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Despite longstanding recognition of disparities in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child health, progress to reduce disparities is slow. To improve the capacity of policy makers to target resources, there is an urgent need for epidemiological studies providing prospective data on child health outcomes. We undertook a prospective population-based study of 344 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children born in South Australia. Mothers and caregivers reported on child health conditions, use of health services and the social and familial context of the children. A total of 238 children with a mean age of 6.5 years participated in wave 2 follow-up. Overall, 62.7% of the children experienced one or more physical health conditions in the 12 months prior to wave 2 follow-up, 27.3% experienced a mental health condition and 24.8% experienced a developmental condition. The 12-month period prevalence of physical, developmental and mental health conditions was similar for children living in urban, regional and remote areas. While most children had had at least one visit with a general practitioner, some children experiencing physical, developmental and mental health conditions appear to be missing out on specialist and allied health care. Greater efforts by governments and policy makers are needed to strengthen outreach, recognition, referral and follow-up.

Indigenous families tend to move house more often, especially families with young children. However, little is known about the impact of high mobility on children’s well-being and development. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between residential mobility and children’s health, developmental, and educational outcomes for Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand Indigenous children (0–12 years). Four databases were investigated with pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search identified 243 articles after independent screening by two authors. Eight studies assessing four child health outcomes were included, six quantitative and two qualitative. Child health outcomes were classified into four broad categories—physical health, social and emotional behavior, learning and development, and developmental risk. The review identified limited evidence; possible links were identified between high mobility and emotional and behavioral difficulties for younger children. One study identified evidence of a linear relationship between the number of houses a child has lived in since birth and developmental risk. Further research is needed to fully understand the impact of high residential mobility for Indigenous children at different developmental stages. Prioritizing the involvement, collaboration, and empowerment of Indigenous communities and leadership is critical for future research. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

ObjectiveFew studies employ culturally safe approaches to understanding Indigenous women’s experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to develop a brief, culturally safe, self-report measure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s experiences of different types of IPV.DesignMultistage process to select, adapt and test a modified version of the Australian Composite Abuse Scale using community discussion groups and pretesting. Revised draft measure tested in Wave 2 follow-up of an existing cohort of Aboriginal families. Psychometric testing and revision included assessment of the factor structure, construct validity, scale reliability and acceptability to create the Aboriginal Women’s Experiences of Partner Violence Scale (AEPVS).SettingSouth Australia, Australia.Participants14 Aboriginal women participated in discussion groups, 58 women participated in pretesting of the draft version of the AEPVS and 216 women participating in the Aboriginal Families Study completed the revised draft version of the adapted measure.ResultsThe initial version of the AEPVS based on item review and adaptation by the study’s Aboriginal Advisory Group comprised 31 items measuring physical, emotional and financial IPV. After feedback from community discussion groups and two rounds of testing, the 18-item AEPVS consists of three subscales representing physical, emotional and financial IPV. All subscales had excellent construct validity and internal consistency. The AEPVS had high acceptability among Aboriginal women participating in the Aboriginal Families Study.ConclusionsThe AEPVS is the first co-designed, multidimensional measure of Aboriginal women’s experience of physical, emotional and financial IPV. The measure demonstrated cultural acceptability and construct validity within the setting of an Aboriginal-led, community-based research project. Validation in other settings (eg, primary care) and populations (eg, other Indigenous populations) will need to incorporate processes for community governance and tailoring of research processes to local community contexts.

