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1. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Brauer, M, Roth, GA, Aravkin, AY, Zheng, P, Abate, KH, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasi, MA, Abbasian, M, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, TM, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Abiodun, O, Abiso, TL, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Adane, MM, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adedoyin, RA, Adekanmbi, V, Aden, B, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adibi, A, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afolabi, AA, Afolabi, RF, Afshin, A, Afyouni, S, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agbozo, F, Aghamiri, S, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, N, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Akalu, GT, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akhlaghi, S, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akkala, S, Akombi-Inyang, B, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, AL-Ahdal, TMA, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, AlBataineh, MT, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemayohu, MA, Alemu, YM, Al-Fatly, B, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Habbal, K, Alhabib, KF, Alhassan, RK, Ali, A, Ali, BA, Ali, I, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, W, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almustanyir, S, Alomari, MA, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alrawashdeh, A, Al-Rifai, RH, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alshahrani, NZ, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amaechi, UA, Aman Mohammadi, M, Amani, R, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Ammirati, E, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, JA, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Anenberg, SC, Angappan, D, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anjum, A, Anoushiravani, A, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyabolo, EE, Anyasodor, AE, Apostol, GLC, Arabloo, J, Arabzadeh Bahri, R, Arafat, M, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Artanti, KD, Aruleba, IT, Arumugam, A, Asbeutah, AM, Asgary, S, Asgedom, AA, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, T, Askarinejad, A, Assmus, M, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awoke, AA, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayestas Portugal, C, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azhar, GS, Azizi, H, Azzam, AY, Backhaus, IL, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, PC, Banke-Thomas, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, Bennitt, FB, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, AN, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhuiyan, MA, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Biswas, RK, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boakye, H, Bockarie, MJ, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Boppana, SH, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Botero Carvajal, A, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Boxe, C, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brar, A, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brunoni, AR, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Cagney, J, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, F, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chakraborty, S, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandan, JS, Chandika, RM, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cioffi, I, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Corlateanu, A, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Cruz, JA, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, GT, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Daikwo, PU, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, D'Amico, E, D'Anna, L, Darwesh, AM, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, DV, De la Hoz, FP, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Delgado-Saborit, JM, Demoze, CK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dhungana, RR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Dinu, M, Djalalinia, S, Do, TC, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, AC, Dsouza, HL, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Dushpanova, A, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Ed-Dra, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, F, Eftekharimehrabad, A, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Dahiyat, F, Elemam, NM, Elgar, FJ, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, Elmehrath, AO, Elmeligy, OAA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Esfandiari, N, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, SV, Estep, K, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Fahimi, S, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasina, FO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flohr, C, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fux, B, G, S, Gaal, PA, Gaihre, S, Gajdács, M, Galali, Y, Gallus, S, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia, V, Gardner, WM, Garg, RK, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gerema, U, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Getie, M, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghaffari Jolfayi, A, Ghailan, KY, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Gil, AU, Gil, GF, Gilbertson, NM, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gindaba, EZ, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, RD, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Hadaro, TS, Hadian, Z, Haep, N, Haghi-Aminjan, H, Haghmorad, D, Hagins, H, Haile, D, Hailu, A, Hajj Ali, A, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hamdy, NM, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hammoud, A, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MJ, Hasan, SMM, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashmeh, N, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Hassan, I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, MS, Hassani, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Hegena, TY, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herbert, ME, Herteliu, C, Heuer, A, Hezam, K, Hinneh, TK, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hoque, ME, Horita, N, Hossain, S, Hosseini, SE, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoven, H, Hsairi, M, Hsu, JM, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, MN, Hulland, EN, Hultström, M, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Ibitoye, SE, Idowu, OO, Ihler, AL, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inbaraj, LR, Irham, LM, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iwu-Jaja, CJ, J, V, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jeganathan, J, Jeswani, BM, Jiang, H, Johnson, CO, Jokar, M, Jomehzadeh, N, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshi, V, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kahn, EM, Kalani, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamath, R, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Kapner, DJ, Kapoor, N, Karagiannidis, E, Karajizadeh, M, Karakasis, P, Karanth, SD, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, H, Karmakar, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassahun, WD, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kaydi, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalil, M, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khreis, H, Khusun, H, Kifle, ZD, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Koh, DSQ, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Kong, J, Koren, G, Korja, M, Korshunov, VA, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Kothari, N, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krishnan, B, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kugbey, N, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, N, Kumar, V, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W-Z, Li, W, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lin, R-T, Lin, S, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, RT, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Livingstone, KM, Llanaj, E, Lohiya, A, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, lv, H, M Amin, HI, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Mabrok, M, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Mafhoumi, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghazachi, AA, Mahadeshwara Prasad, DR, Maharaj, SB, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makram, OM, Makris, KC, Malasala, S, Maled, V, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malinga, LA, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Manda, AL, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, B, Mansouri, P, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marsh, E, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mechili, EA, Mehmood, A, Mehmood, K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Meier, T, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekene Meto, T, Mekonnen, BD, Menezes, RG, Mengist, B, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mesfin, BA, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, IM, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, AC, Miller, TR, Mirarefin, M, Mirghafourvand, M, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirshahi, A, Mirzaei, M, Mishra, AK, Mishra, V, Mitchell, PB, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, ME, Mocciaro, G, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AZ, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moore, CE, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosaddeghi Heris, R, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Mullany, EC, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, BV, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, TS, Najdaghi, S, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nanavaty, DP, Nangia, V, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narimani Davani, D, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, MH, Nepal, S, Neupane, S, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, VT, Nguyen Tran Minh, D, Niazi, RK, Nicholson, SI, Nie, J, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Oancea, B, O'Connell, EM, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, AB, Oliveira, GMM, Olorukooba, AA, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ong, KL, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Onyedibe, KI, Oppong, AF, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ornello, R, Orpana, HM, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, IT, Oyeyemi, OT, P A, MP, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Pana, A, Panda, SK, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, Parent, MC, Parija, PP, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parsons, N, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Peng, M, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petcu, I-R, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pickering, BV, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Piracha, ZZ, Piradov, MA, 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YF, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wozniak, S, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, MK, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yasufuku, Y, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yiğit, A, Yigzaw, ZA, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zakzuk, J, Zamagni, G, Zaman, SB, Zandieh, GGZ, Zanghì, A, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarimeidani, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zeng, Y, Zhai, C, Zhang, AL, Zhang, H, Zhang, L, Zhang, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhao, JT, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Zhu, Z, Ziaeian, B, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoghi, G, Zoller, T, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Murray, CJL, and Gakidou, E
Published: 2024

2. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, 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RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, 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Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

3. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, 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Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Hajj Ali, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamagharib Abdullah, K, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultström, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jakhmola Mani, DR, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Khayat Kashani, HR, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kytö, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, López-Bueno, R, López-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, M Amin, HI, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Magdy Abd El 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Published: 2024

4. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Ferrari, AJ, Santomauro, DF, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdollahi, A, Abdullahi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Ackerman, IN, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adepoju, AV, Adewuyi, HO, Afyouni, S, Afzal, S, Agodi, A, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ajami, M, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Al Hasan, SM, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Albashtawy, M, Aldridge, RW, Alemu, MD, Alemu, YM, Alene, KA, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alharrasi, M, Alhassan, RK, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Al-Marwani, S, Almazan, JU, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Altaany, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Ansari, H, Antony, CM, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyanwu, PE, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Araki, DT, Aravkin, AY, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, M, Asika, MO, Askari, E, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awotidebe, AW, Awuviry-Newton, K, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bah, S, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Bam, K, Banik, PC, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Bashiri Aliabadi, S, Basiru, A, Basu, S, Bathini, PP, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnam, B, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bell, ML, Bello, OO, Beloukas, A, Bensenor, IM, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Boxe, C, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, Byun, J, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Capodici, A, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, NM, Cheng, ETW, Chimed-Ochir, 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Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Varma, RP, Vart, P, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vongpradith, A, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weldemariam, AH, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Whisnant, JL, Whiteford, HA, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wimo, A, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wong, YJ, Woolf, AD, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Wulf Hanson, S, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yazdanpanah, MH, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusuf, H, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, L, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zandieh, GGZ, Zar, HJ, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, H, Zhang, N, Zhang, Y, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhong, P, Zhou, J, Zhu, Z, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Vos, T, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

5. Encapsulated Checkpoint Blocker Before Chemotherapy: The Optimal Sequence of Anti-CTLA-4 and Doxil Combination Therapy

Author: Alimohammadi R, Alibeigi R, Nikpoor AR, Chalbatani GM, Webster TJ, Jaafari MR, and Jalali SA
Subjects: chemotherapy, anti-ctla-4, checkpoint blockers, immunotherapy, liposome., Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Reza Alimohammadi,1 Razieh Alibeigi,2 Amin Reza Nikpoor,3 Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani,4 Thomas J Webster,5 Mahmoud Reza Jaafari,6,7,* Seyed Amir Jalali1,* 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; 4Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 5Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; 6Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 7Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Seyed Amir JalaliDepartment of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198571-7443, IranTel +98 21-238 725 45Fax + 98 21-224 399 70Email jalalia@sbmu.ac.irMahmoud Reza JaafariBiotechnology Research Center, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, IranTel +98 51-38823255Fax +98 51-38823251Email Jafarimr@mums.ac.irIntroduction: Today, a new paradigm has emerged for cancer treatment introducing combination therapies. Doxil, a liposomal doxorubicin serving as a chemotherapeutic agent, is an effective immunogenic killer of cancer cells. Anti-CTLA-4 has been approved for the treatment of some cancers, including melanoma, but side effects have limited its therapeutic potential.Methods: In this study, two approaches were utilized to increase treatment efficiency and decrease the side effects of anti-CTLA-4, combining it with chemotherapy and encapsulation in a PEGylated liposome. A different sequence of anti-CTLA-4 and Doxil was assessed in combination therapy using non-liposomal and liposomal anti-CTLA-4.Results: Our results showed that liposomal anti-CTLA-4 reduced the size of established tumors and increased survival in comparison with non-liposomal anti-CTLA-4 in a well-established B16 mouse melanoma model. In combination therapy with Doxil, only the administration of anti-CTLA-4 before Doxil showed synergism in both non-liposomal and liposomal form and increased the CD8+/regulatory T cell ratio.Discussion: In summary, our results demonstrate the potential of utilizing a nanocarrier system for the delivery of checkpoint blockers, such as anti-CTLA-4 which further showed potential in a combination therapy, especially when administered before chemotherapy.Keywords: chemotherapy, anti-CTLA-4, checkpoint blockers, immunotherapy, liposome
Published: 2020

6. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

Author: Sbarra, AN, Rolfe, S, Nguyen, JQ, Earl, L, Galles, NC, Marks, A, Abbas, KM, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abegaz, KH, Abiy, HAA, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abushouk, AI, Accrombessi, MMK, Adabi, M, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Adham, D, Afarideh, M, Aghaali, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, R, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, MB, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemnew, BT, Ali, BA, Ali, M, Alijanzadeh, M, Alinia, C, Alipoor, R, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, SM, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Altirkawi, KA, Amare, B, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Armoon, B, Aryal, KK, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asgari, S, Atafar, Z, Ausloos, M, Awoke, N, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayanore, MA, Aynalem, YA, Azadmehr, A, Azari, S, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Badiye, AD, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Bakhtiari, A, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barac, A, Baradaran-Seyed, Z, Baraki, AG, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bayou, YT, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bell, ML, Berbada, DA, Berhe, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Birhanu, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, A, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, SR, Borzouei, S, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castro, F, Chattu, VK, Chehrazi, M, Chin, KL, Chu, D-T, Cook, AJ, Cormier, NM, Cunningham, B, Dahlawi, SMA, Damiani, G, Dandona, R, Dandona, L, Danovaro, MC, Dansereau, E, Daoud, F, Darwesh, AM, Darwish, AH, Das, JK, Weaver, ND, De Neve, J-W, Demeke, FM, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Desalew, A, Deshpande, A, Desta, DM, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Dipeolu, IO, Djalalinia, S, Do, HT, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, KE, Dunachie, SJ, Duraes, AR, Kalan, ME, Leylabadlo, HE, Edinur, HA, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, El, Sayed, I, El, Sayed, Zaki, M, Elema, TB, Elhabashy, HR, El-Jaafary, SI, Elsharkawy, A, Emamian, MH, Enany, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Etisso, AE, Farahmand, M, Faraon, EJA, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gad, MM, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrehiwot, AM, Gebremariam, KT, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebreslassie, AA, Gedefaw, GA, Gezae, KE, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffari, R, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghajarzadeh, M, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Gholamian, A, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Girmay, A, Gomes, NGM, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, BNG, Grada, A, Guimarães, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Handiso, DW, Hanif, A, Haririan, H, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, MM, Hasanpoor, E, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henry, NJ, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hollerich, GI, Rad, EH, Hoogar, P, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Hu, G, Huda, TM, Humayun, A, Ibitoye, SE, Ikilezi, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imani-Nasab, MH, Inbaraj, LR, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Islam, MM, Iwu, CJ, Iwu, CCD, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, Javidnia, J, Jenabi, E, Jha, V, Ji, JS, John, O, Johnson, KB, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Kabir, Z, Kabir, A, Kalani, H, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Matin, BK, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keiyoro, PN, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khammarnia, M, Khan, MS, Khan, EA, Khan, J, Khan, MN, Khatab, K, Khater, MM, Khatib, MN, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, M, Khazaei, S, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinyoki, DK, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolola, T, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, MUG, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lad, SD, Lal, DK, Lam, F, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Lasrado, S, Lee, SWH, Lee, PH, LeGrand, KE, Lenjebo, TL, Li, S, Liang, X, Liu, PY, Lopukhov, PD, Machado, DB, Mahasha, PW, Mahdavi, MM, Maheri, M, Mahotra, NB, Maled, V, Maleki, S, Malik, MA, Malta, DC, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Mayala, BK, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehri, F, Mehta, KM, Memiah, PTN, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, MB, Mengesha, EW, Mestrovic, T, Mihretie, KM, Miller-Petrie, MK, Mills, EJ, Milne, GJ, Mirabi, P, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, HR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, DK, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadbeigi, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, AS, Mohammed, H, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moosavi, MA, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Joo, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mosapour, A, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, SM, Khaneghah, AM, Mueller, UO, Muluneh, AG, Munro, SB, Murray, CJL, Murthy, GVS, Muthupandian, S, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Nangia, V, Nansseu, JR, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, HLT, Nguyen, CTK, Nguyen, TH, Nigatu, YT, Nikbakhsh, R, Nikfar, S, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Oh, I-H, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, JO, Olusanya, BO, Bali, AO, Omer, MO, Onwujekwe, OE, Osgood-Zimmerman, AE, Owolabi, MO, P, A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pashaei, T, Pasupula, DK, Paternina-Caicedo, AJ, Patton, GC, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pepito, VCF, Pescarini, JM, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Pirsaheb, M, Poljak, M, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourmirza, Kalhori, R, Prada, SI, Prakash, S, Quazi Syed, Z, Quintana, H, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rajati, F, Rameto, MA, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SJ, Rasella, D, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reta, MA, Rezaei, N, Rezai, MS, Rezapour, A, Riahi, SM, Ribeiro, AI, Rickard, J, Rios-Blancas, M, Rios-González, CM, Roever, L, Rostamian, M, Rubino, S, Rwegerera, GM, Saad, AM, Saadatagah, S, Sabour, S, Sadeghi, E, Moghaddam, SS, Saeidi, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Sajadi, SM, Salahshoor, MR, Salam, N, Salem, H, Salem, MR, Salomon, JA, Kafil, HS, Sambala, EZ, Samy, AM, Saraswathy, SYI, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Saroshe, S, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Schaeffer, LE, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, AA, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, MB, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharifi, H, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shetty, RS, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Shirkoohi, R, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silverberg, JIS, Simonetti, B, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Sinke, AH, Soheili, A, Sokhan, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorrie, MB, Soyiri, IN, Spotin, A, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Suleria, HAR, Abdulkader, RS, Taherkhani, A, Tapak, L, Taveira, N, Taymoori, P, Tefera, YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Teklehaimanot, BF, Tekulu, GH, Tesfay, BE, Tessema, ZT, Tessema, B, Thankappan, KR, Tohidinik, HR, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, MS, Vaezi, M, Valadan, Tahbaz, S, Valdez, PR, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vollmer, S, Waheed, Y, Wakefield, J, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Weldesamuel, GT, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wiens, KE, Wiysonge, CS, Woldu, G, Wondafrash, DZ, Wonde, TE, Wu, A-M, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, TY, Yeshaw, Y, Yilgwan, CS, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yousefifard, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Zadey, S, Zahirian, Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zaman, SB, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zangeneh, A, Zarei, F, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, X-JG, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Hay, SI, Lim, SS, Mosser, JF, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Oncology, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Rolfe, Sam, Nguyen, Jason Q., Earl, Lucas, Ahmed, MB, Mosser, Jonathan F, Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Unión Europea. Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER/ERDF), Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malasia), Panjab University (India), NIHR - Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (Reino Unido), Australian Research Council, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborator, and Violante FS
Subjects: and promotion of well-being, Vacunación Masiva, Internationality, Disease prevention, children under 5 years old, Geographic Mapping, Rural Health, medicine.disease_cause, Cross-reactivity, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Vaccination Refusal, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, immunity patterns, Pediatric, 0303 health sciences, Public health, Multidisciplinary, biology, Vaccination, Uncertainty, IMMUNIZATION, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, COVERAGE, 3. Good health, TIME, 3.4 Vaccines, Child, Preschool, Infectious diseases, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Antibody, Engineering sciences. Technology, AFRICA, General Science & Technology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, 610 Medicine & health, Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Article, Vaccine Related, 03 medical and health sciences, measles vaccine, Measels, Low- and middle-income countries, Local burden of disease, Clinical Research, medicine, Humans, Healthcare Disparities, Preschool, PROGRESS, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, MORTALITY, Developed Countries, Prevention, Comment, Vacunación, Urban Health, Prevention of disease and conditions, Virology, Coronavirus, Good Health and Well Being, Cobertura de Vacunación, biology.protein, Immunization, business, Measles
Abstract: The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children., Although progress in the coverage of routine measles vaccination in children in low- and middle-income countries was made during 2000–2019, many countries remain far from the goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019.
Published: 2021

7. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Abbafati, C., Machado, D.B., Cislaghi, B., Salman, O.M., Karanikolos, M., McKee, M., Abbas, K.M., Brady, O.J., Larson, H.J., Trias-Llimós, S., Cummins, S., Langan, S.M., Sartorius, B., Hafiz, A., Jenabi, E., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Borzouei, S., Azarian, G., Khazaei, S., Abbasi, M., Asghari, B., Masoumi, S., Komaki, H., Taherkhani, A., Adabi, M., Abbasifard, M., Bazmandegan, G., Kamiab, Z., Vakilian, A., Anjomshoa, M., Mokari, A., Sabour, S., Shahbaz, M., Saeedi, R., Ahmadieh, H., Yousefinezhadi, T., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Nikbakhsh, R., Safi, S., Asgari, S., Irvani, S.N., Jahanmehr, N., Ramezanzadeh, K., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Khayamzadeh, M., Abbastabar, H., Shirkoohi, R., Fazlzadeh, M., Janjani, H., Hosseini, M., Mansournia, M., Tohidinik, H., Bakhtiari, A., Fazaeli, A., Mousavi, S., Hasanzadeh, A., Nabavizadeh, B., Malekzadeh, R., Hashemian, M., Pourshams, A., Salimzadeh, H., Sepanlou, S.G., Afarideh, M., Esteghamati, A., Esteghamati, S., Ghajar, A., Heidari, B., Rezaei, N., Mohamadi, E., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahim, F., Eskandarieh, S., Sahraian, M., Mohebi, F., Aminorroaya, A., Ebrahimi, H., Farzadfar, F., Mohajer, B., Pishgar, F., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Shabani, M., Zarafshan, H., Abolhassani, H., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Abdollahi, M., Farahmand, M., Salamati, P., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Tajdini, M., Aghamir, S., Mirzaei, R., Dibaji Forooshani, Z., Khater, M.M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abualhasan, A., El-Jaafary, S.I., Hassan, A., Elsharkawy, A., Khater, A.M., Elhabashy, H.R., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Sadeghi, M., Jafarinia, M., Amini-Rarani, M., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., Abdollahpour, I., Sarveazad, A., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Yoosefi Lebni, J., Manafi, N., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Dorostkar, F., Alipour, V., Sheikhtaheri, A., Arabloo, J., Azari, S., Ghashghaee, A., Rezapour, A., Naserbakht, M., Kabir, A., Mehri, F., Yousefifard, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Babaee, E., Eshrati, B., Goharinezhad, S., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Abedi, P., Rashedi, V., Kumar, V., Elgendy, I.Y., Basu, S., Park, J., Pereira, A., Norheim, O.F., Eagan, A.W., Cahill, L.E., Sheikh, A., Abushouk, A.I., Kraemer, M.U.G., Thakur, B., Bärnighausen, T.W., Shrime, M.G., Abedi, A., Doshi, C.P., Abegaz, K.H., Geberemariyam, B.S., Aynalem, Y.A., Shiferaw, W.S., Abosetugn, A.E., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E.M., Gitimoghaddam, M., Kissoon, N., Stubbs, J.L., Brauer, M., Iyamu, I.O., Kopec, J.A., Pourmalek, F., Ribeiro, A.P., Malta, D.C., Gomez, R.S., Abreu, L.G., Abrigo, M.R.M., Almulhim, A.M., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Pottoo, F.H., Menezes, R.G., Alanzi, T.M., Alumran, A.K., Abu Haimed, A.K., Madadin, M., Alanezi, F.M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Saddik, B., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Samy, A.M., El Nahas, N., Shalash, A.S., Nabhan, A.F., Kamath, A.M., Kassebaum, N.J., Aravkin, A.Y., Kochhar, S., Sorensen, R.J.D., Afshin, A., Burkart, K., Cromwell, E.A., Dandona, L., Dharmaratne, S.D., Gakidou, E., Hay, S.I., Kyu, H.H., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Misganaw, A.T., Mokdad, A.H., Naghavi, M., Pigott, D.M., Reiner Jr, R.C., Roth, G.A., Stanaway, J.D., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wang, H., Lim, S.S., Murray, C.J.L., Kalani, R., Ikuta, K.S., Cho, D.Y., Kneib, C.J., Crowe, C.S., Massenburg, B.B., Morrison, S.D., Acebedo, A., Adelson, J.D., Agesa, K.M., Alam, T., Albertson, S.B., Anderson, J.A., Antony, C.M., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Azhar, G., Balassyano, S., Bannick, M.S., Barthelemy, C.M., Bender, R.G., Bennitt, F.B., Bertolacci, G.J., Biehl, M.H., Bisignano, C., Boon-Dooley, A.S., Briant, P.S., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B.R., Callender, C.S., Cao, J., Castle, C.D., Castro, E., Causey, K., Cercy, K.M., Chalek, J., Charlson, F.J., Cohen, A.J., Comfort, H., Compton, K., Croneberger, A.J., Cruz, J.A., Cunningham, M., Dandona, R., Dangel, W.J., Dean, F.E., DeCleene, N.K., Deen, A., Degenhardt, L., Dingels, Z.V., Dippenaar, I.N., Dirac, M.A., Dolgert, A.J., Emmons-Bell, S., Estep, K., Farag, T., Feigin, V.L., Feldman, R., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A.J., Fitzgerald, R., Force, L.M., Fox, J.T., Frank, T.D., Fu, W., Fukutaki, K., Fuller, J.E., Fullman, N., Galles, N.C., Gardner, W.M., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Goren, E., Gorman, T.M., Gottlich, H.C., Guo, G., Haddock, B., Hagins, H., Haile, L.M., Hamilton, E.B., Han, C., Han, H., Harvey, J.D., Henny, K., Henrikson, H.J., Henry, N.J., Herbert, M.E., Hsiao, T., Huynh, C.K., Iannucci, V.C., Ippolito, H., Irvine, C.M.S., Jafari, H., Jahagirdar, D., James, S.L., Johnson, C.O., Johnson, S.C., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P.J., Knight, M., Kocarnik, J.M., Krohn, K.J., Larson, S.L., Lau, K.M., Ledesma, J.R., Leever, A.T., LeGrand, K.E., Lescinsky, H., Lin, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Lo, J., Lu, A., Ma, J., Maddison, E.R., Manguerra, H., Marks, A., Martopullo, I., Mastrogiacomo, C.I., May, E.A., Mooney, M.D., Mosser, J.F., Mullany, E.C., Mumford, J., Munro, S.B., Nandakumar, V., Nguyen, J., Nguyen, M., Nichols, E., Nixon, M.R., Odell, C.M., Ong, K.L., Orji, A.U., Ostroff, S.M., Pasovic, M., Paulson, K.R., Pease, S.A., Pennini, A., Pierce, M., Pilz, T.M., Pletcher, M., Rao, P.C., Razo, C., Redford, S.B., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M.B., Rhinehart, P., Robalik, T., Roberts, S., Roberts, N.L.S., Rolfe, S., Sbarra, A.N., Schaeffer, L.E., Shackelford, K.A., Shadid, J., Sharara, F., Shaw, D.H., Sheena, B.S., Simpson, K.E., Smith, A., Spencer, C.N., Spurlock, E.E., Stark, B.A., Steiner, C., Steuben, K.M., Sylte, D.O., Tang, M., Taylor, H.J., Terrason, S., Thomson, A.M., Torre, A.E., Travillian, R., Troeger, C.E., Vongpradith, A., Walters, M.K., Wang, J., Watson, A., Watson, S., Whisnant, J.L., Whiteford, H.A., Wiens, K.E., Wilner, L.B., Wilson, S., Wool, E.E., Wozniak, S.S., Wu, J., Wulf Hanson, S., Wunrow, H., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yearwood, J.A., York, H.W., Yuan, C., Zhao, J.T., Zheng, P., Zimsen, S.R.M., Zlavog, B.S., Chang, A.Y., Oren, E., Buchbinder, R., Chin, K.L., Guo, Y., Polkinghorne, K.R., Thrift, A.G., Lee, S.W.H., Ackerman, I.N., Cicuttini, F.M., Li, S., Zaman, S., Suleria, H., Zhang, J., Cowie, B.C., Wijeratne, 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Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Islam, Mdmohaimenul, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L, Janjani, Hosna, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jonas, Jost B, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Karimi, Seyed Asaad, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khazaei, Salman, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T, Legrand, Kate E, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lu, Alton, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Madadin, Mohammed, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Navid, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I, Mathur, Manu Raj, May, Erin A, Mcalinden, Colm, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M, Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Milne, George J, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mohseni Bandpei, Mohammad A, Mokari, Amin, Mokdad, Ali H, Momen, Natalie C, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Moreno Velásquez, Ilai, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nikpoor, Amin Reza, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nouraei Motlagh, Soraya, Nowak, Christoph, Oţoiu, Adrian, Odell, Christopher M, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortiz, Alberto, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Jame, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jenil R, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine R, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A, Peden, Amy E, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thoma, Pilz, Tessa M, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourshams, Akram, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, Sanjay, Preotescu, Liliana, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostamian, Morteza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salama, Joseph S, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A, Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saylan, Mete, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Shabani, Mahsima, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, Mohammadbagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharara, Fablina, Sharma, Rajesh, Shaw, David H, Sheikh, Aziz, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shrime, Mark G, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Soheili, Amin, Sokhan, Anton, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Stubbs, Jacob L, Sudaryanto, Agu, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, Amir, Tang, Muming, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Heather Jean, Teagle, Whitney L, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Vakilian, Alireza, Valdez, Pascual R, Valli, Alessandro, Vardavas, Constantine, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidale, Simone, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S, Vukovic, Ana, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Walters, Magdalene K, Wang, Hongbo, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watson, Stefanie, Wei, Jingkai, Weiss, Jordan, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wool, Eve E, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Junjie, Xu, Gelin, Yamada, Tomohide, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yeheyis, Tomas Y, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yoosefi Lebni, Javad, York, Hunter W, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zakzuk, Josefina, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Murray, Christopher J L, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Demographics, GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborator, Violante FS, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Department of Earth Systems Analysis, Biomechanical Engineering, TechMed Centre, Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Sensorsystems, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, Digital Society Institute, Pervasive Systems, Nanobiophysics, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Multi Scale Mechanics, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Physics of Complex Fluids, Developmental BioEngineering, Physics of Fluids, Elastomer Technology and Engineering, Medical Cell Biophysics, European Membrane Institute, Department of Earth Observation Science, Biomaterials Science and Technology, Sustainable Process Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, Department of Natural Resources, XUV Optics, Databases (Former), Department of Water Resources, Psychology, Health & Technology, Membrane Science & Technology, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, HUS Neurocenter, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Environmental Sciences
Subjects: Male, very elderly, Demographic transition, HALE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, preschool child, Global Burden of Disease, Carga Global de Enfermedades, 0302 clinical medicine, newborn, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, and Risk Factors Study, 80 and over, 030212 general & internal medicine, Birth Rate, Child, Migration, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Injuries, Geography, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Censuses, General Medicine, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, Middle Aged, Demographic analysis, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, demographic analysis, Estilo de Vida Saludable, risk factor, Child, Preschool, Demography/statistics & numerical data, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, Fertility, Mortality, Migration, Population, epidemiology, Female, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD-MORTALITY, Live Birth, Global Health Metrics, TRANSITION, demographics, GBD, fertility, mortality, hale, Adult, Adolescent, Total fertility rate, Population, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, Birth rate, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Demografía, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, human, Mortality, education, Preschool, Aged, Demography, Spatial Analysis, questionnaire, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, HIV, Infant, Global Burden of Diseases, sex-specific fertility, Live Birth/epidemiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], MODEL, Fertilidad, Fertility, Demographic change, Life expectancy, NA, global disease burden, Clinical Medicine, population research
Abstract: Background Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10-14 and 50-54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings The global TFR decreased from 2.72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2.66-2.79) in 2000 to 2.31 (2.17-2.46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134.5 million (131.5-137.8) in 2000 to a peak of 139.6 million (133.0-146.9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135.3 million (127.2-144.1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2.1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% (95% UI 26.4-27.8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67.2 years (95% UI 66.8-67.6) in 2000 to 73.5 years (72.8-74.3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50.7 million (49.5-51.9) in 2000 to 56.5 million (53.7-59.2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9.6 million (9.1-10.3) in 2000 to 5.0 million (4.3-6.0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25.7%, from 6.2 billion (6.0-6.3) in 2000 to 7.7 billion (7.5-8.0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58.6 years (56.1-60.8) in 2000 to 63.5 years (60.8-66.1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020

