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There has been an upsurge of interest in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) mitochondrial transfer as a potential therapeutic innovation in organ injury repair. Previous research mainly focused on its transfer routes and therapeutic effects. However, its intrinsic mechanism has not been well deciphered. The current research status needs to be summarized for the clarification of future research direction. Therefore, we review the recent significant progress in the application of BMSC mitochondrial transfer in organ injury repair. The transfer routes and effects are summarized, and some suggestions on the future research direction are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage and thickening and sclerosis of the subchondral bone. Mechanical factors play significant roles in the development and progression of OA, but it is still controversial whether exercise or rest is a more effective treatment for OA patients. In this study, we compared the effects of swimming and immobilization at different stages of OA in mice. Four weeks (the middle stage of OA) or eight weeks (the late stage of OA) after DMM (destabilization of the medial meniscus) surgery, the mice were subjected to four-week immobilization or swimming. Ink blot analysis and a beam walking test were performed to measure the gait and balance ability. Histological analysis was performed to determine the trabecular bone area, the thickness of subchondral bone, the thickness of the cartilage, the OARSI score, and the expression of MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinases) and IL-6 (interleukin). The results showed that at the middle stage of OA, both immobilization and swimming slowed down the progression of OA. Immobilization relieved OA to a certain extent by decreasing the production of regulatory factors to attenuate the degeneration of cartilage, which partly relieved the effects of DMM on gait, mainly in the hindlimb. Swimming mainly attenuated the thickening and rescued the area of subchondral bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]