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15 pages, 12 figures, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103433, Kelp forests produce large amounts of macroalgal detritus, ranging from whole plants to small particles (1 mm). The role of this kelp detritus in fueling deep-sea communities adjacent to healthy kelp forests was investigated in a region in the north of Norway by comparing the community structure and biodiversity of meio-, macro-, and megafauna in two deep (450 m) areas with different expected input of kelp detritus: a deep fjord basin surrounded by kelp forests and the adjacent continental shelf 15 km offshore from the kelp forests. The results showed that, although the fjord received a significantly higher amount of large kelp detritus (i.e. blades) than the shelf area, the amount of small kelp detritus available on the sediment was similar in both areas. There were significant differences in the multidimensional scaling analyses on the community structure for meio-, macro-, and megafauna between the fjord and the shelf. Significant differences were also found in biomass, abundance and biodiversity indices for some groups. However, no clear pattern emerged in the community structure and biodiversity between the fjord and the shelf, and the observed differences could not be linked directly to kelp detritus availability. The similar amounts of small particles of kelp detritus in the fjord and shelf area suggest that kelp detritus can provide organic matter to ecosystems further away than initially hypothesized, thus potentially shaping the structure and functioning of deep benthic communities distant from the kelp forests. Yet, the direct (trophic) links of kelp detritus and the studied benthic fauna need to be further analysed. The results are discussed in relation to current global changes in kelp forest, including regime shifts from healthy kelp reefs to turfs or barren areas, which reduce drastically the amount of macroalgal detritus produced and exported, This study was funded by the Norwegian Research Council through the KELPEX project (NRC Grant no. 255085/E40). With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

A joint workshop by the Nansen Legacy and Barents Risk projects, to explore the possible states of the Barents Sea by the horizon 2050, the associated risks and the possible ways to mitigate or adapt to them.

Herring from two unexploited fjord populations, Lake Rossfjord (LRH, n = 100) and Balsfjord (BFH, n = 420) in northern Norway, were sampled in 2014 and 2015. Life history characteristics were analysed and compared to the oceanic Norwegian spring-spawning herring (NSSH), and other Atlantic and Pacific herring stocks. Genetic studies have shown that LRH and BFH are ancestors evolved from Pacific herring that hybridized with Atlantic herring. This study shows that both LRH and BFH mature at a relatively early age, at 2–3 years and ca. 4 years respectively, compared to ca. 5 years for NSSH. The spawning stocks of LRH and BFH consist of small fish and contain relatively few age classes. Both fjord populations have slow growth after sexual maturity; LRH has a very low asymptotic length ( L ∞ = 19.8 cm), while that of BFH is higher ( L ∞ of 28.5 cm); both these values being lower than that of NSSH ( L ∞ of ca. 37 cm). The somatic relative fecundity of LRH is 176.6 oocytes g − 1 , while the somatic relative fecundity of recruit and repeat BFH spawners is 152.4 and 183.1 oocytes g − 1 , respectively. These estimates are lower than those for NSSH and other Atlantic herring fjord populations, but comparable with other Pacific herring. Due to the smaller body sizes of the spawners in the LRH and BFH populations, absolute fecundity is much lower than in NSSH. The gonadosomatic indices of prespawning fish are similar in LRH and BFH, being slightly higher compared to the NSSH, but lower than values reported for Pacific herring. The natural mortality rates of LRH and BFH ( M = 0.64 year − 1 and M = 0.76 year − 1 , respectively) are much higher than in NSSH ( M = 0.15 year − 1 ) and most other Atlantic herring populations, except the Lusterfjord herring. However, these high mortality rates are similar to those of several Pacific herring populations. It is concluded that LRH and BFH show low somatic growth and high natural mortality rate. These life history characteristics differ from those of NSSH, but are similar to some Pacific herring populations adapted to a coastal high-mortality risk environment.