8. TUMOR-INFILTRATING NOCICEPTOR NEURONS PROMOTE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION.

Author: Restaino AC, Ahmadi M, Nikpoor AR, Walz A, Balood M, Eichwald T, Talbot S, and Vermeer PD
Abstract: Nociceptor neurons impact tumor immunity. Removing nociceptor neurons reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSCs) tumor infiltration in mouse models of head and neck carcinoma and melanoma. Carcinoma-released small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) attract nociceptive nerves to tumors. sEV-deficient tumors fail to develop in mice lacking nociceptor neurons. Exposure of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons to cancer sEVs elevated expression of Substance P, IL-6 and injury-related neuronal markers while treatment with cancer sEVs and cytotoxic CD8 T-cells induced an immunosuppressive state (increased exhaustion ligands and cytokines). Cancer patient sEVs enhanced DRG responses to capsaicin, indicating increased nociceptor sensitivity. Conditioned media from DRG and cancer cell co-cultures promoted expression of MDSC markers in primary bone marrow cells while DRG conditioned media together with cancer sEVs induced checkpoint expression on T-cells. Our findings indicate that nociceptor neurons facilitate CD8+ T cell exhaustion and enhance MDSC infiltration. Targeting nociceptor-released IL-6 emerges as a novel strategy to disrupt harmful neuro-immune interactions in cancer and enhance anti-tumor immunity., Competing Interests: Sebastien Talbot is a minority stake holder in Nocion Therapeutics and received funding from Nocion Therapeutics and Cygnal Therapeutics. All other authors declare they have no competing interests.
Published: 2024
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9. NOCICEPTOR NEURONS CONTROL POLLUTION-MEDIATED NEUTROPHILIC ASTHMA.

Author: Wang JC, Crosson T, Nikpoor AR, Gupta S, Rafei M, and Talbot S
Abstract: The immune and sensory nervous systems, having evolved together, use a shared language of receptors and transmitters to maintain homeostasis by responding to external and internal disruptions. Although beneficial in many cases, neurons can exacerbate inflammation during allergic reactions, such as asthma. Our research modeled asthma aggravated by pollution, exposing mice to ambient PM 2.5 particles and ovalbumin. This exposure significantly increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils and γδ T cells compared to exposure to ovalbumin alone. We normalized airway inflammation and lung neutrophil levels by silencing nociceptor neurons at inflammation's peak using intranasal QX-314 or ablating TRPV1-expressing neurons. Additionally, we observed heightened sensitivity in chemical-sensing TRPA1 channels in neurons from pollution-exacerbated asthmatic mice. Elevated levels of artemin were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pollution-exposed mice, with artemin levels normalizing in mice with ablated nociceptor neurons. Upon exposure PM 2.5 particles, alveolar macrophages expressing pollution-sensing aryl hydrocarbon receptors, were identified as the source of artemin. This molecule enhanced TRPA1 responsiveness and increased neutrophil influx, providing a novel mechanism by which lung-innervating neurons respond to air pollution and suggesting a potential therapeutic target for controlling neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma, a clinically intractable condition., Competing Interests: DECLARATIONS OF COMPETING OF INTEREST. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Published: 2024
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10. BASOPHILS ACTIVATE PRURICEPTOR-LIKE VAGAL SENSORY NEURONS.

Author: Wang JC, Nikpoor AR, Crosson T, Kaufmann E, Rafei M, and Talbot S
Abstract: Vagal sensory neurons convey sensations from internal organs along the vagus nerve to the brainstem. Pruriceptors are a subtype of neurons that transmit itch and induce pruritus. Despite extensive research on the molecular mechanisms of itch, studies focusing on pruriceptors in the vagal ganglia still need to be explored. In this study, we characterized vagal pruriceptor neurons by their responsiveness to pruritogens such as lysophosphatidic acid, β -alanine, chloroquine, and the cytokine oncostatin M. We discovered that lung-resident basophils produce oncostatin M and that its release can be induced by engagement of Fc ε RI α . Oncostatin M then sensitizes multiple populations of vagal sensory neurons, including Tac1 + and MrgprA3 + neurons in the jugular ganglia. Finally, we observed an increase in oncostatin M release in mice sensitized to the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or to the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata , highlighting a novel mechanism through which basophils and vagal sensory neurons may communicate during type I hypersensitivity diseases such as allergic asthma., Competing Interests: DECLARATIONS OF COMPETING OF INTEREST. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Published: 2024
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11. A modified schedule of multiple aeroallergen ultra-rush immunotherapy in perennial allergic rhinitis: safety, efficacy, and T lymphocyte cell population studies.

Author: Ariaee N, Fouladvand A, Mohammadi M, Farid-Hosseini R, Nikpoor AR, Khoshkhui M, Tavakkol-Afshari J, and Jabbari-Azad F
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Young Adult, Adolescent, Treatment Outcome, Middle Aged, T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology, Desensitization, Immunologic methods, Desensitization, Immunologic adverse effects, Allergens immunology, Allergens administration & dosage, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial therapy, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial immunology
Abstract: Background: This study assessed whether a modified immunotherapy schedule for allergic rhinitis could be safe and efficient. Ultra-rush immunotherapy (URIT) rapidly desensitizes patients to aeroallergens., Objective: We aimed to develop a modified URIT protocol in 3 days to achieve the target dose while observing whether it could improve this situation and decrease the time to achieve the maintenance dose., Methods: The URIT was exercised in 21 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Premeditations were given to the patients 3 days prior to the immunotherapy and during the 3 days injections immunotherapy: pred nisolone, ranitidine, and Airokast/montelukast. Finally, the T cell population frequencies of patients prior to and after immunotherapy, including T helper 1, T helper 2, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and regulatory T cells, were studied using flow cytometry. During the URIT protocol, 21 patients received 291 injections., Result: Six patients (28.6%) showed systemic reactions in our study. All systemic reactions occurred on the third day by the 1:1 dilution of the maintenance dose. These systemic reactions occurred in three patients after 13 injections, and the three remaining patients showed systemic reactions following the last injection. No systemic reaction was observed on the first and second day of the therapy, and the risk of systemic reaction with every injection was about 2%. Among the T cell populations, CD3+ and CD8+ cells decreased significantly., Conclusion: The findings emphasized that URIT, alongside premedication with a high dose of antihistamine, helped to achieve the maintenance dose and control clinical manifestations., Competing Interests: The authors declared that they had no competing interests.
Published: 2024
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12. Curcumin and Berberine Arrest Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells Derived from Lupus Erythematosus Patients.

Author: Nikpoor AR, Mahmoudi M, Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Rezaieyazdi Z, Mollazadeh S, Tabasi N, Mansouri A, Modarres Moghadam R, Momtazi AA, Najmaldin SK, Kamal Kheder R, and Esmaeili SA
Abstract: Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease recognized by elevated activity of autoimmune cells, loss of tolerance, and decreased regulatory T cells producing inhibitory cytokines. Despite many efforts, the definitive treatment for lupus has not been fully understood. Curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) have significant immunomodulatory roles and anti-inflammatory properties that have been demonstrated in various studies. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of CUR and BBR on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with an special focus on the maturation and activation of DCs., Methods: Human monocytes were isolated from the heparinized blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, which were then exposed to cytokines (IL-4 and GM-CSF) for five days to produce immature DCs. Then, the obtained DCs were characterized by FITC-uptake assay and then cultured in the presence of CUR, BBR, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h. Finally, the maturation of DCs was analyzed by the level of maturation using flow cytometry or real-time PCR methods., Results: The results showed promising anti-inflammatory effects of CUR and BBR in comparison with LPS, supported by a significant reduction of not only co-stimulatory and antigen-presenting factors such as CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a, CD14, and HLA-DR but also inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12., Conclusion: CUR and BBR could arrest DC maturation and develop a tolerogenic DC phenotype that subsequently promoted the expression of inhibitory cytokines and reduced the secretion of proinflammatory markers., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)
Published: 2024
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13. Reference Interval for Non-HDL-Cholesterol, Remnant Cholesterol and Other Lipid Parameters in the Southern Iranian Population; Findings From Bandare Kong and Fasa Cohort Studies.

Author: Farjam M, Kheirandish M, Ghanbarnejad A, Nikpoor AR, Nejatizadeh A, Aghamolaei T, Shahmoradi M, Alizade H, Homayounfar R, Zarei H, Ghavidel S, Jamshidi V, and Eftekhar E
Subjects: Male, Humans, Female, Iran epidemiology, Triglycerides, Cohort Studies, Cholesterol, Health Status
Abstract: Background: Growing evidence shows the undisputable role of non-HDL-C and remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and treatment. However, the reference interval (RI) for these lipid parameters is not readily available. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the age and sex-specific RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C as well as other lipid parameters among a healthy population in southern Iran. We also report the RI of lipid parameters in rural and urban residents, smokers and post-menopausal women., Methods: Among 14063 participants of Bandare Kong and Fasa cohort studies, 792 healthy subjects (205 men and 578 women) aged 35-70 years were selected. Fasting blood samples were used for determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C using colorimetric methods. Non-HDL-C and remnant-C were calculated using the valid formula. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were calculated and considered as RI., Results: In the total population (n=792, age 35-70), RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C was 74.0-206.8 and 8.0-52.7 mg/dL, respectively. Age (35-44 and≥45 years) and gender-specific RIs for serum non-HDL-C and remnant-C were determined. Remnant-C and non-HDL-C level were different between sex and age categories. The mean value of all lipid parameters except HDL-C was higher in men, urban residents, subject with age≥45 years and smokers., Conclusion: This is the first study in which the RIs for non-HDL-C and remnant-C in southern Iran are reported. This may help physicians to conveniently use these lipid parameters for patient care and better cardiovascular risk assessment., (© 2024 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)
Published: 2024
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14. Impact of a 50bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the superoxide dismutase-1 on oxidative stress status and risk of keratoconus.

