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This project is about commercial history use with educational purpose, focused on film and whether it contributes to students' knowledge or can only be seen as an entertaining break in the regular education. This project focused on two types of films, featured films and documentaries. The work process started with an idea of the theme film and got more focused by searching on different keywords to find academic texts. The purpose of this academic text is mainly to investigate the different sides of film as a pedagogical tool, with focus on history education. What does the research say about what challenges exist in using feature films and documentaries in the classroom, as well as what solutions exist to the challenges? And What does the research say about the areas in which feature films and documentaries can be used to strengthen history teaching? are the two questions this overview answers. The method used for this project was a systematic search of different keywords and the project is based on previous research. The results shows that there are challenging aspects that need to be considered when using film in the classroom, for example watching a film can be time consuming. However there are solutions to the majority of the challenges. Other than that there are advantages with using film as a pedagogical tool in the history classroom since films can be used to develop source criticism, historical consciousness and historical empathy. Even the motivation and engagement increases when the students watch films. This text concludes that films can be beneficial if used in the best possible way.

Background: The basophil activation test is an emerging clinical tool in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA). The aim was to assess the association between the basophil allergen threshold sensitivity to the major milk protein casein (casein-specific CD-sens), the levels of milk- and casein-specific Immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE-ab), and the severity of allergic reactions at milk challenges. Methods: We enrolled 34 patients aged 5–15 (median 9) years who underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled milk-challenge (DBPCMC) as screening before inclusion in an oral immunotherapy study for CMA. The severity of the allergic reaction at the DBPCMC was graded using Sampson's severity score. Venous blood was drawn before the DBPCMC. Milk- and casein-specific IgE-ab were analyzed. Following in vitro stimulation of basophils with casein, casein-specific CD-sens, was determined. Results: Thirty-three patients completed the DBPCMC. There were strong correlations between casein-specific CD-sens and IgE-ab to milk (rs = 0.682, p <.001), and between casein-specific CD-sens and IgE-ab to casein (rs = 0.823, p <.001). There was a correlation between the severity of the allergic reaction and casein-specific CD-sens level (rs = 0.395, p =.041) and an inverse correlation between casein-specific CD-sens level and the cumulative dose of milk protein to which the patient reacted at the DBPCMC (rs = −0.418, p =.027). Among the 30 patients with an allergic reaction at the DBPCMC, 67% had positive casein-specific CD-sens, 23% had negative casein-specific CD-sens, and 10% were declared non-responders. Conclusion: Two thirds of those reacting at the DBPMC had positive casein-specific CD-sens, but reactions also occurred despite negative casein-specific CD-sens. The association between casein-specific CD-sens and the severity of the allergic reaction and cumulative dose of milk protein, respectively, was moderate.

Background: Adolescents in need of care that cannot be provided by Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, or by other aid provided by the Social service can be placed and cared for at the youth facilities of the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS). Adolescents being cared for at the youth facilities of SiS have complex needs of care, including both psychiatric conditions and psychosocial issues. At every institution at least one nurse with responsibility of the adolescents' care is employed. There is a lack of research on how these nurses experience the care which they provide at the youth facilities. Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of the nurses caring for adolescents in the SiS. Method: A qualitative interview study was conducted. Eight nurses employed by the SiS were interviewed. The data was then analyzed according to Lundberg and Graneheim's model for qualitative content analysis. Results: The results are presented in three main themes and nine subthemes: Challenges and opportunities with working within SiS. Lack of collaboration and information, resources and competence and the work environment within SiS. The role of the nurse. Experience of working under different laws and assuming different work roles, leading and training other staff. Meeting the care needs of adolescents. To be able to see the entire adolescent, create an alliance and educate the youth about their own health. Conclusion: The nurses experienced an inexplicit health care assignment within SiS. They experienced a lack of health care competence among the staff working at the wards. A better collaboration with other health care departments, such as Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and primary care centers, was considered desirable. The adolescents are considered to present with great suffering and complexcare needs, and their psychiatric needs are considered the most difficult to meet. The nurses need to create an alliance with the adolescents, and to see

