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Diabetes is a growing problem in modern times. Treating diabetes can be done using various ways, from traditional to modern methods. Herbal medicine is a traditional form of medication. Herbs can be used to treat diabetes, such as Senna alexandrina. The effects of herbal medicine are linked with the solvent used. In making a herbal drink on an industrial and private scale, the solvent used is ethanol and water. This study aimed to determine the best solvent to produce antioxidant and antidiabetic effects from S. alexandrina leaves. In vitro analysis using DPPH and α-glucosidase enzyme was done to find the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. S. alexandrina leaves were macerated using ethanol and water. All extract was screened for phytochemical contents, and the bioactive compounds were profiled using LC-MS/MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using gallic acid and quercetin as standard compounds. S. alexandrina leaves showed antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Ethanol 50% extract showed the best antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, followed by ethanol and water extracts. The IC50 value of the antidiabetic activity of ethanol 50% was 33.151 µg/mL and the IC50 value of antioxidant power was 160.502 µg/mL. The bioactive compounds were profiled in this extract including torachrysone-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, oroxin B, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyra-nosyl-(12)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-kaempferol, 7-hydroxy-1-methoxy-2-methoxyxanthone, rhamnetin dan rubilactone.

Kombucha is a fermented drink from herbs that provides many benefits for health, including antioxidant activity. Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. ) leaves and kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) leaves are common vegetables in Indonesia, and these plants were reported to contain natural antioxidants. This study aims to examine the antioxidant activity of single and mixture of katuk and kelor leaves before and after fermentation with Kombucha and identify the bioactive compounds of those samples. Katuk and kelor leaves were collected around the Serang Banten area. Antioxidant activity analysis was performed using free radicals DPPH method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were measured. Compounds identification was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that the mixture of katuk and kelor fermented with Kombucha (KoKtKl 3:1) in the 50µl sample had the highest antioxidant activity (80.5% inhibition of DPPH), while under the same conditions, the unfermented sample only had 56.1% DPPH inhibition. Fermentation of katuk and kelor leaves with Kombucha for 7 days decreased pH, and increased antioxidant activity, TPC and TFC. The samples with the highest antioxidant activity (KoKtKl 3:1) were identified as containing kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercimetrin, which are flavonoid glycosides that may be responsible for the antioxidant activity. In conclusion, katuk and kelor leaves showed antioxidant activity before and after fermentation with Kombucha, both as single preparations and mixtures which showed the potential to be studied further as a functional beverage for antioxidants.

Clerodendrum minahassae (Lamiaceae) merupakan tumbuhan yang berasal dari Sulawesi Utara dan dikenal dengan nama leilem. Pada umumnya genus Clerodendrum mengandung senyawa antioksidan seperti senyawa-senyawa fenol dan flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan dan toksisitas serta kandungan senyawa fenol dan flavonoid total dari daun leilem. Ekstrak daun leilem dibuat secara maserasi dalam metanol yang selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan n-heksana dan etil asetat. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji dengan metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) dan toksistas diuji terhadap larva Artemia salina dengan metode BSLT (Brain Shrimp Lethality Test). Kandungan fenol dan flavonoid dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetri. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan ekstrak metanol dan fraksi etil asetat daun leilem memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lemah dengan nilai IC50 300,57 µg/ml dan 189,62 μg/ml, sementara itu toksisitas terhadap larva udang Artemia salina diperlihatkan oleh ekstrak metanol dan fraksi etil asetat daun leilem dengan nilai LC50 berturut turut 190,58 μg/ml dan 147,36 μg/ml. Penentuan kadar fenol total dan flavonoid total dilakukan pada fraksi etil asetat dengan menggunakan standar asam galat untuk fenol total dan kuersetin untuk flavonoid total. Hasil penentuan menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat daun leilem mengandung fenol total 164,38 mg/g ekstrak dan flavonoid total 270,8 mg/g ekstrak.