Author: Sedaghat MR, Shiri H, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Norouzmahani ME, Bahri F, Fooladi S, Momeni-Moghaddam H, Danesh Z, Nikpoor AR, Momeni-Moghaddam MA, Nematollahi MH, and Sadeghi J
Subjects: Case-Control Studies, Adolescent, Young Adult, Adult, Middle Aged, Humans, Male, Female, Logistic Models, ROC Curve, INDEL Mutation, Keratoconus epidemiology, Keratoconus genetics, Keratoconus therapy, Oxidative Stress, Superoxide Dismutase-1 genetics
Abstract: Keratoconus (KC) is characterized by the predominant primary ectatic disease, affecting the cornea, necessitating corneal transplants in some cases. While some loci associated with KC risk have been identified, the understanding of the disease remains limited. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes play a crucial role in countering the reactive oxygen species and providing protection against oxidative stress (OS). Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate a potential association of a 50 nucleotide base pairs (bp) insertion/deletion (I/D) within the SOD1 promoter, and the located 1684 bp upstream of the SOD1 ATG, with KC in the Iranian population. Additionally, an assessment was conducted on SOD activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as determined by the ferric reducing-antioxidant power assay, along with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In this case-control study, genomic DNA was extracted from the blood cells of KC (n = 402) and healthy (n = 331) individuals. The genotype of this gene was determined using the PCR technique. Furthermore, the amount of SOD enzyme activity and the MDA and TAC levels were measured in the serum of the study groups. The (I/I) genotype was present in 84.23%, the (I/D) genotype in 15.06%, and the (D/D) genotype in 0.69% of both groups. A statistically significant relationship was seen between different genotypes and TAC, MDA, and SOD1 activity indices (P < 0.05). Individuals with the D/D genotype exhibited a decrease in total antioxidant capacity, an increase in the amount of MDA, and a decrease in SOD1 enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis of KC development indicated that elevated levels of MDA increased the risk of KC incidence in the patient group compared to the healthy group, while a higher activity of SOD1 and greater values of TAC decreased the KC risk. The removal of the 50 bp fragment reduced SOD1 activity and elevated OS levels, thereby impacting the oxidant-antioxidant balance. This could potentially play a significant role in individuals afflicted by KC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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15. Arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells: The role of necroptosis.

Author: Jamil M, Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Safa O, Nikpoor AR, Bakhtari A, Mokhtarinejad M, Zadeh SN, Shadboorestan A, and Omidi M
Subjects: Humans, Arsenic Trioxide pharmacology, A549 Cells, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Necroptosis, Oxides pharmacology, Oxides therapeutic use, Apoptosis, Cell Line, Tumor, Arsenicals pharmacology, Arsenicals therapeutic use, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology
Abstract: Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers globally. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is still present as a highly effective drug in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Chemotherapy resistance is one of the major problems in cancer therapy. Necroptosis, can overcomes resistance to apoptosis, and can promote cancer treatment. This study examines the necroptosis pathway in A549 cancer cells exposed to ATO., Methods: We used the MTT test to determine the ATO effects on the viability of A549 cells at three different time intervals. Also, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were performed in three-time intervals. The effect of ATO on apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V / PI staining and, the RIPK1 and MLKL gene expression were measured by Real-Time PCR., Results: The ATO has dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effects, so at 24, 48, and 72 h, the IC50 doses were 33.81 '11.44 '2.535 µM respectively. A 50 μM ATO is the most appropriate to increase the MMP loss significantly at all three times. At 24 and 48 h after exposure of cells to ATO, the ROS levels increased. The RIPK1 gene expression increased significantly compared to the control group at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM; however, MLKL gene expression decreased., Conclusions: The A549 cells, after 48 h exposure to ATO at 50 and 100 μM, induces apoptosis and necroptosis. Due to the reduced expression of MLKL, it can be concluded that ATO is probably effective in the metastatic stage of cancer cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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16. A Comprehensive Study on Signal Transduction and Therapeutic Role of miR-877 in Human Cancers.

Author: Rafat M, Kohsarian M, Bahiraei M, and Nikpoor AR
Abstract: MicroRNAs are a group of short non-coding RNAs (miRNAs), which are epigenetically involved in gene expression and other cellular biological processes and can be considered as potential biomarkers for cancer detection and support for treatment management. This review aims to amass the evidence in order to reach the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of miR-877 in different types of cancer. Dysregulation of miR-877 level in various types of malignancies as bladder cancer, cervical cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), hepatocellular carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), oral squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer (OC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have reported, significantly increase or decrease in its level, which can be indicated to its function as oncogene or tumor suppressor. MiR-877 is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through cell cycle pathways in cancer. MiR-877 could be potential a candidate as a valuable biomarker for prognosis in various cancers. Through this study, we proposed that miR-877 can potentially be a candidate as a prognostic marker for early detection of tumor development, progression, as well as metastasis., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Advanced Biomedical Research.)
Published: 2023
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17. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by liposomal Epacadostat in combination with liposomal gp100 vaccine.

Author: Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Yazdani M, Nikpoor AR, Hatamipour M, Ajami A, Jaafari MR, Badiee A, and Rafiei A
Subjects: Mice, Animals, Tumor Microenvironment, Tissue Distribution, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase genetics, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase metabolism, Melanoma, Cancer Vaccines
Abstract: Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) pathway has vital role in cancer immune escape and its upregulation leads to immunosuppressive environment which is associated with poor prognosis and progression in various cancers like melanoma. Previously, we showed the antitumoral efficacy of nanoliposomal form of Epacadostat (Lip-EPA), as an IDO1 inhibitor. Herein, we used Lip-EPA as a combination approach with liposomal gp100 (Lip-gp100) anti-cancer vaccine in melanoma model. Here, we showed that B16F10 tumor express IDO1 so using Lip-EPA will enhance the efficacy of vaccine therapy. The biodistribution of ICG-labelled liposomal form of EPA showed the remarkable accumulation of drug at tumor site. In an in vivo study, Lip-EPA enhanced the antitumor efficacy of Lip-gp100 in which the IDO mRNA expression was decreased (~ fourfold) in tumor samples. Also, we identified a significant increase in the number of infiltrated T lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) with enhanced in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production (p < 0.0001). Additionally, Lip-EPA + Lip-gp100 significantly modulated intratumoral regulatory T cells which altogether resulted in the highest delay in tumor growth (TGD = 56.54%) and increased life span (ILS > 47.36%) in treated mice. Our study demonstrated that novel combination of Lip-EPA and Lip-gp100 was effective treatment with capability of being used in further clinical studies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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18. In-vitro cytotoxicity and in-vivo antitumor activity of two platinum complexes with 1,3-dimethyl pentyl glycine ligand against breast cancer.

Author: Bazsefidpar P, Eftekhar E, Jahromi MZ, Nikpoor AR, Moghadam ME, and Zolghadri S
Subjects: Mice, Animals, Platinum, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, Caspase 9, Glycine, Ligands, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Neoplasms drug therapy
Abstract: Platinum (Pt) derivatives are good candidates for discovering new anti-tumor agents. The present research aims to explore the in-vivo and in-vitro anticancer activity of two platinum complexes with 1,3-dimethyl pentyl glycine ligand (DMPG), [Pt(bpy)(13DMPG)]NO 3 and [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO 3 , against breast cancer cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic potential of these compounds (2-400 μM) compared to standard drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin) on SKBR3 cells using the methyl thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Furthermore, the gene expression changes of Bak, Bim, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 were carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and flow cytometric analysis was performed to confirm the cell apoptosis in the presence of the compounds. For more validation, in-vivo anticancer activities of both compounds were investigated against breast transplanted tumors in the BALB/c mice model. The cytotoxic studies by MTT assay revealed the anti-proliferative potential of both derivatives. [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO 3 with an IC 50 value of 15 μM, exhibited higher cytotoxicity against SKBR3 cells as compared to [Pt(bpy)(13DMPG)]NO 3 , oxaliplatin, and carboplatin. Based on the flow cytometry analysis, both derivatives demonstrated apoptotic effects. Also, real-time PCR analysis revealed an up-regulation of Bak, Bim, Bax, Caspases-3, and Caspase-9 genes and a significant reduction in Bcl-2 gene expression in treated cells with both compounds compared to the control group. In-vivo results validated in-vitro analysis and showed the anticancer activity of compounds against breast transplanted tumors in the BALB/c mice model. According to the results, [Pt(dach)(13DMPG)]NO 3 displayed a significant anticancer activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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19. Study of frequency and inheritance model of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients with varying severity of lung involvement and its effect on serum cytokines levels.

Author: Beyranvand S, Davoodian P, Alizade H, Gouklani H, Nejatizadeh A, Eftekhar E, and Nikpoor AR
Subjects: Humans, Cytokines, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Lung, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 genetics, COVID-19 genetics, COVID-19 pathology, COVID-19 virology
Abstract: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to play a role as a receptor for the COVID-19 virus. This virus usually gets into cells and infects them by attaching to their glycoprotein receptors, which are found on the ACE2 receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and inheritance of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients with varying severity of lung involvement and its effect on serum cytokines levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 and laboratory parameters. One hundred eighty-five COVID-19 patients were grouped according to the severity of lung involvement. (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE1 gene and rs2285666 polymorphism of the ACE2 gene were determined by single specific primer-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length reaction-polymerase chain reaction methods, respectively. Serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were also measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. No statistically significant association of ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphism genotypes and ACE1 I/D with the severity of lung involvement was noted. However, there was a statistically significant association between I/D ACE1 polymorphism genotypes and IL-6, white blood cells (WBC), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels. Also, there was no statistically significant association between rs2285666 polymorphism genotypes and patients' blood oxygen saturation level, IL-6, IL-1β, lactate dehydrogenase activity, WBC count, and NLR. In patients with COVID-19, the rs2285666 polymorphism of the ACE2 gene and the I/D polymorphism of the ACE1 gene were not significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease and serum IL-6 and IL-1 cytokine levels., (© 2022 International Federation for Cell Biology.)
Published: 2023
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20. Specific Clinical and Immunological Changes Following Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Phase-I Clinical Trial.

Author: Kaffash Farkhad N, Sedaghat A, Reihani H, Adhami Moghadam A, Bagheri Moghadam A, Khadem Ghaebi N, Khodadoust MA, Nikpoor AR, and Tavakol Afshari J
Subjects: Humans, Inflammation, Umbilical Cord, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 therapy, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation methods, Respiratory Distress Syndrome etiology, Respiratory Distress Syndrome therapy, Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a systemic inflammation resulting from immune system overactivity. ARDS is also a fatal complication of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immune modulatory properties. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of three times transplantation of umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) in terms of specific immunological and clinical changes in mild-to-moderate COVID-19-induced ARDS patients. In this single-center, open-label, phase 1 clinical trial, 20 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and mild-to-moderate ARDS were included and were divided into two groups: a control group receiving standard care and an intervention group receiving UC-MSC in addition to standard care. Three consecutive intravenous transplants of UC-MSC (1× cells/kg body weight per each transplant) were performed in the intervention group on days 1, 3, and 5. The biological assay was investigated four times (days 0, 5, 10, and 17). UC-MSCs improved the patients' clinical and paraclinical parameters, including leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and liver enzyme abnormalities compared to the control group. They also decreased pro-inflammatory lymphocytes (TH1 and TH17) and increased anti-inflammatory T lymphocytes. Cell therapy also reduced the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in overactivated CD8+ T cells. These findings show that three UC-MSC injections could regulate a hyperactivated immune system in COVID-19-induced ARDS patients by decreasing the inflammatory T lymphocyte subset and can improve the patient's hematological condition and liver function. However, more studies are needed in this area.
Published: 2022
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21. Curcumin as an effective suppressor of miRNA expression in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Author: Atabaki M, Shariati-Sarabi Z, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Taghipour A, Jafari MR, Nikpoor AR, and Mohammadi M
Abstract: Objective: Osteoarthritis is the most common disease in the group of joint diseases, and its incidence is directly related to aging. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin as an active ingredient of turmeric, we aimed to investigate the effects of this compound in a new curcumin nanomicelle formula named SinaCurcumin ® on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in immune responses of patients with osteoarthritis., Materials and Methods: We divided 30 patients with osteoarthritis into two groups namely, nano curcumin-receiving (15 patients) and placebo-receiving (15 patients) and we studied them for 3 months. The Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) approved our study with the IRCT registry No. IRCT20151028024760N4. We evaluated the rates of the expression of microRNAs 146, 155, 16, and 138 employing SYBR Green Real-Time PCR method., Results: The expression of miRNAs 155, 138, and 16 revealed a significant reduction in the curcumin-receiving group (p=0.002, p=0.024 and p=0.0001 respectively)., Conclusion: Our research data indicated that the consumption of curcumin in patients with osteoarthritis could affect the immune system partially via altering the expression of microRNAs and cytokines., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.
Published: 2022
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22. CD73 downregulation by EGFR-targeted liposomal CD73 siRNA potentiates antitumor effect of liposomal doxorubicin in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.

