (kg). Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox models were used to estimate the association between the GSLMI and survival. Results: A total of 3,071 (48.40%) male and 3,274 (51.60%) female patients were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of GLIS-defined sarcopenia was 2,646 (41.70%). The optimal sex-specific thresholds with the best diagnostic performance to identify a low GSLMI were determined to be

The neutral effectively grounded system (NEGS), increasingly adopted in medium-voltage urban AC distribution networks, exhibits heightened susceptibility to fault-induced overcurrent. Despite the deployment of traditional three-zone and zero-sequence overcurrent protection relays, they continue to struggle with sensitivity and speed limitations. A further complication arises from the prevailing reliance on the zero-sequence component, given the practical difficulties associated with installing zero-sequence current transformers (CTs). To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a protection relay that works independently of the sequence component, offering superior speed, sensitivity, and robustness. First, it is established that any given phase’s superimposed faulted phase current (SFPC) bears a consistent distribution pattern, irrespective of the fault type. This distinctive attribute is represented by introducing the concept of the postfault locus (PFL). Then, a novel protection relay is proposed, which computes the PFL based on the inner product of individual feeders and a reference phasor. Furthermore, integrating the phaselet algorithm augments the relay’s response speed while effectively mitigating the risk of CT saturation. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed relay boasts sufficient sensitivity, tolerating fault resistance up to 2000 O, and has sufficient robustness under noise contamination of 30 dB.

99Tcm is the most widely used radioisotope in the field of nuclear medicine at present, which is used for clinical diagnosis of diseases and research on the structure and function of organs generally. The existing medical 99Tcm is mainly obtained through the decay of 99Mo generated by irradiating low enriched uranium (LEU) or high enriched uranium (HEU) solid targets in the experimental reactor. There are drawbacks such as complex processes, high costs and long-distance transportation losses. In addition, the global number of medical isotope production reactors is relatively small and most of them were built in the 1950s and 1960s. They face a series of issues such as aging, unstable operation and retirement. The accelerator driven subcritical aqueous homogeneous reactor, which was proposed based on the strengths and weaknesses of producing medical isotopes through accelerators and aqueous homogeneous reactors, has the advantages of high inherent safety, high isotope specific activity and simplified extraction process as a new isotope production technology, making it a research hotspot in recent years. Besides, there is no need to consider the complex and redundant safety protection system in the design, thus the reactor body construction cost is lower and the operation management is more flexible, making it convenient for the simultaneous construction and operation of multiple modular production devices. Based on the basic theory of the subcritical system, this thesis determines the core design principles, explains the accelerator neutron source and fuel selection, completes the conceptual design of the subcritical core by using the Monte-Carlo program, and gives a series of design parameters including keff, neutron flux density and power. The initial design conditions are as follows: The entire subcritical core is approximately a concentric cylindrical structure, with the accelerator neutron source at the center, following the neutron multiplication layer, the uranyl nitrate solution zone, and the water reflection layer unit from inside to outside. In addition, the long-life burnup characteristics of the core and the 99Mo capacity were calculated and analyzed using relevant burnup procedures to demonstrate the feasibility of the plan. The subcritical core scheme has a low power level and is safe and reliable. When the extraction efficiency is 60%, the annual production of 99Mo could reach over 20 kCi, which could meet one-third of the present clinical needs of our country with a conservative estimate. All of the above work has important practical significance for mastering the production technology of 99Mo and achieving engineering applications in the future.