Indonesia has the largest and most biodiverse coral reef in the world. Colt coral has not been studied and explored especially endophytic fungi associated with the coral. Endophytic fungi are highly potential for the production of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. This research aimed to study the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of fermentation extract from endophytic fungi from colt coral. Filtrate and mycelium extracts were obtained from static and shake fermentations of isolate SKF 15. Antioxidant and cytotoxic assays were conducted by free radical scavenger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and AlamarBlue methods, respectively. The result showed that FD extract provided the highest antioxidant activity with inhibition of 49.36% at 200 ppm of DPPH. Variation of fermentation time (3-21 days) demonstrated the highest activity with inhibition of 66.97% for antioxidant assay (7 days) and 81.13% for cytotoxic assay (3 days). FTIR analysis presented the existence of hydroxyl groups O-H (3452.58 cm-1), C=C groups (1668.43 cm-1); C-O hydroxyl group (1230.58 cm -1), and C-H sp3 groups (2941.44 cm-1). Based on LC-MS analysis, FD extract has a mass of m/z 305.63, [M+H]+, predicted as dihydroquercetin (C15H24O7). Keywords: Antioxidant assay, cytotoxic assay, endophytic fungi, colt coral, DPPH method, AlamarBlue method

Petai mistletoe (Dendrophthoe praelonga (Blume) Miq) is semi-parasitic plant. Parasite plant has been used traditionally in Indonesia to prevent or treat degenerative diseases, such as cancer. The purpose of this study was to indentify anticancer compound of petai mistletoe leaves extract and to examine its antioxidant activity (based on DPPH method) and cytotoxic activity on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines in vitro using Alamar blue method. This research aims to isolating, characterize, determine antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. Separation was conducting column chromathography and characterize was conducted using TLC, FT-IR, LC-MS and NMR-1D. From the result obtained, the isolated compound is flavonol quercetine (3,3,7,3’,4’ pethahydroxyflavone) which active antioxidant with IC50 value of 9.4 μg/mL and the value of cytotoxic activity with IC50 750.62 μg/mL

The purpose

Tempe is a soy fermentation product and has been associated with many health benefits. It is usually consumed after 48 hours of fermentation; however extended fermentation is sometimes favoured. Since cooking involves water, it is of interest to study the health benefits of tempe water extract. In this study, we focused our study on total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxic activity, and identification of the main flavonoids. Our findings demonstrated that concentration of water-soluble flavonoids in tempe increased as fermentation time was prolonged. Fermentation for 60 hr resulted in extracts with very noticeable cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line (IC50 of 8.70 µg/ml). The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was fermentation time-dependent following non-linear relationship. The activity showed strong inverse correlation with total phenols and flavonoids in the extracts. LC-MS/MS data suggested that extracts from control and 24-hr fermented tempe demonstrated the highest responses for genistein, genistin, daidzein, daidzin, and glycitein, compared to those of other treatments and therefore suggested that excessive amount of the isoflavones, particularly genistein, induced cancer cell proliferation but lesser yet optimum concentration (observed at 60 hr-fermentation) contributed to otherwise effect.

The development of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SNP-RB) from natural amorphous silica and its performance as an Escherichia coli (E. coli) biosensor is described in this paper. SNP-RB was derived from silica recovered from geothermal installation precipitation and modified with the dye, Rhodamine B. The Fourier Infrared (FTIR) confirms the incorporation of Rhodamine B in the silica matrix. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) micrographs show that the SNP-RB had an irregular structure with a particle diameter of about 20–30 nm. The maximum fluorescence spectrum of SNP-RB was recorded at 580 nm, which was further applied to observe the detection performance of the fluorescent nanoparticles towards E. coli. The sensing principle was based on the fluorescence-quenching mechanism of SNP-RB and this provided a wide linear E. coli concentration range of 10–105 CFU/mL with a limit detection of 8 CFU/mL. A rapid response time was observed after only 15 min of incubation of SNP-RB with E. coli. The selectivity of the biosensor was demonstrated and showed that the SNP-RB only gave quenching response only to live E. coli bacteria. The use of SNP-RB as a sensing platform reduced the response time significantly compared to conventional 3-day bacterial assays, as well having excellent analytical performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity.