Author: Soleimani A, Mirzavi F, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Nikpoor AR, Taghizadeh B, Barati M, Soukhtanloo M, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: 5'-Nucleotidase genetics, Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Disease Models, Animal, Down-Regulation drug effects, Female, GPI-Linked Proteins genetics, Humans, Mice, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Polyethylene Glycols administration & dosage, Polyethylene Glycols chemistry, Tissue Distribution, Tumor Microenvironment, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Breast Neoplasms metabolism, Doxorubicin analogs & derivatives, Doxorubicin therapeutic use, ErbB Receptors metabolism, Liposomes administration & dosage, Liposomes chemistry, RNA, Small Interfering metabolism
Abstract: Blocking CD73 ectonucleotidase has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of a novel EGFR-Targeted liposomal CD73 siRNA formulation in combination therapy with liposomal doxorubicin in the 4T1 mouse model. CD73 siRNA was encapsulated into nanoliposomes by the ethanol injection method. After preparation, characterization, morphology, and stability evaluation of formulations, the toxicity was measured by MTT assay. Uptake assay and efficiency of the liposomal formulations were investigated on the 4T1 cell line. The liposomal formulation containing CD73 siRNA was targeted with GE11 peptide for in vivo evaluations. Following biodistribution analysis, the antitumor activity of prepared formulations in combination with liposomal doxorubicin was studied in mice bearing 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cells. Finally, the induction of immune response of formulations in concomitant treatment with liposomal doxorubicin was evaluated in the tumor microenvironment of a mouse model of breast cancer. The size of prepared liposomal formulations at N/P = 16 for the liposomal CD73 siRNA and GE11-liposomal CD73 siRNA groups were 89 nm ± 4.4 and 95 nm ± 6.6, respectively. The nanoparticle's PDI was less than 0.3 and their surface charge was below 10 mV. The results demonstrated that N/P = 16 yielded the best encapsulation efficiency which was 94% ± 3.3. AFM results showed that the liposomes were spherical in shape and were less than 100 nm in size. The results of the MTT assay showed significant toxicity of the liposomes containing CD73 siRNA during the 48-h cell culture. Real-time PCR and flow cytometry results showed that liposomes containing CD73 siRNA could effectively downregulate CD73 expression. Liposomal formulations were able to significantly downregulate CD73 gene expression, in vivo. However, CD73 downregulation efficiency was significantly higher for the targeted form compared to the non-targeted formulation (P value < 0.01). The combination showed maximum tumor growth delay with remarkable survival improvement compared to the control group. Studying the immune responses in the treatment groups which received doxorubicin, showed decreased number of lymphocytes in the tumor environment. However, this decrease was lower in the combination therapy group. Finally, our results clearly showed that CD73 downregulation increases the activity of CD8 + lymphocytes (IFN-ℽ production) and also significantly decreases the Foxp3 in the CD25 + lymphocytes compared to the control group. GE11-Lipo CD73 siRNA formulation can efficiently knockdown CD73 ectonucleotidase. Also, the efficacy of liposomal doxorubicin is significantly enhanced via the downregulation of CD73 ectonucleotidase., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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23. Enhanced antitumor immune response in melanoma tumor model by anti-PD-1 small interference RNA encapsulated in nanoliposomes.

Author: Barati M, Mirzavi F, Nikpoor AR, Sankian M, Namdar Ahmadabad H, Soleimani A, Mashreghi M, Tavakol Afshar J, Mohammadi M, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Humans, Immunity, Liposomes, Mice, RNA, Messenger metabolism, RNA, Small Interfering genetics, RNA, Small Interfering metabolism, Tissue Distribution, Melanoma genetics, Melanoma therapy, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor genetics, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor metabolism
Abstract: Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), as an immune checkpoint molecule, attenuates T-cell activity and induces T-cell exhaustion. Although siRNA has a great potential in cancer immunotherapy, its delivery to target cells is the main limitation of using siRNA. This study aimed to prepare a liposomal formulation as a siRNA carrier to silence PD-1 expression in T cells and investigate it's in vivo antitumor efficacy. The liposomal siRNA was prepared and characterized by size, zeta potential, and biodistribution. Following that, the uptake assay and mRNA silencing were evaluated in vitro at mRNA and protein levels. siRNA-PD-1 (siPD-1)-loaded liposome nanoparticles were injected into B16F0 tumor-bearing mice to evaluate tumor growth, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and survival rate. Liposomal siPD-1 efficiently silenced PD-1 mRNA expression in T cells (P < 0.0001), and siPD-1-loaded liposomal nanoparticles enhanced the infiltration of T-helper 1 (Th 1) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes into the tumor tissue (P < 0.0001). Liposome-PD-1 siRNA monotherapy and PD-1 siRNA-Doxil (liposomal doxorubicin) combination therapy improved the survival significantly, compared to the control treatment (P < 0.001). Overall, these findings suggest that immunotherapy with siPD-1-loaded liposomes by enhancing T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses could be considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of melanoma cancer., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)
Published: 2022
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24. LncRNA-miRNA network analysis across the Th17 cell line reveals biomarker potency of lncRNA NEAT1 and KCNQ1OT1 in multiple sclerosis.

Author: Karimi E, Azari H, Tahmasebi A, Nikpoor AR, Negahi AA, Sanadgol N, Shekari M, and Mousavi P
Subjects: Biomarkers, Cell Line, Cytokines genetics, Gene Regulatory Networks, Humans, Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated genetics, RNA, Long Noncoding metabolism, Th17 Cells metabolism, MicroRNAs genetics, MicroRNAs metabolism, Multiple Sclerosis genetics, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics
Abstract: Differentiation of CD 4+ T cells into Th17 cells is an important factor in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Th17/Treg imbalance. Little is known about the role of lncRNAs in the differentiation of CD 4+ cells from Th17 cells. This study aimed to analyse the lncRNA-miRNAs network involved in MS disease and its role in the differentiation of Th17 cells. The lncRNAs in Th17 differentiation were obtained from GSE66261 using the GEO datasets. Differential expression of lncRNAs in Th17 primary cells compared to Th17 effector cells was investigated by RNA-seq analysis. Next, the most highlighted lncRNAs in autoimmune diseases were downloaded from the lncRNAs disease database, and the most critical miRNA was extracted by literature search. Then, the lncRNA-miRNA interaction was achieved by the Starbase database, and the ceRNA network was designed by Cytoscape. Finally, using the CytoHubba application, two hub lncRNAs with the most interactions with miRNAs were identified by the MCODE plug-in. The expression level of genes was measured by qPCR, and the plasma level of cytokines was analysed by ELISA kits. The results showed an increase in the expression of NEAT1, KCNQ1OT1 and RORC and a decrease in the expression of FOXP3. In plasma, an upregulation of IL17 and a downregulation of TGFB inflammatory cytokines were detected. The dysregulated expression of these genes could be attributed to relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients and help us understand MS pathogenesis better., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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25. Immunological Assessment of Chitosan or Trimethyl Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanospheres Containing Fusion Antigen as the Novel Vaccine Candidates Against Tuberculosis.

Author: Zare S, Kabiri M, Amini Y, Najafi A, Mohammadpour F, Ayati SH, Nikpoor AR, and Tafaghodi M
Subjects: Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Mice, Polyglycolic Acid, Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer, Vaccines, Subunit, Chitosan, Nanospheres, Tuberculosis prevention & control
Abstract: The crucial challenge in tuberculosis (TB) as a chronic infectious disease is to present a novel vaccine candidate that improves current vaccination and provides efficient protection in individuals. The present study aimed to evaluate the immune efficacy of multi-subunit vaccines containing chitosan (CHT)- or trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-coated PLGA nanospheres to stimulate cell-mediated and mucosal responses against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) in an animal model. The surface-modified PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing tri-fusion protein from three Mtb antigens were produced by the double emulsion technique. The subcutaneously or nasally administered PLGA vaccines in the absence or presence of BCG were assessed to compare the levels of mucosal IgA, IgG1, and IgG2a production as well as secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and TGF-β cytokines. According to the release profile, the tri-fusion encapsulated in modified PLGA NPs demonstrated a biphasic release profile including initial burst release on the first day and sustained release within 18 days. All designed PLGA vaccines induced a shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1-dominant response. Although immunized mice through subcutaneous injection elicited higher cell-mediated responses relative to the nasal vaccination, the intranasally administered groups stimulated robust mucosal IgA immunity. The modified PLGA NPs using TMC cationic polymer were more efficient to elevate Th1 and mucosal responses in comparison with the CHT-coated PLGA nanospheres. Our findings highlighted that the tri-fusion loaded in TMC-PLGA NPs may represent an efficient prophylactic vaccine and can be considered as a novel candidate against TB., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists.)
Published: 2021
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26. A triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of curcumin-containing nanomicelles on cellular immune responses subtypes and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients.

Author: Hassaniazad M, Eftekhar E, Inchehsablagh BR, Kamali H, Tousi A, Jaafari MR, Rafat M, Fathalipour M, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Gouklani H, Alizade H, and Nikpoor AR
Subjects: Dietary Supplements, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Curcumin
Abstract: In COVID-19 patients, cytokine storm due to excessive immune responses can cause severe complications. In this study, we investigated the effect of curcumin nanomicelles on clinical outcome and cellular immune responses subtypes changes in COVID-19 patients. A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled study was done. Forty COVID-19 patients were included into two groups of nano-curcumin and placebo. The nano-curcumin group received 40 mg of nano-curcumin capsule, four times per day for 2 weeks. Clinical signs and gene expression of TBX21, GATA3, RORC and FOXP3 genes and IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β cytokines serum levels were measured at time points of 0, 7 and 14 days. Serum levels of IFN-γ (p = .52) and IL-17 (p = .11) decreased, while IL-4 (p = .12) and TGF-β (p = .14) increased in the nano-curcumin group compared with placebo on day 14. Moreover, gene expressions of TBX21 (p = .02) and FOXP3 (p = .005) genes were significantly decreased and increased between nano-curcumin and placebo groups on day 7, respectively. It can be concluded that administration of nano-curcumin in inflammatory phase of COVID-19 can accelerate recovering of the acute inflammatory phase by modulating inflammatory immune responses. Therefore, it is suggested that this supplement in inflammatory diseases, including COVID-19, can be effective in controlling the inflammatory responses., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2021
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27. Improvement of clinical outcome, laboratory findings and inflammatory cytokines levels using plasmapheresis therapy in severe COVID-19 cases.

Author: Hassaniazad M, Vahedi MS, Samimagham HR, Gharibzadeh A, Beyranvand S, Abbasi H, and Nikpoor AR
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Biomarkers blood, COVID-19 immunology, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma blood, Interleukin-1 blood, Interleukin-17 blood, Interleukin-6 blood, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Saturation, Patient Acuity, Treatment Outcome, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 therapy, Cytokines blood, Inflammation Mediators blood, Plasmapheresis methods
Abstract: Introduction: Cytokine storm is one of the consequences of the severe forms of COVID-19 due to excessive immune response. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis and its role on the inflammatory cytokines levels in patients suffering from severe COVID-19., Methods: In plasmapheresis group, 22 severe cases of COVID-19 receiving three cycles of plasmapheresis with time interval of 24-36 h and 22 COVID-19 patients as the control group were enrolled. Clinical history and laboratory parameters as well as IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines serum levels in the time points of before and after plasmapheresis were studied., Results: In severe COVID-19 patients, plasmapheresis significantly improved clinical and laboratory parameters such as cough, weakness, fever, blood oxygen saturation and CRP levels. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 in the group of patients receiving plasmapheresis, had a significant decrease following plasmapheresis courses. Although only IL-6 level in the control group had a significant decrease between the days 1-14 of disease. Also, at both time points of before and after plasmapheresis, serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17 were inversely correlated to blood oxygen saturation., Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, plasmapheresis therapy in severe forms of COVID-19 can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of the disease and reduce inflammatory markers. Therefore, it is suggested that plasmapheresis can be evaluated in standard treatment protocols for severe forms of COVID-19., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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28. Construction of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network to determine the key regulators of the Th1/Th2 imbalance in multiple sclerosis.

Author: Azari H, Karimi E, Shekari M, Tahmasebi A, Nikpoor AR, Negahi AA, Sanadgol N, and Mousavi P
Subjects: Humans, RNA, Messenger genetics, Th1-Th2 Balance, MicroRNAs genetics, MicroRNAs metabolism, Multiple Sclerosis genetics, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics
Abstract: Aim: The exact epigenetic mechanisms that determine the balance of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells and autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain unclear. We aim to clarify these. Methods: A combination of bioinformatics analysis and molecular evaluations was utilized to identify master hub genes. Results: A competitive endogenous RNA network containing six long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 21 miRNAs and 86 mRNAs was provided through enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction network. NEAT1 and MALAT1 were found as differentially expressed lncRNAs using Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE21942). Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrate dysregulation in the RUNX3 (a regulator of Th1/Th2 balance), GATA3 and TBX21 , as well as miR-544a and miR-210-3p (which directly target RUNX3 ). ELISA also confirmed an imbalance in IFN-γ (Th1)/IL-4 (Th2) in MS patients. Conclusion: Our findings introduce novel biomarkers leading to Th1/Th2 imbalance in MS.
Published: 2021
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29. Development of a stable and high loaded liposomal formulation of lapatinib with enhanced therapeutic effects for breast cancer in combination with Caelyx®: In vitro and in vivo evaluations.

Author: Shokooh Saremi S, Nikpoor AR, Sadri K, Mehrabian A, Karimi M, Mansouri A, Jafari MR, and Badiee A
Subjects: Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Doxorubicin analogs & derivatives, Female, Humans, Lapatinib, Mice, Polyethylene Glycols, Quinazolines pharmacology, Quinazolines therapeutic use, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy
Abstract: Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has poor water solubility, which results in poor and incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome this obstacle, we designed a stable and high-loaded liposomal formulation encapsulating lapatinib and examined its therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo on TUBO and 4T1 cell lines. We also assessed the impact of liposomal lapatinib on the extent of the tumor and spleen-infiltrating lymphocytes and the autophagy and apoptosis gene expression within the tumor site. Our results showed that liposomal lapatinib inhibits cell proliferation and significantly induces autophagy and apoptosis compared to control groups. Moreover, when it used in combination with liposomal doxorubicin, it extended the time to end from 22.4 ± 3.5 in the control group to 40 days in the TUBO cell line and from 29.2 ± 1.7 to 38.6 ± 2.2 days in 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, which reveals its promising effects on the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our results indicated the need for further evaluations to understand liposomal lapatinib's potential effects on autophagy, apoptosis, and particularly on immune system cells., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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30. Development of a novel formulation method to prepare liposomal Epacadostat.