The benchmarking critical experimental data can be used as a reference, providing basic data support for the macroscopic test of nuclear data, the design method verification of new nuclear energy system and the nuclear critical safety analysis, etc. As a crucial link in the process of benchmarking critical experimental data, the uncertainty analysis and evaluation of critical experimental data have been widely concerned and studied at home and abroad. Traditional GUM (Guide to the Uncertainty in Measurement) department based on the uncertainty analysis of the process “one change strategy at a time” uncertainty analysis method in calculation efficiency is low, cannot consider interval probability distribution characteristics of the input parameter error, defects of inaccurate results. In this paper, an uncertainty analysis method for critical experimental data was proposed based on perturbation theory and combination sampling method, and the probability distribution characteristics of input parameters in its error interval were restored by efficient Latin hypercube sampling method, so as to improve the accuracy and rationality of the uncertainty analysis of critical experimental data. By means of conjugate flux perturbation theory, the efficiency of critical experimental data uncertainty analysis was improved without significantly increasing the calculation time. Moreover, the efficient Latin hypercube sampling method and the conjugate flux perturbation method were verified and the feasibility of their application to the uncertainty analysis of critical experimental data was proved. Then, the Latin hypercube sampling program and complex modeling program were compiled, and the compiled program was verified and analyzed on the international critical safety benchmark question, and the calculation results obtained by the traditional critical experimental data uncertainty analysis method and the results given on the international critical safety benchmark question were compared. The conjugate flux perturbation uncertainty analysis method based on MCM (Monte Carlo method) analysis process improves the computational efficiency, makes the analysis results more reasonable and accurate, and proves that the uncertainty program is accurate and feasible for the uncertainty analysis of critical experimental data. Finally, the program was applied to the uncertainty analysis of critical experimental data of neutron toxicological effects in uranium solution obtained by China Institute of Atomic Energy, and a good result was obtained. Compared with the traditional critical experimental data uncertainty analysis method, the standard uncertainty of core characteristic value keff is improved, and the efficiency of uncertainty analysis is greatly improved. The uncertainty analysis method of critical experimental data studied in this paper and the program of uncertainty analysis can provide a more efficient and reasonable analysis method for benchmarking uncertainty analysis and multi-parameter sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of subsequent batches of critical experimental data.

The Sixth-Generation (6G) enhances the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) communication efficiency and further raises security requirements. It is crucial to construct a post-quantum security communication channel between any pair of industrial equipment. Recent work shows that two legitimate devices can directly extract symmetrical secret keys in information-theoretic secure by measuring their common wireless channels. However, existing schemes may cause a high bit mismatch rate in IIoT with high noise. In addition, the physical layer key extraction scheme widely uses passive attack assumptions, which also contradicts the high-security requirements of IIoT. By analyzing and modeling IIoT systems and channels, we propose an Adaptive and Robust Secret Key Extraction scheme (ARSKE) from high noise wireless channels in 6G-enabled IIoT. To eliminate the non-reciprocity of the wireless channel, we design a smoothing method as the preprocessing module. Then, we propose a Robust Secure Reconciliation technique that can effectively resist active attacks by jointly designing the information reconciliation and privacy amplification phases. Extensive real-world experiments are conducted to test the effectiveness and robustness of our scheme.

The symmetry of vibration signals collected from healthy machinery, which gradually degenerates with the development of faults, must be detected for timely diagnosis and prognosis. However, conventional methods may miss spatiotemporal relationships, struggle with varying sampling rates, and lack adaptability to changing loads and conditions, affecting diagnostic accuracy. A novel bearing fault diagnosis approach is proposed to address these issues, which integrates the Gramian angular field (GAF) transformation with a parallel deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). The crux of this method lies in the preprocessing of input signals, where sampling rate normalization is employed to minimize the effects of varying sampling rates on diagnostic outcomes. Subsequently, the processed signals undergo GAF transformation, converting them into an image format that effectively represents their spatiotemporal relationships in a two-dimensional space. These images serve as inputs to the parallel DCNN, facilitating feature extraction and fault classification through deep learning techniques and leading to improved generalization capabilities on test data. The proposed method achieves an overall accuracy of 96.96%, even in the absence of training data within the test set. Discussions are also conducted to quantify the effects of sampling rate normalization and model structures on diagnostic accuracy.

Abstract Two newly designed and synthesized [3+2+1] iridium complexes through introducing bulky trimethylsiliyl (TMS) groups are doped with a terminal emitter of v–DABNA to form an coincident overlapping spectra between the emission of these two phosphors and the absorption of v–DABNA, creating cascade resonant energy transfer for efficient triplet harvesting. To boost the color quality and efficiency, the fabricated hyper‐OLEDs have been optimized to achieve a high external quantum efficiency of 31.06%, which has been among the highest efficiency results reported for phosphor sensitized saturated‐blue hyper‐OLEDs, and pure blue emission peak at 467 nm with the full width at half maxima (FWHM) as narrow as 18 nm and the CIEy values down to 0.097, satisfying the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) requirement for saturated blue OLEDs display. Surprisingly, such hyper‐OLEDs have obtained the converted lifetime (LT50) up to 4552 h at the brightness of 100 cd m−2, demonstrating effective Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Therefore, employing these new bulky TMS substituent [3+2+1] iridium(III) complexes for effective sensitizers can greatly pave the way for further development of high efficiency and stable blue OLEDs in display and lighting applications.