This paper aims to emphasize the need for enhancing inclusivity and accessibility within smart-city societies. It represents the first attempt to apply Amartya Sen’s capability approach by exploring the implications of digital divides for promoting inclusive and climate-friendly cities that prioritize well-being, equity, and societal participation. Sen’s framework recognizes individual variations in converting resources into valuable ‘functionings’, and herein emphasizes the importance of aligning personal, social, and environmental conversion factors for individuals to fully navigate, participate in, and enjoy the benefits provided by smart cities. Adopting the capability approach and employing a cross-disciplinary analysis of the scientific literature, the primary objective is to broaden understanding of how to improve inclusivity and accessibility within smart-city societies, with a specific focus on marginalized community members facing first- and second-level digital divides. This paper underscores the importance of adopting a systemic perspective on climate-smart city navigation and stresses the importance of establishing a unified governing body responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and enhancing smart-city functionality. The paper concludes by summarizing some policy recommendations to boost social inclusion and address climate change in smart cities, such as creating capability-enhancing institutions, safeguarding redundancy in public-choice options, empowering citizens, and leveraging academic knowledge in smart-city policy formulation., Urban Commons

Background: The prevalence of peanut allergy is about 2% and mostly lifelong. Studies of oral immunotherapy (OIT) with peanut (the daily oral intake of an initially low and then increasing dose of peanut) often show problematic side effects, but there are indications of better safety and effect in younger children compared with older children and adults. Objective: To determine the safety and effectiveness of peanut OIT with a slow up-dosing strategy and low maintenance dose in children aged 1 to 3 years who were allergic to peanut, through a 1-year interim analysis. Method: In a randomized controlled trial (2:1 ratio), 75 children, median age 31 months (interquartile range [IQR], 23-40 months) were assigned to receive peanut OIT (n = 50) or peanut avoidance (n = 25). Results: In the OIT and avoidance groups, 43 of 50 and 20 of 25 children, respectively, performed the 1-year open oral peanut challenge. A cumulative dose of 750 mg peanut protein after 1 year was tolerated by 72% (36 of 50 children) in the OIT group compared with 4% (1 of 25) in the avoidance group (P < .001). Median tolerated cumulative dose was 2,750 mg (IQR, 275-5,000 mg) peanut protein in the OIT group compared with 2.8 mg (IQR, 0.3-27.8 mg) in the avoidance group (P < .001). Of the doses administered at home during the first year of OIT, 1.4% resulted in adverse events and 79% were mild, and three doses of epinephrine were given at home to two individuals. Conclusion: In children aged 1 to 3 years, peanut OIT with the combination of slow up-dosing and low maintenance dose seems safe and effective after 1 year.

Under år 2016 kom invandringen att pika i Sverige till följd av krig och konflikter. Detta resulterade i ett stort antal migranter och en konsekvens av detta blev att många familjer splittrades och en kamp för familjeåterförening uppstod. Syftet med uppsatsen var att göra en jämförelse mellan tidigare och nuvarande rättsläge gällande förutsättningarna för rätten till familjeåterförening. För att besvara syftet har vi granskat förarbeten som ligger till grund för vår framställning. Den kraftiga invandringen under år 2015 resulterade i en tillfällig reglering som legat till grund för dem bestående lagförändringar som skett på området. Eftersom den internationella rätten utgör grunden för den svenska regleringen var den inte obetydlig i framställningen av vår jämförelse. Vi har använt oss av den rättsdogmatiska metoden för att undersöka hur lagstiftningen gällande familjeåterförening utvecklats och förändrats samt dess ändamål. Vi har problematiserat och sett till eventuella brister och svårigheter med gällande rätt på området. En slutsats av vår undersökning var att den från början tillfälliga skärpningen har blivit bestående och lagstiftningen har idag anpassats till EU:s miniminivå. Vi har vidare konstaterat att den internationella rätten har ökat i betydelse beträffande beslutsfattande och utveckling av praxis.

Background Long-time data of peanut allergy over time is sparse. We aimed to study the longitudinal development of sensitization to peanut extract and storage protein allergen molecules and associations with asthma status, airway and systemic inflammation markers. Methods The Swedish birth cohort BAMSE followed 4089 participants with questionnaires, clinical investigations and blood sampling between 0 and 24 years. Information on (i) background factors at 2 months, (ii) peanut allergy symptoms and IgE data (ImmunoCAP) at 4, 8, 16, and 24 years, and (iii) IgE to storage proteins, lung function data including exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) as well as systemic inflammatory markers at 24 years of age were collected. Results The prevalence of peanut extract sensitization, defined as IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L, was 5.4%, 8.0%, 7.5%, and 6.2% at 4, 8, 16, and 24 years of age, respectively. Between 8 and 24 years of age, (33/1565) participants developed IgE-ab to peanut extract (median 1,4, range 0.7–2.6 kUA/L), and among those 85% were also sensitized to birch. Only six individuals developed sensitization to Ara h 2 (≥0.1 kUA/L) between 8 and 24 years of age, of whom three had an IgE-ab level between 0.1–0.12 kUA/L. Storage protein sensitization was associated with elevated FENO, blood eosinophils and type 2 inflammation-related systemic proteins. Conclusion Sensitization to peanut extract after 4 years of age is mainly induced by birch cross-sensitization and IgE to Ara h 2 rarely emerges after eight years of age. Storage protein sensitization is associated with respiratory and systemic inflammation.