Author: Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Khoshkhabar R, Rafiei A, Ajami A, Nikpoor AR, Jaafari MR, and Badiee A
Subjects: Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oximes, Sulfonamides, Liposomes, Melanoma
Abstract: Background: One of the important metabolic pathways in cancer progression is tryptophan catabolism by the indoleamin-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, which suppresses the immune system and induces tolerance. Inhibition of IDO1 is an important therapeutic goal for immunotherapy in many cancers such as metastatic melanoma. Epacadostat (EPA) is a very strong inhibitor of IDO1, and its clinical studies are being performed in a higher clinical phase than other inhibitors. In this study, we have developed a new liposomal EPA formulation to reduce the dose, side effects, and treatment costs., Methods: Liposomes containing EPA were formulated using a novel remote loading method. Their morphology, particle size, surface charge, total phospholipid content, and drug loading were evaluated. Validation method studies to assay of EPA were carried out according to ICHQ2B guidelines. For in-vivo study, B16F10 melanoma bearing C57BL/6 mice were treated with the free or liposomal forms of EPA, and then monitored for tumor size and survival rate., Results: A validated method for EPA determination in liposomal form using UV-visible spectrophotometry was developed which was a precise, accurate and robust method. The particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficacy of liposomes was 128.1 ± 1.1 nm, -16.5 ± 1 mV, and 64.9 ± 3.5, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of liposomal EPA was 64 ng/ml that was lower than free EPA (128 ng/ml). In-vivo results also showed that tumor growth was slower in mice receiving liposomal EPA than in the group receiving free EPA., Conclusion: A new method was developed to load EPA into liposomes. Moreover, the use of the nanoliposomal EPA showed more efficacy than EPA in inhibiting the tumor growth in melanoma model. Therefore, it might be used in further clinical studies as a good candidate for immunotherapy alone or in combination with other treatments., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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31. Comparison of two routes of administration of a cationic liposome formulation for a prophylactic DC vaccination in a murine melanoma model.

Author: Yazdani M, Nikpoor AR, Gholizadeh Z, Mohamadian Roshan N, Seifalian A, Jaafari MR, and Badiee A
Subjects: Animals, Antigen Presentation, Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological pharmacology, Combined Modality Therapy, Dendritic Cells transplantation, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Administration Routes, Humans, Liposomes chemical synthesis, Melanoma immunology, Melanoma, Experimental, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor antagonists & inhibitors, Skin Neoplasms immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology, Vaccination, gp100 Melanoma Antigen metabolism, Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological therapeutic use, Cancer Vaccines immunology, Dendritic Cells immunology, Immunotherapy, Adoptive methods, Liposomes metabolism, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating immunology, Melanoma therapy, Skin Neoplasms therapy
Abstract: Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination can be achieved via straight loading of vaccine into DCs ex vivo or administration to DCs in vivo. However, there is no certain consensus on which approach is preferable, and each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages, which affect the efficacy and safety of vaccines. It will also be more complicated when a vaccine delivery system is included. In this study, the efficacy of ex vivo pulsed DC-based vaccine compared with in vivo subcutaneous administration of a cationic liposomes (CLs) formulation containing gp100 antigen (gp100-CLs) was evaluated in a murine melanoma model. In combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody, the ex vivo approach of gp100-CLs yielded a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the number of antigen-specific tumors infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) with a significant upregulation of IFN-γ (P < 0.0001) and PD-1 (P < 0.0001) expression level. They also dampened the function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) via significant downregulation of IL-10 and TGF-β (P < 0.0001) expression level compared to in vivo approach in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, prophylactic immunization with gp100-CLs pulsed DCs ex vivo delayed tumor growth and induced the survival benefit over in vivo immunization. Collectively, the ex vivo DC-based vaccination pulsed with gp100 encapsulated in liposomes synergizes with anti-PD-1 antibody and represents a preferable approach against melanoma., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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32. Preventive cancer vaccination with P5 HER-2/neo-derived peptide-pulsed peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a mouse model of breast cancer.

Author: Dehghan-Manshadi M, Nikpoor AR, Hadinedoushan H, Zare F, Sankian M, Fesahat F, Tahoori MT, Jaafari MR, and Rafatpanah H
Subjects: Animals, Apoptosis, Breast Neoplasms metabolism, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Cell Proliferation, Female, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Vaccination, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Breast Neoplasms prevention & control, Cancer Vaccines administration & dosage, Disease Models, Animal, Leukocytes, Mononuclear metabolism, Peptide Fragments administration & dosage, Receptor, ErbB-2 immunology
Abstract: This study compared the prophylactic effects from vaccines based on dendritic cells (DCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by pulsing the cells in-vitro with p5 peptide. The different test groups of mice were injected with free peptide or with peptide pulsed with DCs or PBMCs. Two weeks after the last booster dose, immunological tests were performed on splenocyte suspensions from three mice in each group and the remaining mice (5/each group) were evaluated for tumor growth and survival time. The levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and IL-10 were detected in T cells. Additionally, IFN-γ and perforin as well as mRNA levels of some genes associated with immune responses were assessed after challenging the splenocytes with TUBO cells. A significant increase was observed in frequency of CD4 + IFN-γ + , CD8 + IFN-γ + , and CD8 + granzyme B + T cells, and the perforin of supernatants from mice in the DC and PBMC treatment groups. Significant expression levels of Fas ligand ( FasL ) and forkhead box P3 ( Foxp3 ) were observed in the DC and PBMC groups. These responses led to smaller tumors and longer survival time in our mouse model of breast cancer. The efficacy of the PBMC-based vaccine in improving the protective immune response makes it a simpler and less expensive candidate vaccine compared with DC-based vaccines.
Published: 2021
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33. Ex vivo dendritic cell-based (DC) vaccine pulsed with a low dose of liposomal antigen and CpG-ODN improved PD-1 blockade immunotherapy.

Author: Yazdani M, Gholizadeh Z, Nikpoor AR, Mohamadian Roshan N, Jaafari MR, and Badiee A
Subjects: Adjuvants, Immunologic administration & dosage, Animals, Cancer Vaccines administration & dosage, Combined Modality Therapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Immunotherapy, Adoptive methods, Liposomes, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neoplasms immunology, Neoplasms pathology, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor antagonists & inhibitors, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor immunology, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Antigens, Neoplasm administration & dosage, Dendritic Cells transplantation, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors administration & dosage, Immunotherapy methods, Neoplasms therapy, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides administration & dosage
Abstract: Lack of pre-existing tumor infiltrated T cells resulting in resistance to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade therapies can be solved by combining with anti-cancer vaccines and CpG-ODN in increasing T cell expansion and infiltration. Therefore, we prepared an ex vivo dendritic cell-based (DC) vaccine pulsed with a low dose of either liposomal or non-liposomal gp100 antigen (2.8 µg) plus CpG-ODN (800 ng) formulations and evaluated its anti-tumor activity in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. Our results showed a combination of liposomal peptide plus CpG-ODN pulsed DC with anti-PD-1 antibody was more efficacious, as evidenced by a significant increase in T eff /T reg TILs with a marked fourfold elevation of IFN-γ expression level in the tumor site of treated mice which reversed resistance to PD-1 blockade in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Furthermore, this combination also led to a remarkable tumor remission and prolonged survival rate in melanoma-bearing mice compared to non-liposomal peptide plus CpG-ODN or single-treated liposomal peptide formulations. Our results provide essential insights to devise combining regimens to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers even by a low dose of peptide and CpG-ODN., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
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34. Protective immune response against P32 oncogenic peptide-pulsed PBMCs in mouse models of breast cancer.

Author: Dehghan-Manshadi M, Nikpoor AR, Hadinedoushan H, Zare F, Sankian M, Fesahat F, and Rafatpanah H
Subjects: Animals, Antigen Presentation, Cell Line, Tumor, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Granzymes metabolism, Humans, Interferon-gamma metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Vaccines, Subunit, Antigens, Neoplasm immunology, Breast Neoplasms immunology, Cancer Vaccines immunology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear immunology, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal immunology, Mitochondrial Proteins immunology, Peptides immunology
Abstract: High expression of p32 in certain tumors makes it a potential target for immunotherapy. In the present study, the first goal was to design multi-epitope peptides from the P32 protein and the second goal was to compare the prophylactic effects of DCs- and PBMCs- based vaccines by pulsing them with designed peptides. For these purposes, 160 BALB/c mice were vaccinated in 5 different subgroups of each 4 peptides using PBS (F1-4a), F peptides alone (F1-4b), F peptides with CpG-ODN (F1-4c), F peptides with CpGODN and DCs (F1-4d), and F peptides with CpG-ODN and PBMCs (F1-4e). We found a significantly higher interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B levels in T cells of F4d and F4e subgroups compared to control (p ≤ 0.05). The result of challenging spleen PBMCs of vaccinated mice with 4T1 cells showed significant up- and down- regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) gene expression between F4d and F4e subgroups with control, respectively. In addition, a significant change was seen in Caspase3 gene expression of F4d subgroup compared to control (p ≤ 0.05). Supernatant levels of IFN-γ and perforin were significantly increased in F4d and F4e subgroups compared to control. Consequently, significantly lower tumor sizes and prolonged survival time were detected in F4d and F4e subgroups compared to control after challenging mice with 4T1 cells. Accordingly, these results demonstrated that PBMCs pulsed F4 peptide-based vaccine could induce a protective immune response while it is a simple and less expensive vaccine., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2021
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35. Immunoliposomes bearing lymphocyte activation gene 3 fusion protein and P5 peptide: A novel vaccine for breast cancer.