IntroductionCultivated banana are polyploid, with low pollen fertility, and most cultivars are male sterile, which leads to difficulties in banana breeding research. The selection of male parent with excellent resistance and pollen fertility is therefore essential for banana breeding. Wild banana (Musa itinerans) have developed many good characteristics during natural selection and constitute an excellent gene pool for breeding. Therefore, research on wild banana breeding is very important for banana breeding.ResultsIn the current analysis, we examined the changes in viability of wild banana pollens at different temperatures by in vitro germination, and found that the germination ability of wild banana pollens cultured at 28°C for 2 days was higher than that of pollens cultured at 23°C (pollens that could not germinate normally under low temperature stress), 24°C (cultured at a constant temperature for 2 days) and 32°C (cultured at a constant temperature for 2 days). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the germination restoration process in wild banana pollens, we selected the wild banana pollens that had lost its germination ability under low temperature stress (23°C) as the control group (CK) and the wild banana pollens that had recovered its germination ability under constant temperature incubation of 28°C for 2 days as the treatment group (T) for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 921 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in CK vs T, of which 265 were up-regulated and 656 were down-regulated. The combined analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the activation, metabolism of various substances (lipids, sugars, amino acids) play a major role in restoring pollen germination capacity. TCA cycle and the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways were also significantly enriched in the KEGG pathway. And we found that some DEGs may be associated with pollen wall formation, DNA methylation and DNA repair. The cysteine content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, H2O2 content, fructose content, and sucrose content of pollen were increased at treatment of 28°C, while D-Golactose content was decreased. Finally, the GO pathway was enriched for a total of 24 DEGs related to pollen germination, of which 16 DEGs received targeted regulation by 14 MYBs.DiscussionsOur study suggests that the balance between various metabolic processes, pollen wall remodelling, DNA methylation, DNA repairs and regulation of MYBs are essential for germination of wild banana pollens.

IntroductionGRAS, named after GAI, RGA, and SCR, is a class of plant-specific transcription factors family that plays a crucial role in growth and development, signal transduction, and various stress responses.MethodsTo understand the biological functions of the banana GRAS gene family, a genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of the banana GRAS gene family was performed based on information from the M. acuminata, M. balbisiana, and M. itinerans genomic databases.ResultIn the present study, we identified 73 MaGRAS, 59 MbGRAS, and 58 MiGRAS genes in bananas at the whole-genome scale, and 56 homologous genes were identified in the three banana genomes. Banana GRASs can be classified into 10 subfamilies, and their gene structures revealed that most banana GRAS gDNAs lack introns. The promoter sequences of GRASs had a large number of cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormone, and adversity stress responsiveness. The expression pattern of seven key members of MaGRAS response to low-temperature stress and different tissues was also examined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The microRNAs-MaGRASs target prediction showed perfect complementarity of seven GRAS genes with the five mac-miRNAs. The expression of all seven genes was lowest in roots, and the expression of five genes was highest in leaves during low-temperature stress. The expression of MaSCL27-2, MaSCL27-3, and MaSCL6-1 was significantly lower under low-temperature stress compared to the control, except for MaSCL27-2, which was slightly higher than the 28°C control at 4 h. The expression of MaSCL27-2, MaSCL27-3, and MaSCL6-1 dropped to the lowest levels at 24 h, 12 h, and 4 h, respectively. The MaSCL27-4 and MaSCL6-2 expression was intermittently upregulated, rising to the highest expression at 24h, while the expression of MaSCL22 was less variable, remaining at the control level with small changes.DiscussionIn summary, it is tentatively hypothesized that the GRAS family has an important function in low-temperature stress in bananas. This study provides a theoretical basis for further analyzing the function of the banana GRAS gene and the resistance of bananas to cold temperatures.