Barns matematiska utveckling börjar redan i spädbarnsåldern. När eleverna kommer till skolan kommer de med skilda förkunskaper, förutsättningar och behov. Utifrån detta bör undervisningen inte utformas lika för alla elever. Begreppet matematiksvårigheter är svårdefinierat enligt flera forskare (Stockholms läns landsting, 2015; Östergren, 2013). Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till ökad förståelse kring matematiksvårigheter. Detta gör vi genom att studera lärares tolkning av begreppet matematiksvårigheter samt hur detta gestaltar sig i undervisningen och hur det hanteras av undervisande lärare. Vi ville också undersöka vilka faktorer lärarna lyfte som de uppfattade hade en påverkan på elever i matematiksvårigheter. Syftet är också att belysa pedagogernas erfarenheter kring det specialpedagogiska stödet för elever i behov av särskilt stöd i matematik.Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där elva semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts i olika stadier i grundskolan med lärare med olika lång yrkeserfarenhet. En tematisk analys har använts för att utröna väsentliga data och där resultatet från studien påvisar förbättringsområden i matematiklärares kunskapsbas när det kommer till samstämmighet hur matematiksvårigheter definieras och kan upptäckas. Det framkom ett varierat synsätt hur matematiksvårigheter gestaltar sig och hur ett arbete utifrån elever i matematiksvårigheter kan bedrivas. I vår studie framkom även att vissa av informanterna saknar önskvärd tillgång till specialpedagogiskt stöd som i sin tur kan bidra till en mer likvärdig utbildning för eleverna.

E6.20 Hisingsleden/Norrleden är en del av det övergripande statliga vägnätet på Hisingen i Göteborg och är av riksintresse för kommunikationer då den är en viktig länk för godstransporter på väg från E6 till Göteborgs Hamn och till industrierna på Hisingen. Leden är även utpekad för transporter av farligt gods och fungerar som en viktig omledningslänk för tung trafik som annars tvingats gå genom centrala delar av Göteborg. Trafikverket har genomfört en åtgärdsvalsstudie (ÅVS) för Hisingsleden, norra delen samt Norrleden (E6.20), Björlandamotet fram till Klarebergsmotet inom Göteborg Stad. Som ett led i den formella planläggningsprocessen ska en åtgärdsvalsstudie tas fram för alla större objekt som kan vara aktuella för den nationella planen. En viktig del i denna studie har varit att ta hand om befintligt utredningsunderlag för den norra delen av Hisingsleden och Norrleden samt uppdatera utifrån nya planeringsförutsättningar. Denna ÅVS ska fungera som underlag för beslut om fortsatt hantering avseende åtgärder på Hisingsleden, norra delen samt Norrleden.

This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology guideline provides recommendations for diagnosing IgE-mediated food allergy and was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Food allergy diagnosis starts with an allergy-focused clinical history followed by tests to determine IgE sensitization, such as serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) and skin prick test (SPT), and the basophil activation test (BAT), if available. Evidence for IgE sensitization should be sought for any suspected foods. The diagnosis of allergy to some foods, such as peanut and cashew nut, is well supported by SPT and serum sIgE, whereas there are less data and the performance of these tests is poorer for other foods, such as wheat and soya. The measurement of sIgE to allergen components such as Ara h 2 from peanut, Cor a 14 from hazelnut and Ana o 3 from cashew can be useful to further support the diagnosis, especially in pollen-sensitized individuals. BAT to peanut and sesame can be used additionally. The reference standard for food allergy diagnosis is the oral food challenge (OFC). OFC should be performed in equivocal cases. For practical reasons, open challenges are suitable in most cases. Reassessment of food allergic children with allergy tests and/or OFCs periodically over time will enable reintroduction of food into the diet in the case of spontaneous acquisition of oral tolerance.