In the EU, the Data Collection Framework (DCF) applies to all fisheries carried out by EU vessels, including those fishing outside EU waters under Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements (SFPA). Although observer coverage of up to 100% has been achieved through collaboration with industry in some SFPA fisheries, the observer coverage in many others SFPAs is low. Lack of data for stock assessment and management of many stocks and species is a global problem. In this context, self-sampling schemes have been implemented in a wide range of commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide as a supplement to data collected by observers. Studies in the EU have shown that self-sampling can be a valuable and cost-effective method of data collection, with the added benefit of involving fishers in the scientific process of assessment and management of their fisheries. In EU fisheries, much of the self-sampling in recent years has been driven by the Common Fishery Policy (CFP) landings obligation (discards ban), where reference fleets (selected representative vessels chosen for the self-sampling scheme) apply self-sampling of catches and discards, with samples of the latter usually brought back to land for processing by fisheries scientists. Although not common, some self-sampling schemes have used fishers to collect samples for age and growth studies and even stomachs for analysis of diets. Self-sampling schemes require volunteer fishers who are motivated and willing to carry out the extra work. Often, an incentive (e.g. financial, more days at sea, more quota) is required to guarantee fisher collaboration. Successful self-sampling programmes are based on mutual trust building between scientists and fishers, and discussion of the goals of the research, the data/sample collection methods and how the collected data/samples will be used. Data collection protocols must be followed, with clearly written instructions and forms used. Fishers need to be adequately trained in collecting data and biological samples in a consistent and standardized way and they should be provided with all the necessary material for the sampling. Observer coverage of FarFish CS SFPA fisheries is variable, reaching up to 100% in some fisheries, with the level of coverage depending on the RFMO, the SFPA context and the national legislation of the third country. Implementing self-sampling in the FarFish CS was discussed with the industry (Spanish operators and LDAC) in the FarFish Workshop in Vigo (26-27 June 2018). The industry representatives were not favourable to implementing self-sampling in their fleets. Consequently, no sampling templates or protocols for the FarFish CS are proposed at this stage. This issue should be taken up with the CS leaders and industry representatives.&nbsp

Published version. Source at http://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv177. Year-class strength of Barents Sea capelin has been monitored closely since the early 1970s and during this ∼45 years period three short periods of almost total recruitment failure leading to three stock collapses have been observed. These events triggered much attention since there was a large commercial fishery for capelin, but also because of observed ecosystem effects attributed to the first of these collapse events. This attention motivated research to clarify mechanisms behind the recruitment failures, and many papers have been published regarding the causes of these events. Here, we review this literature and try to put the various investigations into context. Most of the research conducted gives evidence in favour of a hypothesis that was formulated after the first recruitment failure event in the mid-1980s that predation on capelin larvae was the main cause of recruitment failure. Most studies also support the hypothesis that young herring (Clupea harengus) was the main predator on capelin larvae, but other predators like young-of-the-year cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) probably also played a role. Investigations of the effect of predators such as haddock, red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), diving birds, and capelin on the demersal capelin eggs have also been reviewed. Usually, these predators are found to consume capelin eggs, but most likely not to an extent that would affect the recruitment to a noticeable degree. It is concluded that the predation on capelin larvae is the main reason for the observed recruitment failures, although predation from the predators reviewed here can hardly be the only reason for almost total recruitment failures observed in some periods.

The spawning distribution of Barents Sea capelin Mallotus villosus off northern Norway in 2002 was restricted to a narrow area at the easternmost spawning grounds. There was an increase in abundance and a marked shift in aggregation area from east towards west during 11 March to 4 April, as the capelin went from prespawning through spawning to spent stages. The capelin stomachs were either empty or contained capelin eggs, often mixed with sand. Both the occurrence of cannibals and stomach fullness increased with stage of maturity, being highest in spent fish, and higher in males than in females. No differences were found between cannibals and non-cannibals of the same sex when adjusted for total length (L T ), age, L T at age and condition factor. At similar stomach fullness, the females had consumed more eggs than the males. This was attributed to a higher proportion of empty and broken eggs and less sand in females compared to males. In the full stomachs, the mean consumption in females and males was 623 and 334 eggs, respectively, whereas the respective maximum egg consumption was 871 and 683 eggs. The minimum estimates (given no digestion) of mean ± 95% CL egg consumption in spent females and males were 75·4 ± 6·9 and 58·4 ± 12·0 eggs, respectively, implying a minimum mortality of 1-2% of the total egg production caused by cannibalism.