Effect of Fermentation on Antioxidant Activities and Betacyanin Content of Functional Beverages from Dragon Fruit and Beetroot Kombucha is a traditional beverage prepared by fermenting polyphenol-rich tea using a consortium of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). Dragon fruit and beetroot contain a significantly high amount of polyphenols and betacyanin as antioxidants which are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and the body's natural degeneration related to the early-aging process. This study aims to determine changes in antioxidant activity and levels of betacyanin from fermented dragon fruit and beetroot as functional drinks during different fermentation times. The results showed that there was a correlation between fermentation time and antioxidant activity in its ability to counteract free radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the levels of betacyanin produced. Longer fermentation time caused an increase in free radical inhibition and reduction of iron ions but reduced the levels of betacyanin. The optimum value of free radical inhibitory activity (DPPH) was obtained in the 12-day fermented dragon fruit drink with an inhibitory value of 80.76%, ability to reduce iron ions by 197.94 µg ascorbic acid mL -1 , and betacyanin level of 0.055 mg L -1 Keywords: antioxidants, dragon fruit, betacyanin, beetroot, functional beverages ABSTRAK Kombucha merupakan minuman tradisional hasil olahan fermentasi teh yang kaya polifenol dengan konsorsium bakteri dan yeast (SCOBY). Buah naga dan umbi bit memiliki polifenol dan senyawa betasianin yang cukup tinggi sebagai antioksidan yang bermanfaat dalam menurunkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular, penyakit kanker dan degenerasi alami tubuh terkait proses penuaan dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar betasianin dari fermentasi buah naga maupun umbi bit sebagai minuman fungsional selama waktu fermentasi yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya korelasi antara waktu fermentasi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dalam kemampuannya menangkal radikal bebas, kemampuan mereduksi ion besi (FRAP), dan kadar betasianin yang dihasilkan. Semakin lama waktu fermentasi menyebabkan peningkatan penghambatan radikal bebas dan reduksi ion besi, namun menurunkan kadar betasianin. Nilai aktivitas penghambatan radikal bebas (DPPH) optimum diperoleh dari minuman fermentasi buah naga selama waktu fermentasi 12 hari dengan nilai penghambatan sebesar 80,76%, kemampuannya dalam mereduksi ion besi sebesar 197,94 µg asam askorbat mL –1 , dan kadar betasianin sebesar 0,055 mg L –1

The rhizome of ginger is commonly used as a spice, food, beverage as well as medicine. Plant essential oils including from ginger have been widely used for food preservation, pharmaceutical and alternative medicines. Currently there are growing interest of consumer for natural sources such as essential oils for natural antibacterial and antioxidant. Jahe emprit ( Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) is one of Indonesian ginger variety used to obtain ginger essential oil. The objective of current study was to investigate the effect of solvent to feed (SF) ratio in hydrodistillation process on yield, chemicals content, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ginger essential oils from jahe emprit . SF ratio used in this study is 0.7: 1, 1.7: 1, 2.7: 1. Chemicals content was conducted using GCMS analysis. Antibacterial assay was conducted using disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Antioxidant assay was conducted using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results show that the highest essential oil yield was obtained from SF ratio 1.7:1 which gave yield of 3.7%. GCMS analysis shows that camphene was always the major compound present in those 3 SF ratio, although the amount present was differed. Besides, 4 other major compounds present were varied. Antibacterial assay using 1% concentration showed ginger oil obtained from SF 0.7:1 and 2.7:1 have the same activities for S. aureus , whereas SF ratio 1.7:1 has the lowest activities. However for E. coli , all SF ratio gave same results. For antioxidant activities at 1000 ppm concentration, the highest activity was obtained from SF ratio 2.7:1

This study aims to determine the effect of liquid media composition on the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase from endophytic fungus Aspergillus elegans SweF9 isolated from seaweed (Macroalgae Euchema sp). Fermentation was carried out in three types of liquid media, namely: potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato malt peptone (PMP), and Czapek-dox broth (CDB), which was incubated for 10 days at room temperature, with static conditions. Ethyl acetate solvents were used to extract active metabolites from fungal biomass and filtrate from each media. Antidiabetic activity was measured based on inhibition of enzyme α-glucosidase. The results showed that filtrate extract of A. elegans SweF9 which was cultured on the media PDB showed highest inhibitor activity to the α-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.74 µg / mL compared to other extracts. Based on these results, the PDB media is an appropriate medium for culturing A. elegans SweF9 to produces secondary metabolites that can be used as a new source of antidiabetic agents.