Background Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen labeling such as "may contain traces of" is often used. However, this is unsatisfactory for consumers as they get no information if the contamination is below their personal threshold. In discussions with the food industry and technologists, it was suggested to use a voluntary declaration indicating that all declared contaminants are below a threshold of 0.5 mg protein per 100 g of food. This concentration is known to be below the threshold of most patients, and it can be technically guaranteed in most food production. However, it was also important to assess that in case of accidental ingestion of contaminants below this threshold by highly allergic patients, no fatal anaphylactic reaction could occur. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess whether a fatal reaction to 5mg of protein or less has been reported, assuming that a maximum portion size of 1kg of a processed food exceeds any meal and thus gives a sufficient safety margin. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched until 24 January 2021 for provocation studies and case reports in which one of the 14 major food allergens was reported to elicit fatal or life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and assessed if these occurred below the ingestion of 5mg of protein. A Delphi process was performed to obtain an expert consensus on the results. Results In the 210 studies included, in our search, no reports of fatal anaphylactic reactions reported below 5 mg protein ingested were identified. However, in provocation studies and case reports, severe reactions below 5 mg were reported for the following allergens: eggs, fish, lupin, milk, nuts, peanuts, soy, and se

Bakgrund: Konfusion är ett övergående akut förvirringstillstånd som många patienter med höftfraktur drabbas av varje år efter att de genomgått en operation. De främsta orsakerna är det kirurgiska traumat, anestesin, smärta, sömnbrist, läkemedel och stress. Kvinnor är mest drabbade av konfusion men det kan vara en skrämmande upplevelse oavsett vem som drabbas. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera hur patienter som genomgått höftoperation kan undgå att drabbas av konfusion, genom att studera vad sjuksköterskor behöver för att uppnå god beredskap att förebygga eller lindra konfusion. Metod: Detta arbete är en litteraturöversikt som grundar sig på 11 kvantitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Litteratursökningen genomfördes på databaserna PubMed, PsycInfo samt CINAHL. Samtliga studier kvalitetsgranskades med Fribergs (2017) granskningsmall för kvantitativa studier. Resultat: Artiklarnas resultat sammanställdes i två tabeller, en för vardera av de frågeställningar som kompletterade litteraturöversiktens syfte. I resultatet framkom det att sjuksköterskor saknade kompetensen att i kliniken identifiera tecken på konfusion hos patienterna. Sjuksköterskor utbildade i konfusion hade lägre konfusionsincidenter bland sina patienter. Hade patienten haft konfusion tidigare var detta viktig information för personal som sköter vården postoperativt. Det var också en fördel om kompletterande kompetenser, till exempel i form av geriatriksjuksköterskor, fysioterapeuter och arbetsterapeuter, kunde finnas tillgängliga vid behov. Patienter som fick lyssna på lugn klassisk musik fick en bättre utveckling på den kognitiva funktionen. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det behövs mer kunskap, instrument och verktyg för sjuksköterskor för att förebygga, identifiera och behandla konfusion tidigt. En god kompetens, snabb identifiering och information till patientens andra vårdgivare kan leda till bättre vård för patienten och en bättre arbetsmiljö för sjuksköterskan., Background: Delirium is a transient acute state of confusion that thousands of hip fracture patients suffer from each year after undergoing surgery. The main causes are surgical trauma, anesthesia, pain, lack of sleep, medication and stress. Women are most affected by delirium but it can be a scary experience no matter who is affected. Aim: The aim of the study was to study how patients who have undergone hip surgery can avoid being affected by delirium, by studying what nurses need to achieve good readiness to prevent or alleviate delirium. Method: This work is a literature review based on 11 quantitative scientific original articles. The literature search was performed on the databases PubMed, PsycInfo and CINAHL. All studies were quality reviewed with Friberg’s (2017) review template for quantitative studies. Result: The results of the articles were compiled in two tables, one for each of the questions that complemented the purpose of the literature review. The results showed that nurses lacked the competence to identify signs of delirium in the patients in the clinic. Nurses trained in delirium had lower delirium incidents among their patients. If the patient had had delirium before, this was important information for staff who provide care postoperatively. It was also an advantage if complementary competencies, for example in the form of geriatric nurses, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, could be available if needed. Patients who were allowed to listen to calm classical music had a better development of cognitive function. Conclusion: The results of the study show that more knowledge, instruments and tools are needed for nurses to prevent, identify and treat delirium early. Good competence, quick identification and information to the patient's other care providers can lead to better care for the patient and a better working environment for the nurse.