Author: Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh S, Zamani P, Mashreghi M, Nikpoor AR, Tavakkol-Afshari J, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, Cancer Vaccines immunology, Female, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal immunology, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal pathology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein, Antigens, CD immunology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Cancer Vaccines administration & dosage, Lymphocyte Activation immunology, Mammary Neoplasms, Animal drug therapy, Peptide Fragments immunology
Abstract: LAG3-Ig as an immune adjuvant has elicited potent anti-tumor immune responses in several preclinical and clinical studies, but the full potential immunostimulatory of LAG3-Ig has yet to be achieved. We hypothesized that by anchoring LAG3-Ig to the surface of liposomes, the adjuvant activity of LAG3-Ig could be improved. We also investigated the immunotherapy by co-delivery of liposome-coupled LAG3-Ig and P5 tumor antigen in mice model of TUBO breast cancer. We prepared and characterized novel PEGylated liposomes bearing surface conjugated LAG3-Ig and P5. Consistent with our hypothesis, liposomes-conjugated LAG3-Ig via multivalent binding to MHC class II molecules exerted immunostimulatory of LAG3-Ig and markedly induced maturation of dendritic cells more efficiently than free LAG3-Ig. LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes effectively elicited protective anti-tumor responses more than locally injected soluble LAG3-Ig + P5. The higher percentage of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the spleen and more rapid and pronounced infiltration of these effector cells into the site of the tumor were seen following immunoliposome therapy. Finally, anti-tumor immunity induced by LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes translated into the more tumor regression and prolonged survival of treated mice, compared to soluble immunotherapy. Taken together, our findings suggest that LAG3-Ig-P5-immunoliposomes can be considered as a valuable candidate for developing a liposome-based therapeutic cancer vaccine in treating HER2/ neu + breast cancer patients., (© 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.)
Published: 2021
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36. The efficacy and safety of Ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: Hosseini FS, Malektojari A, Ghazizadeh S, Hassaniazad M, Davoodian P, Dadvand H, Nikpoor AR, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Kahoori S, Sepandi M, Hassanipour S, and Fathalipour M
Subjects: Administration, Oral, Adult, Antiviral Agents adverse effects, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 virology, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Drug Therapy, Combination adverse effects, Drug Therapy, Combination methods, Female, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine administration & dosage, Hydroxychloroquine adverse effects, Intensive Care Units statistics & numerical data, Interferon beta-1a administration & dosage, Interferon beta-1a adverse effects, Iran, Ivermectin adverse effects, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data, Lopinavir administration & dosage, Lopinavir adverse effects, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Ritonavir administration & dosage, Ritonavir adverse effects, SARS-CoV-2 drug effects, Severity of Illness Index, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Ivermectin administration & dosage, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Abstract: Objectives: We will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ivermectin in patients with mild and moderately severe COVID-19., Trial Design: This is a phase 3, single-center, randomized, open-label, controlled trial with a 2-arm parallel-group design (1:1 ratio)., Participants: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Departments of the Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran, will screen for patients age ≥ 20 years and weight ≥35 kg for the following criteria: Inclusion criteria for patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms (outpatients) 1. Diagnosed mild pneumonia using computed tomography (CT) and/or chest X-ray (CX-R) imaging, not requiring hospitalization. 2. Signing informed consent. Inclusion criteria for patients with moderate COVID-19 symptoms (inpatients) 1. Confirmed infection using PCR. 2. Diagnosed moderate pneumonia using CT and/or CXR imaging, requiring hospitalization. 3. Hospitalized ≤ 48 hours. 4. Signing informed consent. Exclusion criteria 1. Severe and critical pneumonia due to COVID-19. 2. Underlying diseases, including AIDS, asthma, loiasis, and severe liver and kidney disease. 3. Use of anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) and ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril). 4. History of drug allergy to Ivermectin. 5. Pregnancy or breastfeeding., Intervention and Comparator: Intervention groups: Outpatient and inpatient groups will receive the standard treatment regimen for mild and moderate COVID-19, based on the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education's protocol, along with oral Ivermectin (MSD Company, France) at a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Control groups: The outpatient group will receive hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Amin Pharmaceutical Company, Iran) at a dose of 400 mg twice a day for the first day and 200 mg twice a day for seven subsequent days. The inpatient group will receive 200/50 mg Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Heterd Company, India) twice a day for the seven days, plus five doses of 44 mcg Interferon beta-1a (CinnaGen, Iran) every other day. Other supportive and routine care will be the same in both outpatient and inpatient groups., Main Outcome: The primary outcomes are composite and include the improvement of clinical symptoms and need for hospitalization for outpatient groups, and the length of hospital stay until discharge, the need for ICU admission until discharge, and the need for mechanical ventilation for inpatient groups within seven days of randomization. The secondary outcome is the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions within seven days of randomization., Randomization: Patients in both outpatient (mild) and inpatient (moderate) groups will be randomized into the treatment and control groups based on the following method. A simple randomization method and table of random numbers will be used. If the selected number is even, the patient is allocated to the treatment group, and if it is odd, the patient is allocated to the control group in a 1:1 ratio., Blinding (masking): This is an open-label study, and there is not blinding. Numbers to be randomized (sample size) A total number of 120 patients (60 outpatients and 60 patients) will be randomized into two groups (30 patients in each of the intervention groups and 30 patients in each of the control groups)., Trial Status: The protocol is Version 1.0, November 17, 2020. Recruitment began November 25, 2020, and is anticipated to be completed by February 25, 2021., Trial Registration: This clinical trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT). The registration number is " IRCT20200506047323N6 ". The registration date is November 17, 2020., Full Protocol: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting the dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.
Published: 2021
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37. The immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy in human and animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Author: Radmanesh F, Mahmoudi M, Yazdanpanah E, Keyvani V, Kia N, Nikpoor AR, Zafari P, and Esmaeili SA
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic immunology, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic pathology, Immunity immunology, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic therapy, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation methods, Mesenchymal Stem Cells cytology
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease with no absolute cure. Although the exact etiopathogenesis of SLE is still enigmatic, it has been well demonstrated that a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors trigger a disturbance in immune responses and thereby participate in the development of this condition. Almost all available therapeutic strategies in SLE are primarily based on the administration of immunosuppressive drugs and are not curative. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a subset of non-hematopoietic adult stem cells that can be isolated from many adult tissues and are increasingly recognized as immune response modulating agents. MSC-mediated inhibition of immune responses is a complex mechanism that involves almost every aspect of the immune response. MSCs suppress the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (DC and MQ), proliferation of T cells (Th1, T17, and Th2), proliferation and immunoglobulin production of B cells, the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK cells in addition to increasing regulatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL10), and decreasing inflammatory cytokines (IL17, INF-ϒ, TNF-α, and IL12) levels. MSCs have shown encouraging results in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases, in particular SLE. This report aims to review the beneficial and therapeutic properties of MSCs; it also focuses on the results of animal model studies, preclinical studies, and clinical trials of MSC therapy in SLE from the immunoregulatory aspect., (© 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)
Published: 2020
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38. The clinical effect of Nano micelles containing curcumin as a therapeutic supplement in patients with COVID-19 and the immune responses balance changes following treatment: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Author: Hassaniazad M, Inchehsablagh BR, Kamali H, Tousi A, Eftekhar E, Jaafari MR, Fathalipour M, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Gouklani H, Alizade H, and Nikpoor AR
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Betacoronavirus genetics, Betacoronavirus immunology, Biomarkers metabolism, COVID-19, Case-Control Studies, Coloring Agents adverse effects, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections immunology, Coronavirus Infections virology, Curcumin adverse effects, Dietary Supplements adverse effects, Female, Gene Expression genetics, Humans, Interleukins immunology, Iran epidemiology, Male, Micelles, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Placebos administration & dosage, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral immunology, Pneumonia, Viral virology, Prospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Betacoronavirus drug effects, Coloring Agents therapeutic use, Coronavirus Infections drug therapy, Curcumin therapeutic use, Pneumonia, Viral drug therapy
Abstract: Objectives: To investigates the effectiveness of curcumin-containing Nanomicelles as a therapeutic supplement in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and its effect on immune responses balance changes following treatment., Trial Design: This study is conducted as a prospective, placebo-controlled with parallel group, single-center randomized clinical trial on COVID-19 patients., Participants: Patients are selected from the COVID-19 ward of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran., Inclusion Criteria: 1. Real time PCR-approved positive COVID-19 test. 2. Both gender 3. Age between 18 and 75 years 4. Signing a written consent 5. Lack of participation in other clinical trials Exclusion criteria: 1. Pregnancy or lactation 2. Allergy to turmeric or curcumin 3. Smoking 4. Patient connected to the ventilator 5. SaO2 less than 90% or PaO2 less than 8 kPa 6. Having comorbidities (such as severe renal failure, Glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min, liver failure, Congestive heart failure, or Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 7. History of gallstones 8. History of gastritis or active gastrointestinal ulcer INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: In addition to the routine standard treatments for COVID-19, in the intervention group, 40mg nanomicelles containing curcumin (SinaCurcumin Capsule, Exir Nano Sina Company, Iran), four times per day (after breakfast, lunch, dinner and before bedtime) and in the placebo group as the control group, capsules with the same appearance and characteristics (Placebo capsules, Exir Nano Sina Company, Iran) are prescribed for two weeks., Main Outcomes: The effectiveness of Nano micelles containing curcumin treatment will be evaluated as daily clinical examinations of patients in both groups and, on days 0, 7 and 14, complete clinical symptoms and laboratory findings including peripheral blood and serum parameters such as inflammatory markers will be measured and recorded. Moreover, in order to evaluate the balance of immune responses changes following treatments, serum level of IFN-γ, IL-17, Il-4 and TGF-β serum cytokines will be measured in both groups at time points of 0, 7 and 14 days post treatment. Gene expression of t-bet, GATA-3, FoxP3 and ROR- γT will also be measured at mentioned time points to assess the shift of T helper1, T helper2, T regulatory and T helper 17 immune responses following treatment., Randomisation: Randomized trials will be performed on 40 COVID-19 patients which will be randomized using encoded sealed boxes with computer generated random digits with 1:1 allocation ratio. In order to randomization, placebo and SinaCurcumin Capsules will be numbered first by computer generated random digits. SinaCurcumin and placebo will then be stored and numbered in sealed packages based on generated random numbers. Finally, according to the order in which patients enter the study, packages are given to patients based on their number., Blinding (masking): The present study will be blind for all patients, physicians and nurses, laboratory technicians and statisticians., Numbers to Be Randomised (sample Size): A total of 40 patients will be included in the study, 20 of them will be randomly assigned to the intervention group and 20 to the placebo group., Trial Status: This is Version 1.0 of protocol dated 21 May 2020. The recruitment was started June 24, 2020 and is expected to be completed by October 31, 2020., Trial Registration: This present clinical trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the registration code of "IRCT20200611047735N1", https://www.irct.ir/trial/48843 . Dated: 19 June 2020., Full Protocol: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.
Published: 2020
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39. Folate targeted PEGylated liposomes for the oral delivery of insulin: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Author: Yazdi JR, Tafaghodi M, Sadri K, Mashreghi M, Nikpoor AR, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Chamani J, Vakili R, Moosavian SA, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Insulin, Polyethylene Glycols, Tissue Distribution, Folic Acid, Liposomes
Abstract: In this study using phospholipids with high transition temperature and taking advantage of PEGylation, we designed liposomal formulation targeted with folic acid (FA) to improve the stability of liposomes with high penetration efficiency at the same time. The results of characterization demonstrated that liposomal formulations are in range of 150-210 nm size with negative surface charge. The results of cell uptake indicated that FA conjugation resulted in the more uptake of insulin. However, the results of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) showed no statistical differences among the formulations. The results of biodistribution also demonstrated that PEGylated liposome targeted with FA had more residence time in stomach and intestine along with higher amounts in blood and liver. The anti-diabetic effects of formulation in vivo indicated the efficacy of PEGylated liposome targeted with FA had promising results in decreasing blood glucose and increasing insulin levels. The results of this study indicated that using phospholipids with high Tm along with PEGylation and using targeting ligand could improve efficiency of oral delivery of liposomes which merit further investigation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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40. Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with gp100 peptide-decorated liposomes enhances the efficacy of anti PD-1 therapy in a mouse model of melanoma.

Author: Yazdani M, Gholizadeh Z, Nikpoor AR, Hatamipour M, Alani B, Nikzad H, Mohamadian Roshan N, Verdi J, Jaafari MR, Noureddini M, and Badiee A
Subjects: Animals, Dendritic Cells, Liposomes, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Neoplasm Proteins, Peptides, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Vaccination, gp100 Melanoma Antigen, Cancer Vaccines, Melanoma therapy
Abstract: Background: Targeting antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) via nanoparticles is a powerful strategy which improves the efficacy of ex vivo antigen-pulsed DC vaccines., Methods: In this study, liposomes were first decorated with gp100 25-33 self-antigen and then characterized. Then, DCs were pulsed ex vivo with liposomal gp100 and injected subcutaneously in mice bearing B16F10 established melanoma tumors in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy., Results: Treatment with liposomal pulsed DC vaccine elicited the strongest anticancer immunity and enhanced intratumoral immune responses based on infiltration of gp100-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the tumor leading to significant tumor growth regression and prolonged survival rate. Treatment with liposomal pulsed DC vaccine also markedly enhanced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses with a significant higher titer of IFN-γ in the spleen. Moreover, a significant increase of PD-1 expressing CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was detected in tumors., Conclusion: Our results demonstrate an optimum dose of liposomal gp100 significantly increases the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in mice and might be an effective strategy to overcome resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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41. Nanoliposomal vaccine containing long multi-epitope peptide E75-AE36 pulsed PADRE-induced effective immune response in mice TUBO model of breast cancer.

Author: Zamani P, Teymouri M, Nikpoor AR, Navashenaq JG, Gholizadeh Z, Darban SA, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, Breast Neoplasms immunology, Cancer Vaccines immunology, Cell Line, Tumor transplantation, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Liposomes, Malaria Vaccines immunology, Mice, Nanoparticles, Peptide Fragments immunology, Receptor, ErbB-2 immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer immunology, Vaccines, Subunit administration & dosage, Vaccines, Subunit immunology, Breast Neoplasms therapy, Cancer Vaccines administration & dosage, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Malaria Vaccines administration & dosage, Peptide Fragments administration & dosage
Abstract: The main goal of peptide-based cancer vaccines is to induce the immune system and activation of effective T cell responses against cancerous cells. Nevertheless, the potency of peptide vaccines is insufficient in most of cases and had limited clinical success. Therefore, the optimization of peptide-based cancer vaccine is essential to achieve powerful therapeutic outcomes. One strategy to enhanced potency of peptide vaccines and induce strong immune responses is the preparation of multi-epitope peptide formulation containing both Th- and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced responses epitope using suitable delivery system. For this reason, we studied the effect of Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-containing liposomal vaccine composed of a mixture of short peptides AE36 and E75 (HER2/neu-derived peptides) and long multi-epitope peptide E75-AE36 (linkage of short peptides) in combination with a Pan HLA-DR epitope (PADRE) peptide. These formulations were examined using a series of subcutaneously injection to HER-2 + TUBO-tumoured mice in prophylactic and therapeutic model. We observed that mice vaccinated with liposomal long peptide in combination with PADRE resulted in the superior induction of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells responses and significantly enhanced production of IFN-γ compared with liposomal short peptides and non-liposomal peptides formulations. Moreover, liposome-long peptide with PADRE led to the considerable reduction of tumour growth and lifespan induction in mouse model. In conclusion, our study indicated that liposomal formulation containing long multi-epitope peptide E75-AE36 with PADRE could be used as an effective multi-epitope prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine to generate potent antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell immune response and may be introduced as a possible candidate peptide vaccine for breast cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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42. Doxil chemotherapy plus liposomal P5 immunotherapy decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells in murine model of breast cancer.

Author: Navashenaq JG, Zamani P, Nikpoor AR, Tavakkol-Afshari J, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, DNA, Complementary chemistry, Doxorubicin chemistry, Female, Flow Cytometry, Immunotherapy, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Polyethylene Glycols chemistry, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Doxorubicin analogs & derivatives, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells cytology, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells metabolism
Abstract: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in cancer. To overcome the problem of the MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment in this study, a combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy was used. For this purpose, a liposomal formulation of P5 peptide and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®) was utilized to treat mice bearing HER2 + tumor model. The results revealed that Doxil® administration before immunotherapy had not only reduced the population and functions of the MDSCs in the spleen (P < 0.001) and the tumor microenvironment (P < 0.05) but had also supported further immunotherapy including enhanced CD4 + (P < 0.01) and CD8 + lymphocyte (P < 0.001) population and IFN-γ production (P < 0.001). This effect was also more pronounced with a liposomal P5 and Doxil® compared with free peptide and doxorubicin. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that Doxil® plus liposomal P5 could have a decreasing effect on MDSCs and tumor growth, and it could be beneficial in breast cancer treatment., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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43. The Effect of Phase Transition Temperature on Therapeutic Efficacy of Liposomal Bortezomib.