Colletotrichum species were reported producing various bioactive compounds that may potentially be used in the development of anti-microbial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-diabetes drugs. Our previous studies showed that the methanol extracts of mycelia from Colletotrichum sp. TSC13, an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus sumatrana (Miq.) de Laub., were found to have α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of initial inoculum on growth and the content of fatty acids as an α-glucosidase inhibitor in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 that grew under shake and static condition. The results showed that shake and static conditions had more effect compared to the initial inocculum on growth and glucose consumption in growth and glucose consumption. However in terms of fatty acids contents and α-glucosidase inhibitor activities the initial inoculum showed more effect than shake and static conditions

Dewijanti ID, Mangunwardoyo W, Dwiranti A, Hanafi M, Artanti N. 2020. Short communication: Effects of the various source areas of Indonesian bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) on chemical content and antidiabetic activity. Biodiversitas 21: 1190-1195. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) are from an Indonesian plant species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. The Indonesian name for this plant is salam; it is found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Java Islands. Its leaves are the part of the plant commonly used. Salam leaves are usually consumed by people as a food flavoring, but are also used as a traditional antidiabetic medicine. The purpose of this study was to discover the effects of salam leaves’ origins on their chemical content and antidiabetic activity. For this reason, salam leaf samples were collected from three different provinces in Java (West Java, Central Java, and East Java). The samples were extracted by boiling in water. Phytochemical screening, chemical analysis using TLC, HPLC, LC-MSMS, and FTIR, and antidiabetic in vitro testing using alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods were conducted on the salam leaves’ water extracts. The results showed that salam leaf extracts from all three provinces contained quercetin. However, the salam originating from East Java also contained coniferin, the salam from Central Java contained juncusol, and the salam from West Java contained retucine. The salam leaves originating from East Java showed the lowest antidiabetic activity, whereas salam leaf extract showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity. As conclusion, a plant’s growth origin affects its chemical content and antidiabetic activity.

Modified cassava flour (Mocaf) can be used for food additive on the formulation of infant instant cream soup as thickener and binder of folic acid. The main objective of this study was to determine the optimum formulation condition of added mocaf and folic acid fortificant on infant cream soup for complementary feeding. Infant cream soup was prepared by adding mocaf at concentration 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30% (w/w, base formula of cream soup), fortificant A (mixture of soy tempeh, nixtamalized corn, and fermented broccoli), and fortificant B (mixture of mung beans, nixtamalized corn and fermented broccoli). The optimum condition was achieved by adding mocaf at the concentration 30% and fortificant A, with composition of folic acid 191.14 µg/mL, dissolved protein 39.72 mg/mL, total solids 91.43 %, total sugars 926.73 mg/mL and reducing sugars 52.1 mg/mL. This formulation was able to increase folic acid by 10.27-folds in comparison with base formula of infant soup. LC-MS analysis showed folic acid monomer with molecular weight 442.75 m/z. Volatile compounds were dominated by acetic acid, furan and, fatty acid. Particle size distribution at quantities 10, 50 and 90% (v/w) had particle size of 10.58, 22.46, and 470.52 μm, respectively or average 141.26 μm.

Coffee is a popular beverage that is consumed worldwide. Habitual coffee drinking is associated with cancer risk reduction including pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. The invert correlation between coffee intake and breast cancer risk is weak, therefore coffee is potential for functional beverage. Coffee should be taken for several times per day to get its benefit. Compounds which give the cancer reduction effect are still debatable, they can be compounds with antioxidant or non-antioxidant properties. Robusta coffee from Lampung has a special meaning for Indonesian coffee lovers due to its strong aroma and flavour with affordable price. In order to observe the anticancer activity of Lampung Robusta coffee, its aqueous methanol extract was passed through a chromatography column containing polyamide with aqueous methanol as the eluent with a gradient of 10%. A total of 54 fractions were obtained and labelled as A to K fractions. Chlorogenic acid was detected in fractions A and B. Meanwhile, it was not detected in other fractions including G fraction. This G fraction, however, was the only one to show cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. This result suggests that this fraction contains potential compounds with anticancer activity.