Dwarfing is one of the common phenotypic variations in asexually reproduced progeny of banana, and dwarfed banana is not only windproof and anti-fallout but also effective in increasing acreage yield. As a key gene in the strigolactone signalling pathway, DWARF53 (D53) plays an important role in the regulation of the height of plants. In order to gain insight into the function of the banana D53 gene, this study conducted genome-wide identification of banana D53 gene based on the M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. itinerans genome database. Analysis of MaD53 gene expression under high temperature, low temperature and osmotic stress based on transcriptome data and RT-qPCR was used to analyse MaD53 gene expression in different tissues as well as in different concentrations of GA and SL treatments. In this study, we identified three MaD53, three MbD53 and two MiD53 genes in banana. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that D53 Musa are equally related to D53 Asparagales and Poales. Both high and low-temperature stresses substantially reduced the expression of the MaD53 gene, but osmotic stress treatments had less effect on the expression of the MaD53 gene. GR24 treatment did not significantly promote the height of the banana, but the expression of the MaD53 gene was significantly reduced in roots and leaves. GA treatment at 100 mg/L significantly promoted the expression of the MaD53 gene in roots, but the expression of this gene was significantly reduced in leaves. In this study, we concluded that MaD53 responds to GA and SL treatments, but “Yinniaijiao” dwarf banana may not be sensitive to GA and SL.

In order to improve the reliability and accuracy of Monte Carlo program in the critical safety calculation of loosely coupled systems, an improved Shannon entropy diagnose method considering the distribution of fission sources and the statistical bias is proposed in this paper. The relative deviation of the distribution of fission sources between adjacent generations and the standard deviation of fission source is proposed. The standard deviation of fission source distribution during source iteration are used as the weight of fission source distribution. Finally, an improved Shannon entropy diagnose method considering the distribution of fission sources and the statistical bias is proposed. This improved Shannon entropy convergence index makes up for the shortcomings of traditional Shannon entropy for lacking the details of local fission source. The improved Shannon entropy convergence index is applied to the benchmark problem: loosely coupled solution Slabs. The results show that compared with the traditional Shannon entropy index, this improved Shannon entropy is more sensitive to the iterative convergence process and can more intuitively and accurately determine the convergence of fission source distribution accompanied by source iteration.

Abstract Purpose Our previous studies have suggested that the first trimester fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is a predictor of GDM. The aim of the present study was to provide valuable insights into the accuracy of the first trimester FPG level in the screening and diagnosis of GDM in southern China. Methods This retrospective study included pregnant women who had their first trimester FPG level recorded at 9–13+6 weeks and underwent screening for GDM using the 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between the 24th and 28th gestational weeks. Differences between the GDM and non-GDM groups were assessed by Student’s t test and the chi-squared test according to the nature of the variables. A restricted cubic spine was used to explore the relationship between the first trimester FPG level and the odds ratio (OR) of GDM in pregnant women. Cut-off values of first trimester FPG were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Results The medical records of 28,030 pregnant women were analysed, and 4,669 (16.66%) of them were diagnosed with GDM. The average first trimester FPG level was 4.62 ± 0.37 mmol/L. The OR of GDM increased with increasing first trimester FPG levels and with a value of first trimester FPG of approximately 4.6 mmol/L, which was equal to 1 (Chi-Square = 665.79, P

Based on the Monte Carlo homogenization theory and the finite volume method, a three-dimensional diffusion spatiotemporal dynamics model suitable for the analysis of instantaneous critical accidents was established. The three-dimensional diffusion spatiotemporal dynamics model was coupled with the unsteady state heat transfer model and the radiation cracking bubble model, and the calculation program GETAC-S was upgraded, so that GETAC-S had the ability to analyze the transient state of the solution system under any geometric and material conditions. GETAC-S was verified by the experimental data of TRACY, which was an international transient device, and the results are in good agreement. GETAC-S was used to invert the process of JCO criticality accident in Japan, and the results show that the GETAC-S has the ability to evaluate and retrieve the consequences of critical accidents in complex solution system, which provide theoretical support for the prevention, evaluation and shielding of nuclear critical accidents.