We studied whether incorporation of terms for environmental factors (temperature, herring and 0-group cod) into the stock recruitment functions for the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus) would increase the ability to predict recruitment. We also investigated the effects of alternative estimates of the capelin spawning stock (SSB) and juvenile herring on model predictability. By using nonlinear regression, the modified Beverton–Holt and Ricker stock recruitment models were fitted to time series of capelin spawning stock, capelin recruitment, juvenile herring, 0-group cod and temperature from 1973 to 2000. The modified Beverton–Holt model with a term for juvenile herring fit capelin recruitment data well. Inclusion of terms for temperature and 0-group cod abundance did not significantly improve the model fit. The best model predicts an almost proportional relationship between the spawning stock and the capelin recruitment when the abundance of juvenile herring is high.

The invasive red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus preys on lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus eggs. We tested the hypothesis this egg consumption may hamper the recruitment of lumpsucker. Methods applied included field work, laboratory experiments and modelling of egg consumption. Crabs were sampled and feeding behaviour was studied by means of a remotely operated vehicle and SCUBA divers in a field survey carried out in Varanger Fjord, Norway, in 2003. Laboratory experiments were carried out in 2006 to study the digestion of lump- sucker eggs by red king crabs, and a stomach evacuation model was fitted to the experimental data. Using data from the field and laboratory studies, an egg consumption model was used to quantify the amount of lumpsucker eggs consumed by king crabs in Varanger Fjord. The uncer- tainty in model input data was assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation. Sex or sampling area did not significantly affect egg predation. A total of 7.9% of all crab stomachs contained an average of 20 lumpsucker eggs, but the number of eggs per stomach varied widely. The average time required to evacuate lumpsucker eggs at 6°C in the laboratory experiment was ~10 h. In 2003, king crabs in Varanger Fjord consumed lumpsucker roe equivalent to approximately one-third of commercial catches during the same period. Red king crab predation on lumpsucker eggs may hamper lumpsucker recruitment in northern Norwegian waters.

Two questions of central importance to the study of ethnic literature define this particular kind of literature and how it might be read. Both questions exist as inseparable concerns: unless readers have knowledge about what makes literature ethnic, they can easily misunderstand or underrate an ethnic author's work. In the effort of black critics and authors to establish a black literary criticism, there is much to tell us about defining and reading ethnic children's literature. Henry Louis Gates has said, "'Blackness' is not a material object or an event but a metaphor; it does not have an 'essence' as such but is defined by a network of relations that form a particular aesthetic unity. Even the slave narratives offer the text as a world, as a system of signs" (254). For Gates, a "Black Aesthetic" is "measured not by 'content,' but by a complex structure of meanings" (254). Quoting Raymond Williams, Gates speaks of a "relation of structure" that "'can show us the organizing principles by which a particular view of the world, and from that the coherence of the social group which maintains it, really operates in consciousness"' (254).

In its broadest definition, censorship of the black child in American children's literature has meant the neglect, misrepresentation, or a limited picture of the black child through the decades; in its more specialized definition it has meant the rejection, banning, or revision of books. Real stories are being told today, just as they were as early as 1932 when black writers wrote the scripts, but we need to know more about the black child and more about workable alternatives to censorship. One possibility, the historical perspective, can assist in disseminating the knowledge about themselves and one another that children so greatly need.