Plants are source of medicinal compounds. Salam leaf or Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) from the family of Myrtaceae are widely used as herbs and spices for cooking (culinary) and as traditional medicine for diabetes, diarrhea, and hypertension. Indonesian bay leaf contains many compounds including essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids. In this study, 70 % and 96 % ethanol extracts of bay leaf obtained from the garden in Research Center for Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK), Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia were tested in vitro according to α-glucosidase inhibition method to determine antidiabetic activity and to scavenge DPPH free radicals in order to determine antioxidant activity and toxicity on Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The results showed that extraction of Indonesian bay leaf by using 70 % and 96 % ethanol extracts have anti diabetic activity (97.37 % and 95.51 % α-glucosidase inhibition) and antioxidants activities (89.66 % and 69.18 % DPPH inhibition), respectively and have very low toxic effects on brine shrimp larvae (LD50 > 1,000 µg/mL).

Compounds derived from natural sources have the potential use for food safety because of the antimicrobial properties. Today, consumer awareness on the potential negative effects of synthetic preservatives on health has sparked interest for researchers in the development and use of natural products in food. Antimicrobial testing was conducted on three gram negative bacteria, four gram positive bacteria and three fungi by micro dilution of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of bay leaf. The test results showed that all extracts did not have antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria. While, for gram-positive bacteria there are some extracts that have activity against certain bacteria, namely ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane against gram-positive MS = Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 70084 and methanol extract against gram-positive bacteria ML = Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790). All extracts have anti fungal activity against MH = Mucor hialisalis DSM 2656. It can be concluded that bay leaf extract using a variety of organic solvents shows selective antimicrobial activity against certain gram positive bacteria and fungi however no activity against gram negative bacteria.

Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) is one of local plants that contains high chlorophyll content and large amounts of antioxidants, which are very useful to prevent free radicals and premature aging. Katuk leaves can be directly consumed as vegetables or be processed as fermented health beverage. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant activity of formulated functional drinks derived from katuk leaf extracts. The activity of the functional drinks was optimized by varying fermentation conditions, such as kombucha culture level, sucrose level, and fermentation time, using response surface methodology (RSM). Katuk leaf was extracted using sterile hot water (leaf:water ratio, 1:10) with concentration of kombucha culture varied from 10–20% (w/v), sucrose addition varied from 10–20% (w/v), and fermentation time varied 0-12 days. The optimization was done by using Box-Behnken Design Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to evaluate and select optimal process conditions from a combination of factor levels which results in an optimal response. Based on RSM Box-Behnken Design, it was found that the above-mentioned three factors greatly influenced the response value. Optimum conditions were obtained with culture concentration of 13.75%, sucrose addition of 20% (w/v) and fermentation time of 5.66 days with the percentage inhibition of antioxidant was 80.27% (DPPH method), Feric reducing antioxidant power was 217.78 mg ascorbic acid/mL, pH was 4.57 and total polyphenols was 1,31 mg GAE/mL and reducing sugar 20,78 mg/mL.

Hedyotis corymbosa L., with local name rumput mutiara, is an anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective traditional medicine. The ethanol extract of H. corymbosa L. shows inhibitory activity to human YMB-1 breast cancer cell line with an IC 50 of 6.51 µg/mL. The methylene chloride fraction shows a potential cytotoxic activity with an IC 50 of 2.75 µg/mL. To obtain a lead compound, the extract was further purified by column chromatography. A pure compound is obtained which shows inhibitory activities against YMB-1, HL60 and KB human cell lines with IC 50 values of 0.7; 11.0 and 104.2 µg/mL, respectively. Based on the 1D and 2D FTNMR data, the isolated compound is an asperuloside.

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine shrimp larvae (LD50> 1000µg / mL). The results suggest that bay leaf water extract has potential to be used in development of functional drink to reduce diabetic risk.Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine s...

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.