Denna studie undersöker hur resultatmanipulering förändras under ekonomiska kriser bland svenska bolag. De ekonomiska kriserna som studeras är covid-19 pandemin 2020 och finanskrisen 2008. Jämförelsen sker kvartalsvis i förhållande till året innan krisen för att tydligare fånga upp fluktuationer i de diskretionära periodiseringarna mellan åren. Syftet med att studera två olika kriser är för att jämföra liknelser och skillnader i resultaten och därmed identifiera om det finns trender i hur svenska bolag resultatmanipulerar under ekonomiska kriser. Urvalet består av de noterade bolagen på Nasdaq Stockholm för respektive period. Resultatmanipulering mäts genom att beräkna diskretionära periodiseringar med hjälp av den Modifierade-Jones modellen, vilken även kompletteras med prestationsmåttet räntabilitet på totalt kapital (ROA) enligt Kothari et al. (2005). Resultaten indikerar att resultatmanipulering minskar när den ekonomiska krisen inträffar.

Background: Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen labeling such as “may contain traces of” is often used. However, this is unsatisfactory for consumers as they get no information if the contamination is below their personal threshold. In discussions with the food industry and technologists, it was suggested to use a voluntary declaration indicating that all declared contaminants are below a threshold of 0.5 mg protein per 100 g of food. This concentration is known to be below the threshold of most patients, and it can be technically guaranteed in most food production. However, it was also important to assess that in case of accidental ingestion of contaminants below this threshold by highly allergic patients, no fatal anaphylactic reaction could occur. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess whether a fatal reaction to 5mg of protein or less has been reported, assuming that a maximum portion size of 1kg of a processed food exceeds any meal and thus gives a sufficient safety margin. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched until 24 January 2021 for provocation studies and case reports in which one of the 14 major food allergens was reported to elicit fatal or life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and assessed if these occurred below the ingestion of 5mg of protein. A Delphi process was performed to obtain an expert consensus on the results. Results: In the 210 studies included, in our search, no reports of fatal anaphylactic reactions reported below 5 mg protein ingested were identified. However, in provocation studies and case reports, severe reactions below 5 mg were reported for the following allergens: eggs, fish, lupin, milk, nuts, peanuts, soy

Food allergy affects approximately 2–4% of children and adults. This guideline provides recommendations for managing food allergy from the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN). A multidisciplinary international Task Force developed the guideline using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II framework and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. We reviewed the latest available evidence as of April 2021 (161 studies) and created recommendations by balancing benefits, harms, feasibility, and patient and clinician experiences. We suggest that people diagnosed with food allergy avoid triggering allergens (low certainty evidence). We suggest that infants with cow's milk allergy who need a breastmilk alternative use either hypoallergenic extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk formula or an amino acid-based formula (moderate certainty). For selected children with peanut allergy, we recommend oral immunotherapy (high certainty), though epicutaneous immunotherapy might be considered depending on individual preferences and availability (moderate certainty). We suggest considering oral immunotherapy for children with persistent severe hen's egg or cow's milk allergy (moderate certainty). There are significant gaps in evidence about safety and effectiveness of the various strategies. Research is needed to determine the best approaches to education, how to predict the risk of severe reactions, whether immunotherapy is cost-effective and whether biological therapies are effective alone or combined with allergen immunotherapy.

Background: There is substantial interest in immunotherapy and biologicals in IgE-mediated food allergy. Methods: We searched six databases for randomized controlled trials about immunotherapy alone or with biologicals or biological monotherapy in food allergy confirmed by oral food challenge. We pooled the data using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: We included 36 trials about immunotherapy with 2126 mainly child participants. Oral immunotherapy increased tolerance whilst on therapy for peanut; cow's milk and hen's egg allergy. The number needed to treat to increase tolerance to a single dose of 300 mg or 1000 mg peanut protein was 2. Oral immunotherapy did not increase adverse reactions or severe reactions in peanut allergy, but may increase (mild) adverse reactions in cow's milk and hen's egg allergy. Epicutaneous immunotherapy increased tolerance whilst on therapy for peanut. Results were unclear for other allergies and administration routes. There were too few trials of biologicals alone (3) or with immunotherapy (1) to draw conclusions. Conclusions: Oral immunotherapy improves tolerance whilst on therapy and is probably safe in peanut, cow's milk and hen's egg allergy. More research is needed about quality of life, cost and biologicals.