Author: Korani M, Nikoofal-Sahlabadi S, Nikpoor AR, Ghaffari S, Attar H, Mashreghi M, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacokinetics, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Bortezomib pharmacokinetics, Bortezomib pharmacology, Bortezomib therapeutic use, Colonic Neoplasms pathology, Drug Liberation, Female, Humans, Melanoma, Experimental pathology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, NIH 3T3 Cells, Transition Temperature, Antineoplastic Agents administration & dosage, Bortezomib administration & dosage, Colonic Neoplasms drug therapy, Liposomes chemistry, Melanoma, Experimental drug therapy, Phase Transition
Abstract: Aims: Here, three liposomal formulations of DPPC/DPPG/Chol/DSPE-mPEG2000 (F1), DPPC/DPPG/Chol (F2) and HSPC/DPPG/Chol/DSPE-mPEG2000 (F3) encapsulating BTZ were prepared and characterized in terms of their size, surface charge, drug loading, and release profile. Mannitol was used as a trapping agent to entrap the BTZ inside the liposomal core. The cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of formulations were investigated in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing tumor., Background: Bortezomib (BTZ) is an FDA approved proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The low solubility of BTZ has been responsible for the several side effects and low therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Encapsulating BTZ in a nano drug delivery system; helps overcome such issues. Among NDDSs, liposomes are promising diagnostic and therapeutic delivery vehicles in cancer treatment., Objective: Evaluating anti-tumor activity of bortezomib liposomal formulations., Methods: Data prompted us to design and develop three different liposomal formulations of BTZ based on Tm parameter, which determines liposomal stiffness. DPPC (Tm 41°C) and HSPC (Tm 55°C) lipids were chosen as variables associated with liposome rigidity. In vitro cytotoxicity assay was then carried out for the three designed liposomal formulations on C26 and B16F0, which are the colon and melanoma cancer mouse-cell lines, respectively. NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line was also used as a normal cell line. The therapeutic efficacy of these formulations was further assessed in mice tumor models., Result: MBTZ were successfully encapsulated into all the three liposomal formulations with a high entrapment efficacy of 60, 64, and 84% for F1, F2, and F3, respectively. The findings showed that liposomes mean particle diameter ranged from 103.4 to 146.8nm. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that liposomal-BTZ formulations had higher IC50 value in comparison to free BTZ. F2-liposomes with DPPC, having lower Tm of 41°C, showed much higher anti-tumor efficacy in mice models of C26 and B16F0 tumors compared to F3-HSPC liposomes with a Tm of 55°C. F2 formulation also enhanced mice survival compared with untreated groups, either in BALB/c or in C57BL/6 mice., Conclusion: Our findings indicated that F2-DPPC-liposomal formulations prepared with Tm close to body temperature seem to be effective in reducing the side effects and increasing the therapeutic efficacy of BTZ and merits further investigation., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)
Published: 2020
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44. Enhancement of the effect of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis using DDA/TDB liposomes containing a fusion protein of HspX, PPE44, and EsxV.

Author: Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, and Jaafari MR
Subjects: Animals, Antigens, Bacterial chemistry, Cytokines metabolism, Mice, Tuberculosis metabolism, Virulence Factors chemistry, BCG Vaccine chemistry, BCG Vaccine immunology, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Glycolipids chemistry, Liposomes chemistry, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds chemistry, Tuberculosis prevention & control
Abstract: Tuberculosis has been a major health problem worldwide for years; therefore, it is important to develop and produce an effective vaccine against this disease. In this study, the immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (FP) encapsulated in liposomes containing DDA/TDB was evaluated. The FP was expressed in E. coli BL21 and encapsulated in liposomal formulations. Three weeks after the last subcutaneous immunization, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-12 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a, IgG1, and IgG2b titres in sera were measured. The greatest IFN-γ and IL-12 interleukin concentrations were observed in the DDA/TDB/CHOL liposomes containing the FP. Initial injection with BCG improved the efficacy of the DDA/TDB/CHOL/FP vaccine. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was also high in the DDA/TDB/CHOL/FP group; furthermore, the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was increased in the BCG-primed, DDA/TDB/CHOL/FP-boosted group, indicating induction of a cellular immune response. Our study showed that the FP-containing DDA/TDB/CHOL liposomes induced a Th1 response. However, the groups that first received BCG and then DDA/TDB/CHOL/FP had the greatest Th1 response in terms of IFN-γ and IL-12 production of all the groups. This suggests that these formulations enhance the BCG vaccine's effectiveness.
Published: 2019
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45. Development, characterization and evaluation of topical methotrexate-entrapped deformable liposome on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in a mouse model.

Author: Bahramizadeh M, Bahramizadeh M, Kiafar B, Jafarian AH, Nikpoor AR, Hatamipour M, Esmaily H, Rezaeemehr Z, Golmohammadzadeh S, Moosavian SA, and Jafari MR
Subjects: Administration, Cutaneous, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Imiquimod, Liposomes, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Psoriasis chemically induced, Folic Acid Antagonists administration & dosage, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Methotrexate administration & dosage, Psoriasis drug therapy
Abstract: The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize topical methotrexate (MTX) with different percentages (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5%) entrapped in deformable liposomes using phosphatidylcholine and oleic acid. The effectiveness and sub-acute toxicity of these topical formulations were investigated in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in a mouse model (IMQP). The particle sizes of formulations were around 100 nm with a mean zeta potential of -72.87 mV. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of MTX in liposomal formulations were more than 85%. Franz cell permeability studies indicated that permeation of MTX through the healthy BALB/c mice skin is very low; however, in the inflammatory skin, which was induced by IMQ it was significant (50%). Liposomal MTX (LM 0.05 and 0.1%) caused significant reduction of thickness score dose-dependently in IMQP compared to the injected MTX. Moreover, investigation of the inflammatory factor and pathological examinations of skin proved the superiority of the LM treating group. Pathological examinations also showed there are no toxicity in organs of the mice that received the LM. Blood cell count test didn't show any abnormality. MTX-entrapped deformable liposomes could be a topical option in future for the treatment of human psoriasis with a less toxicity and merit further investigations., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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46. A Case-Control Study on the p73 G4A Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in an Iranian Population.

Author: Tavakkol Afshari Z, Gholizadeh Z, Nikpoor AR, Tavakkol Afshari J, Ganjali R, Homaei Shandiz F, and Jamialahmadi K
Abstract: Background: The tumor protein p73 (TP73) is a homolog of TP53 family. Ectopic p73 overexpression largely mimics p53 activities as a tumor suppressor and activates the transcription of p53-responsive genes and as a result induce apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population., Methods: This case-control study was performed on 105 patients who admitted in educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran during 2013-2015, with breast cancer as case group and 120 healthy women as the control group. PCR-CTPP method was used to investigate the relationship between the p73 G4A polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer., Results: There was no significant association between the AA genotype of the p73 G4A polymorphism and breast cancer in case and control groups. Although G allele frequency was higher in the case group, the abundance of this allele between case and control groups was not statistically meaningful and, as a result, not associated with the risk of breast cancer in this study group., Conclusion: There was no association between G4A p73 polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer in a northeastern Iranian population., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests., (Copyright© Iranian Public Health Association & Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)
Published: 2019

47. The trip of a drug inside the body: From a lipid-based nanocarrier to a target cell.

Author: Teymouri M, Mashreghi M, Saburi E, Hejazi A, and Nikpoor AR
Subjects: Animals, Drug Carriers metabolism, Humans, Lipid Metabolism, Liposomes chemistry, Liposomes metabolism, Nanocapsules chemistry, Pharmaceutical Preparations chemistry, Tissue Distribution, Drug Carriers chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems methods, Lipids chemistry, Pharmaceutical Preparations administration & dosage
Abstract: To date, enormous investigations have been conducted to enhance medicines' target-oriented delivery to improve their therapeutic index. In this regard, lipid-based carrier system might have been regarded as prime delivery systems that are very close to the naturally cell-derived vesicles used for biomolecular communication among cells from occasionally remote tissues. Upon examination of the literature, we found a chasm between groups of investigations in drug pharmaceutics and thought that maybe holistic research could provide better information with respect to drug delivery inside the body, especially when they are going to be injected directly into the bloodstream for systemic distribution. While a collection of older research in most cases dealt with the determination of drug partition coefficient between the aqueous and cell membrane compartments, the link has been overlooked in newer investigations that were mostly focused on drug formulation optimization and their association with particle biodistribution. This gap in the literature motivated us to present the current opinion paper, in which drug physicochemical properties like drug lipophilicity/hydrophilicity is considered as an important element in designing drug-carrying liposomes or micelles. How a hypothetical high throughput cell-embedded chromatographic technique might help to investigate a nanocarrier tissue distribution and to design 'multi-epitope grafted lipid-based drug carrier systems' are discussed. Whenever we would need support for our opinions, we have provided analogy from hydrophobic biomolecules like cholesterol, steroid hormones, and sex hormones and encouraged readers to consider our principle hypothesis: If these molecules could reach their targets far away from the site of production, then a large list of hydrophobic drugs could be delivered to their targets using the same principles., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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48. Cell cytotoxicity, immunostimulatory and antitumor effects of lipid content of liposomal delivery platforms in cancer immunotherapies. A comprehensive in-vivo and in-vitro study.

Author: Nikpoor AR, Jaafari MR, Zamani P, Teymouri M, Gouklani H, Saburi E, Darban SA, Badiee A, Bahramifar A, Fasihi-Ramandi M, and Taheri RA
Subjects: Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Survival drug effects, Cytokines blood, Cytokines immunology, Liposomes, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Neoplasms immunology, Neoplasms pathology, Tumor Burden, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated administration & dosage, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms therapy, Phosphatidylethanolamines administration & dosage, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds administration & dosage
Abstract: Liposome is one of the promising technologies for antigen delivery in cancer immunotherapies. It seems that the phospholipid content of liposomes can act as immunostimulatory molecules in cancer immunotherapy. In the present study, the immunological properties of different phospholipid content of liposomal antigen delivery platforms were investigated. To this aim, F1 to F4 naïve liposomes (without tumor-specific loaded antigens) of positively charged DOTAP/Cholesterol/DOPE (4/4/4 mol ratio), negatively charged DMPC/DMPG/Cholesterol/DOPE (15/2/3/5), negatively charged DSPC/DSPG/Cholesterol/DOPE (15/2/3/5) and PEGylated HSPC/mPEG2000-DSPE/Cholesterol (13/110) liposomal compositions were administered in mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma to assess tumor therapy. Moreover, In-vitro studies were conducted, including cytotoxicity assay, serum cytokines measurements, IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISpot assay, T cells subpopulation frequencies assay. The liposomes containing DOTAP and DOPE (F1 liposomes) were able to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes signals such as IFN-γ secretions. In parallel, the aforementioned phospholipids stimulated secretion of IL-4 and IL-17 cytokines from T helper cells. However, these liposomes did not improve survival indices in mice. As conclusion, DOTAP and DOPE contained liposomes (F1 liposomes) stimulate a mixture of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in a tumor-specific antigens-free manner in mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma. Therefore, phospholipid composition of liposomes merits consideration in designing antigen-containing liposomes for cancer immunotherapy., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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49. Immunogenicity and protection effects of cationic liposome containing imiquimod adjuvant on leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice.

Author: Mehravaran A, Rezaei Nasab M, Mirahmadi H, Sharifi I, Alijani E, Nikpoor AR, Akhtari J, and Hojatizade M
Abstract: Objectives: Protection against leishmaniasis, in the murine model, is dependent on developing a potent CD4 + mediated Th1 type response. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to stimulate immune responses to different antigens. In the present study, it was investigated whether DOTAP liposomes having SLA and imiquimod adjuvant, can induce a Th1 response and protect against Leishmania major challenge in BALB/c mice., Materials and Methods: Liposomes were provided applying the lipid film procedure. BALB/C mice were subcutaneously immunized, three times with 2-week intervals, with various formulations. Assessment of lesion development and parasite burden in the foot and spleen after challenge with L. major , assessment of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ), and titration of IgG isotypes assessed the type of generated immune reaction and the protection extent., Results: The mice immunized with Liposome DOTAP+imiquimod+SLA showed smaller footpad swelling which was meaningfully different ( P< 0.05) compared with other groups. The highest level of IgG2a was observed with Lip DOTAP+imiquimod+SLA more than the control ( P< 0.001). Mice immunized with Lip DOTAP+SLA+imiquimod demonstrated the least number of live parasites in the footpad and spleen. Cytokine assay showed that the greatest IFN- γ secretion was seen in the splenocytes of mice immunized with all formulations as compared to the control group ( P< 0.0001). In contrast, the lowest IL-4 production was detectable in Lip+imiquimod+SLA spleen, which was not significantly different compared with other groups., Conclusion: The results of this study show that liposome DOTAP+SLA+imiquimod formulation generates a cellular immune response that is protective against challenge against L. major ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Published: 2019
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50. A significant decrease in the gene expression of interleukin-17 following the administration of synbiotic in patients with allergic rhinitis who underwent immunotherapy: A placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Author: Dehnavi S, Azad FJ, Hoseini RF, Moazzen N, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Nikpoor AR, Salmani AA, Ahanchian H, and Mohammadi M
Abstract: Background: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is the most common allergic disease worldwide. The present study, evaluated effects of synbiotic on gene expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) in AR patients who received concomitant immunotherapy in a placebo-controlled clinical trial., Materials and Methods: Twenty AR patients were randomized in synbiotic and placebo groups and received cluster immunotherapy for 2 months. RNA was extracted from peripheral PBMCs, then the cDNA synthesized. Subsequently, SYBR Green real-time Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was employed for studying the expression of mentioned genes. In addition, SNOT-22 and mini-Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire questionnaires were completed by patients. Data were analyzed before and also 2 and 6 months after intervention., Results: Clinical symptoms and quality of life were improved with immunotherapy, but there was no significant difference between the placebo and synbiotic groups. Gene expression of IFN-γ, TGF-β, and FoxP3 was increased whereas the gene expression of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased, but not significant. Interestingly, the gene expression of IL-17 in the synbiotic group was significantly decreased versus placebo after 2 months ( P = 0.001) and also at the end of intervention ( P = 0.0001) comparing with the time zero., Conclusion: Significant reduction in the IL-17 gene expression following administration of synbiotic versus placebo shows the importance of synbiotic in control of the immunopathogenesis of AR. Further studies with more samples are recommended. In addition, evaluating the effects of synbiotic in patients who do not undergo immunotherapy is suggested to get a better conclusion., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.
Published: 2019
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