Butyrolactone I (BL-I) has been reported as inhibitor of α-glucosidase and antioxidant compound isolated from culture broth of Aspergillus terreus. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various liquid media compositions on production of BL-I from A. terreus LS07. Fermentation was conducted in four liquid medium: potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato malt peptone (PMP), malt extract (ME), and Czapek-Dox broth (CDB), which were incubated for seven days at room temperature, with agitation of 70 rpm. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was used to extract the active metabolite from each broth. Glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured by the inhibition of yeast α-glucosidase, while antioxidants measured by testing the total phenol and DPPH free radical scavenger activity. The results showed that the EtOAc extract on CDB had strong inhibition activity against the enzyme α-glucosidase and strong antioxidant with IC50 values 6.45 and 24.05 μg/mL, respectively. The CDB extract also showed the highest content of total phenols (349.66 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g extract) and BL-I (58.5% w/w). Based on these results, among the four kinds of medium used, Czapek-Dox broth is an ideal culture medium of A. terreus LS07 that could be applied for increase production of BL-I as natural antidiabetic source from terestrial fungi

The active α-glucosidase inhibitor compounds in the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 were found to be the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids). These compounds have potential as antidiabetic agents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of various media composition on growth (mycelium dry weight) and the fatty acids content (μg mg(-1) mycelium DW) of Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 in relation to its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. For that purpose, the experiments were set up by varying the carbon and nitrogen sources, metal ions and desaturase and fatty acid synthase inhibitors in the media. Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 grown on potato dextrose broth (PDB) was used as control. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were (range from 43.9 ± 2.5 to 88.6 ± 5.2%) at 10 μg mL(-1). This activity seemed to correlate with the unsaturated fatty acids content of the samples. Different sugars as carbon source experiment showed that xylose gave the highest growth (938.7 ± 141.6 mg). However, the highest fatty acids content was obtained from fructose medium which containing linoleic acid (38.8 ± 4.9 μ g mg(-1) DW). Soluble starch gave better growth (672.5 ± 62.3 mg) but very low fatty acids content (2.8 ± 0.1 μg mg(-1) DW) was obtained. Yeast extract was the best nitrogen source. Fatty acids production was better as compared to beef extract and soytone. This is the first report of various media compositions on fatty acids content in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 in relation to its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) and spinach (Amaranthus spp.) are vegetables that known to have many benefit for health. Previous studies on the fermentation of those vegetables using kombucha cultured showed increase in bioactive components such as total polyphenol content. The current studies was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of fermented spinach and broccoli before (feed) and after treatment with filtration (retentate and permeate). Filtration was conducted using Stirred Ultrafiltration Cell (SUFC) with UF membrane 100,000 MWCO mode at fixed condition (stirred rotation 300 rpm, room temperature, pressure 40 psia). Antioxidant evaluation was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picril hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The results showed that all samples from fermented broccoli showed antioxidant activity (feed 15.82% inhibition and retentate 15.29% inhibition), with the best antioxidant activity was obtained from permeate (75.98% inhibition). Whereas from fermented spinach only permeate showed antioxidant activity (21.84% inhibition) and it significantly lower than broccoli permeate. The mass spectrum of LCMS analysis on broccoli samples showed the present of several mass spectrum with (M+H) range from 148.1 to 442.5 in feed, retentate and permeate. In those samples (M+H) 360.4 always has the highest relative intensity. These results suggest that fermented broccoli has potential for development as functional drink for the source of antioxidant and the permeate obtained from filtration treatment significantly increased the antioxidant activity.

C ledgeriana is a medicinal plant that contains alkaloids, especially on the barks for commercial production of quinine as antimalarial. The main alkaloids in this plant are cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine and quinidine. Besides for antiamalarial this plant is also commonly used to treat whooping cough, influenza and dysentery. Compare to other medicinal plants, nowadays only very few studies were conducted in Cinchona species. Our current study aims to determine the content of phytochemical, total phenol and total flavonoids from C. ledgeriana leaves 70% ethanol extract. The extraction was performed by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent and then fractionated into hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and alumunium chloride colorimetric methods using gallic acid and quercetin as standards. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the 70% ethanol extract of C. ledgeriana leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. The total phenol and total flavonoids analysis showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenol (40.23%) and total flavonoids (65.34%).