For extra‐high voltage transmission lines configured with a communication channel, the current differential protection is facing a dilemma between sensitivity and security. On the one hand, the resistive coverage will not be sufficiently high if security is guaranteed. Although the sequence‐current‐based differential elements are more sensitive, it may cause a longer time delay and deteriorate sensitivity under the open‐phase operating condition. On the other hand, if high sensitivity is guaranteed at the cost of security, the main protection element will be blocked in the current transformer (CT) saturation scenario. To solve this problem, a novel type of impedance differential protection (IDP) is proposed. Under the open‐phase condition awaiting an automatic reclosing, the proposed IDP can assist in accelerating the speed of fault‐clearance for healthy phases, which is faster and more sensitive than using the zero‐sequence current differential protection. For an external fault with heavy CT saturation, the proposed IDP can take over the fault identification capability before the recovery of CT, in which duration the current differential protection is blocked. Simulation results indicate that the proposed IDP coordinate perfectly with the current differential protection in the above two scenarios. The performance of the proposed IDP is also assessed using field data.

Objective: To determine the dynamic changes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in respiratory and fecal specimens in children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: From January 17, 2020 to February 23, 2020, three paediatric cases of COVID-19 were reported in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment data were collected. Patients were followed up to March 10, 2020, and dynamic profiles of nucleic acid testing results in throat swabs and fecal specimens were closely monitored. Results: Clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory tract occurred within two weeks after abatement of fever, whereas viral RNA remained detectable in stools of pediatric patients for longer than 4 weeks. Two children had fecal SARS-CoV-2 undetectable 20 days after throat swabs showing negative, while that of another child lagged behind for 8 days. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 may exist in children's gastrointestinal tract for a longer time than respiratory system. Persistent shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in stools of infected children raises the possibility that the virus might be transmitted through contaminated fomites. Massive efforts should be made at all levels to prevent spreading of the infection among children after reopening of kindergartens and schools.

Precise trap and manipulation of individual cells is a prerequisite for single-cell analysis, which has a wide range of applications in biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials. Herein, a microfluidic trapping system with a 3D electrode based on AC dielectrophoresis (DEP) technology is proposed, which can achieve the precise trapping and release of specific microparticles. The 3D electrode consists of four rectangular stereoscopic electrodes with an acute angle near the trapping chamber. It is made of Ag–PDMS material, and is the same height as the channel, which ensures the uniform DEP force will be received in the whole channel space, ensuring a better trapping effect can be achieved. The numerical simulation was conducted in terms of electrode height, angle, and channel width. Based on the simulation results, an optimal chip structure was obtained. Then, the polystyrene particles with different diameters were used as the samples to verify the effectiveness of the designed trapping system. The findings of this research will contribute to the application of cell trapping and manipulation, as well as single-cell analysis.

Mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) is a popular topic in quantum cryptography, which requires less quantum abilities from legitimate users, Alice and Bob, and has the advantage of high noise tolerance. In this paper, we propose a new MSQKD protocol where the third-party quantum server M can randomly send single-state and entangled-state without informing Alice and Bob of the type of qubit. In addition, in the case where M has an infinite quantum source, we derive the key rate and noise tolerance of the protocol, which proves the unconditional security of the protocol. Furthermore, as M changes the ratio of single-state and entangled-state, the noise tolerance also changes. In particular, when M sends only single-state or entangled-state, our protocol degenerates into the previous MSQKD protocols, and we derive a higher noise tolerance by analysing the mismatch terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on enhancing power system resilience against extreme events is attracting significant attention and becoming a top global agenda. In this paper, a preventive augmented power dispatch model is proposed to provide a resilient operation. In the proposed model, a new N-1-1 security criterion is proposed to select disruptive N-1-1 contingency cases that might trigger cascading blackouts, and an iterative contingency assessment process based on the line outage distribution factor is proposed to deal with security constraints. In terms of optimization objectives, two objectives related to power flow on the transmission line are considered to reduce the possibility of overload outages. Controllable series compensation devices are also considered in the model to improve the power flow distribution. Case studies conducted on the modified IEEE 30-bus, 118-bus and Polish 2382-bus systems show that the power flow solution of the proposed power dispatch model can avoid some branches from undertaking excessively heavy loads, especially lines forecasted to be affected by extreme events. The results of blackout simulations through a hidden failure cascading outage simulation model show that the average power losses of the proposed model are reduced by around 40% in some cases as compared to the classical economic dispatch model.