In the EU, the Data Collection Framework (DCF) applies to all fisheries carried out by EU vessels, including those fishing outside EU waters under Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements (SFPA). Although observer coverage of up to 100% has been achieved through collaboration with industry in some SFPA fisheries, the observer coverage in many others SFPAs is low. Lack of data for stock assessment and management of many stocks and species is a global problem. In this context, self-sampling schemes have been implemented in a wide range of commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide as a supplement to data collected by observers. Studies in the EU have shown that self-sampling can be a valuable and cost-effective method of data collection, with the added benefit of involving fishers in the scientific process of assessment and management of their fisheries. In EU fisheries, much of the self-sampling in recent years has been driven by the Common Fishery Policy (CFP) landings obligation (discards ban), where reference fleets (selected representative vessels chosen for the self-sampling scheme) apply self-sampling of catches and discards, with samples of the latter usually brought back to land for processing by fisheries scientists. Although not common, some self-sampling schemes have used fishers to collect samples for age and growth studies and even stomachs for analysis of diets. Self-sampling schemes require volunteer fishers who are motivated and willing to carry out the extra work. Often, an incentive (e.g. financial, more days at sea, more quota) is required to guarantee fisher collaboration. Successful self-sampling programmes are based on mutual trust building between scientists and fishers, and discussion of the goals of the research, the data/sample collection methods and how the collected data/samples will be used. Data collection protocols must be followed, with clearly written instructions and forms used. Fishers need to be adequately trained in collecting data and biological samples in a consistent and standardized way and they should be provided with all the necessary material for the sampling. Observer coverage of FarFish CS SFPA fisheries is variable, reaching up to 100% in some fisheries, with the level of coverage depending on the RFMO, the SFPA context and the national legislation of the third country. Implementing self-sampling in the FarFish CS was discussed with the industry (Spanish operators and LDAC) in the FarFish Workshop in Vigo (26-27 June 2018). The industry representatives were not favourable to implementing self-sampling in their fleets. Consequently, no sampling templates or protocols for the FarFish CS are proposed at this stage. This issue should be taken up with the CS leaders and industry representatives.&nbsp

In the EU, the Data Collection Framework (DCF) applies to all fisheries carried out by EU vessels, including those fishing outside EU waters under Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements (SFPA). Although observer coverage of up to 100% has been achieved through collaboration with industry in some SFPA fisheries, the observer coverage in many others SFPAs is low. Lack of data for stock assessment and management of many stocks and species is a global problem. In this context, self-sampling schemes have been implemented in a wide range of commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide as a supplement to data collected by observers. Studies in the EU have shown that self-sampling can be a valuable and cost-effective method of data collection, with the added benefit of involving fishers in the scientific process of assessment and management of their fisheries. In EU fisheries, much of the self-sampling in recent years has been driven by the Common Fishery Policy (CFP) landings obligation (discards ban), where reference fleets (selected representative vessels chosen for the self-sampling scheme) apply self-sampling of catches and discards, with samples of the latter usually brought back to land for processing by fisheries scientists. Although not common, some self-sampling schemes have used fishers to collect samples for age and growth studies and even stomachs for analysis of diets. Self-sampling schemes require volunteer fishers who are motivated and willing to carry out the extra work. Often, an incentive (e.g. financial, more days at sea, more quota) is required to guarantee fisher collaboration. Successful self-sampling programmes are based on mutual trust building between scientists and fishers, and discussion of the goals of the research, the data/sample collection methods and how the collected data/samples will be used. Data collection protocols must be followed, with clearly written instructions and forms used. Fishers need to be adequately trained in collecting data and biological samples in a consistent and standardized way and they should be provided with all the necessary material for the sampling. Observer coverage of FarFish CS SFPA fisheries is variable, reaching up to 100% in some fisheries, with the level of coverage depending on the RFMO, the SFPA context and the national legislation of the third country. Implementing self-sampling in the FarFish CS was discussed with the industry (Spanish operators and LDAC) in the FarFish Workshop in Vigo (26-27 June 2018). The industry representatives were not favourable to implementing self-sampling in their fleets. Consequently, no sampling templates or protocols for the FarFish CS are proposed at this stage. This issue should be taken up with the CS leaders and industry representatives.&nbsp