Cinchona species especially the barks are commonly known for commercial production of quinine as antimalarial. Although it is also reported for treatment of depurative, whooping cough, influenza and dysentery. In this paper we reported in vitro examination of other bioactivities (antidiabetes, antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxicity) of 70% ethanol extract of Cinchona ledgeriana and C. succirubra leaves as well as qunine, quinidine, and cinchonine the major alkaloids found in Cinchona species. Antidiabetes was conducted using α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay. Antioxidant was conducted using DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay. In vitro cytotoxic activity was concucted by microscopic observation on growth of breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The results showed that at concentration of 100 µg/ml, C. ledgeriana leaves ethanol extracts showed the best activity as antidiabetes (98% inhibitory of α-glucosidase activity) and antioxidant (92% DPPH free radical scavenging activity), whereas at the same concentration C. succirubra, quinine, quinidine and cinchonine showed very low activities of antidiabetes and antioxidant. Microscopic observation of in vitro cytotoxicity showed that C. ledgeriana also has excellent cytotoxicity to breast cancer cell line MCF-7 which better than quinine, quinidine and cinchonine, whereas C. succirubra showed low cytotoxicity. These results suggest that cinchona species have many potential as the source of drugs discovery and development other than just for malaria treatment. Therefore it is important to conduct further studies and to maintain the available Cinchona plantation in Indonesia.

Malaria is a major public health problem mainly due to the development of resistance by the most lethal causative parasite species, the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drug available now. Therefore it is important to discover new antimalarial drug. Malaria is caused by a singlecelled parasite from the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum parasite infect red blood cells, ingesting and degradation hemoglobin in the acidic food vacuola trough a sequential metabolic process involving multiple proteases. During these process, hemoglobin is utilized as the predominant source of nutrition. Proteolysis of hemoglobin yields amino acid for protein synthesis as well as toxic heme. Massive degradation of hemoglobin generates large amount of toxic heme. Malaria parasite has evolved a distinct mechanism for detoxification of heme through conversion into insoluble crystalline pigment, known as hemozoin (β hematoin). Hemozoin synthesis is an indispensable process for the parasite and...

Our previous studies on screening of antioxidant activities from various endophytic fungi isolated from marine bioata showed that A. elegans PTF9 isolated from sea weed is one of the fungus that has good antioxidant activity. In current study we reported the effect of medium salinity (0, 3 and 10% salt in PDB medium) on antioxidant and antidiabetes activity of mycelium and filtrate ethyl acetate extracts of A. elegans Ptf 9. The antioxidant assay was conducted using DPPH free radical scavenging activity method. The antidiabetes assay was conducted using a-glucosidase inhibitory activity method. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus cultures with 0% salt (IC50=1.56 ppm), whereas the best antidiabetes activity was obtained from filtrate extract of fungus culture with 10% salt (IC50= 3.64 ppm). Addition of salt reduced the antioxidant activity, but not the antidiabetes activity. The results suggest that A. elegans PTF9 showed potential for further studies on isolation of antioxidant and antidiabetes lead compounds that could be use for further development of new drugs.

High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. According to result, extract of bacteria in pH 8.0 exhibited the greatest antioxidant (19.27% inhibition), antidiabetic (63.95% inhibition) and anticancer activity of T47D cell line (44.62% cell viability) compared to other extracts. However, effect of addition of sugar sources (such as: glucose, sucrose, and soluble starch) and effect of addition of water/sea water exhibited less influence on their bioactivities. In conclusion, Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from sponge have potential a source of bioactive compound in drug discovery field.High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. Accord...

Lovastatin is an anti-cholesterol agent that was produced by Aspergillus terreus using solid state fermentation (SSF). During this fermentation process, sulochrin is also produced as an unwanted co-metabolite. However, our previous result showed that sulochrin had potential as antidiabetes because it is an inhibitor agent of α-glucosidase. In this paper, we reported our observation on lovastatin and sulochrin production pattern in relation with inhibitor α-glucosidase activity during eleven days fermentation of A. terreus koji (SSF) ethyl acetate extract. Koji obtained from solid state fermentation with rice as the substrate and incubated at room temperature, sample is taken daily for eleven day (D-1 to D-11). Lovastatin and sulochrin production was measured by Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer based on their molecular weight m/z 404.5 and 332.3 respectively. The inibitory activity is measured by inhibition model of koji extract against α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from Saccharomyces cereviceae. The results show that lovastatin production was started on the day 2 (0.04 mg/g) and achieving the optimal production on day 7 (11.46 mg/g), while sulochrin production was started on day 4 (0.60 mg/g) and keep produced until the end of fermentation period at Day 11 (3.11 mg/g). Koji extract was started to show inhibitory to α-glucosidase activity on Day 5 (IC50= 23.34 μg/mL) and keep showed activity until Day 11 (IC50=3.33 μg/mL). These results suggest that inhibitory activity of koji extract to α- glucosidase activity have relation with sulochrin biosynthesis production.

Herbal medicinal products would be affected by the quality of raw materials. In turn, the quality of raw material will also be influenced by various factors such as soil conditions, cultivation, post-harvest processing, and the processing of raw materials into crude drug or extract. Therefore, in order to make good herbal medicines, it is necessary to make standardization of herbal extracts that produced herbal medicines that have the same quality and functions of effectiveness in each process. From preliminary studies that have been done, Centella asiatica is one of the potential plants as a source of hepatoprotective compounds. Test in vivo and in vitro against Centella asiatica extracts have shown very good results. Ethyl acetate extract with 17.5 mg/kg of doses body weight and butanol 228.8 mg/kgof doses body weight has been applied for in vivo test using mice induced by CCl4; theydemonstrated hepatoprotective effects. Ethyl acetate extracts were able to reduce levels of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 56 % and 44 % respectively while butanol extract can reduce the enzymes AST levels by 3%. Standardizationof Centella asiatica extract performed in this study was the characterization of the extract in the form of non-specific and specific parameters corresponding to the reference of PPOMN (Ministry of health Republic of Indonesia, 2000) such as levels of drying shrinkage, ash content, total plate count microbial contamination, levels of water-soluble compounds, levels of compounds that are soluble in ethanol, phytochemical test, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the determination of Pb and Cd weight.The results showed that non-specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica were requirements based on Herbal Pharmacopoeia in 2008 which includes parameters such as determination of shrinkage on drying ≤ 10%, ash content ≤ 16.6% and negative microbial contamination. Specific parameters for the ethanol extract of Centella asiatica have met the requirements of Herbal pharmacopeia in 2008.Keywords: Centellaasiatica, hepatoprotective, standardized herbal medicine, specificparameters, and non-specific parameters

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Colletotrichum sp. have potential to act as antidiabetic agent, due to its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory. Therefore, the objective of present study was to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13. The methanol extract of TSC13 mycelia, was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction exhibited the strongest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Column chromatography of this fraction resulted in 8 sub-fractions (F1-8). Fraction 3 (F3) which showed 71.4 +/- 2.4% inhibition was analysed further. Analysis using GC-MS after methylation of F3 and comparison to spectra databases and confirmation using authentic sample standards showed that F3 had two saturated fatty acid methyl esters, palmitic acid and stearic acid methyl esters and three unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linoleinic acid methyl esters. Unsaturated fatty acids showed higher activity than the saturated fatty acids and the methyl esters form of unsaturated fatty acids showed slightly less active than the free acids. Further analysis using an ethyl acetate extract, it was confirmed that most of the fatty acids were present in the form of free acids. Therefore, it was concluded that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor compounds in Colletotrichum sp. TSC13 were unsaturated fatty acids. This is the first report that a Colletotrichum sp. from T. sumatrana has alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Endophytic microbes are considered as an important source of natural products. They show antibiotic, anticancer, antioxidative and antidiabetic activities. Therefore, there are many reports on the isolation and bioactivity screening of endophytic fungi from various plants including Taxus species. Taxus sumatrana (Miq.) de Laub is found in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to conduct an in vitro screening of 14 endophytic fungi isolated from Taxus sumatrana having antioxidative and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activities. Each endophytic fungus was cultured for 7 days and the fungal mycelium and medium were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate, respectively, to produce each extract. The antioxidative activity of each extract was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene bleaching assays, whereas antidiabetic activity was tested based on alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity. The screening results showed that fungal mycelia of TSC 13 had the best alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity and TSC 24 had the best antioxidative activity. Isolation of bioactive compounds from TSC 13 and TSC 24 is being conducted. This is the first report that endophytic fungi isolated from T. sumatrana exhibited anti alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and anti oxidative activities.