A elabora??o da primeira lei de diretrizes e bases da educa??o nacional (LDBEN) envolveu o embate entre diferentes correntes e suas representa??es sobre a sociedade al?m do pr?prio desenvolvimento de um sistema educacional. Dentre as diferentes correntes presentes nesse debate est?o os socialistas, representados nestes tanto pelo Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB), quanto por educadores identificados com o marxismo, diferentes uni?es e movimentos sociais. Estes socialistas contribu?ram ativamente na luta pela escola p?blica, sendo contr?rios ? conquista de maiores privil?gios aos propriet?rios de institui??es privadas. Em seus discursos, utilizaram das conquistas no campo educacional em pa?ses socialistas para demonstrar este sistema como um processo hist?rico iminente e capaz de proporcionar maiores realiza??es do que qualquer modelo capitalista. Assim, o objeto central dessa pesquisa ? o de evidenciar as marcas dos discursos produzidos pelos socialistas no processo de elabora??o da LDBEN (n? 4.024/61) entre 1959 e 1961, quando o substitutivo 2.222/57 foi continuado no congresso. Essa pesquisa tem como fontes de an?lise alguns artigos extra?dos do peri?dico partid?rio Novos Rumos (NR) e do educacional Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedag?gicos (RBEP), por meio dos quais ? poss?vel estabelecer a centralidade da educa??o com a oportunidade aberta pelas diretrizes e bases para este processo de transforma??o social. Na metodologia ? utilizada uma perspectiva p?sestruturalista embasada pela t?cnica indici?ria e orientada pelos princ?pios da An?lise Textual Discursiva. Como conclus?o ? poss?vel demonstrar que determinadas marcas que identificam os socialistas s?o justamente a organiza??o de trabalhadores e estudantes para realizar a??es em favor da altera??o dos sentidos impl?citos ao substitutivo, resultando na transforma??o de alguns artigos na lei sancionada em 1961. The drafting of the first national education guidelines and bases law (LDBEN) involved the clash between different currents and their representations about society, in addition to the development of an educational system. Among the different currents present in this debate are the socialists, represented both by the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB), as well as by educators identified with Marxism, different unions and social movements. These socialists actively contributed to the struggle for the public school, opposing greater privileges for the owners of private institutions. In their speeches, they used the achievements in the educational field in socialist countries to demonstrate this system as an imminent historical process and capable of providing greater achievements than any capitalist model. Thus, the central object of this research is to highlight the marks of the speeches produced by the socialists in the process of elaborating the LDBEN (n? 4,024 / 61) between 1959 and 1961, when the substitute 2,222 / 57 was continued in the congress. This research has as sources of analysis some articles extracted from the party journal Novos Rumos (NR) and the educational Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedag?gicos (RBEP), through which it is possible to establish the centrality of education with the opportunity opened by the guidelines and bases for this process of social transformation. The methodology uses a post-structuralist perspective based on the indiciary technique and guided by the principles of Discursive Textual Analysis. In conclusion, it is possible to demonstrate that certain marks that identify socialists are precisely the organization of workers and students to carry out actions in favor of changing the meanings implicit to the substitute, resulting in the alteration of some articles in the law sanctioned in 1961. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq

The manufacture of plasma-derived therapeutics includes dedicated viral inactivation steps to minimize the risk of infection. Traditional viral inactivation methods are effective for the removal and inactivation of enveloped viruses, but less effective against small nonenveloped viruses. UV-C irradiation has been demonstrated to be an effective means of inactivating such viruses. The UVivatec lab system consists of a spiral tube around an UV-C irradiation source. Flow of a solution through the chamber generates and ensures controlled mixing and uniform exposure to irradiation. A detailed assessment of the effect of flow rate, alternate cross sectional design and scale up of the irradiation chamber on Dean vortices was performed using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. The aim was to provide a basis for setting flow rate limits and using a laboratory scale apparatus to model viral inactivation in larger manufacturing scale equipment. The effect of flow rate related changes on the fluence rate was also investigated through chemical actinometry studies. The data were consistent with the simulations indicating that Dean vortices were present at low flow rates, but dissipated at higher flow rates through the spiral chamber. Importantly, this work also allowed a correlation between the small system and large scale system to be established. This will greatly facilitate process development and viral validation studies. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29: 359–367, 2013

Objective To develop and validate a PubMed search filter, LIt.search, that automatically retrieves Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health literature and to make it publicly accessible through the Lowitja Institute website. Methods Search filter development phases included: (1) scoping of the publication characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Start Islander literature; (2) advisory group input and review; (3) systematic identification and testing of MeSH and text word terms; (4) relevance assessment of the search filter’s retrieved items; and (5) translation for use in PubMed through the web. Results Scoping study analyses demonstrated complexity in the nature and use of possible search terms and publication characteristics. The search filter achieved a recall rate of 84.8% in the full gold standard test set. To determine real-world performance, post-hoc assessment of items retrieved by the search filter in PubMed was undertaken with 87.2% of articles deemed as relevant. The search filter was constructed as a series of URL hyperlinks to enable one-click searching. Conclusion LIt.search is a search tool that facilitates research into practice for improving outcomes in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and is publicly available on the Lowitja Institute website. What is known about this topic? Health professionals, researchers and decision makers can find it difficult to retrieve published literature on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health easily, effectively and in a timely way. What does this paper add? This paper describes a new web-based searching tool, LIt.search, which facilitates access to the relevant literature. What are the implications for practice? Ready access to published literature on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health reduces a barrier to the use of this evidence in practice. LIt.search encourages the use of this evidence to inform clinical judgement and policy and service decision-making as well as reducing the burdens associated with searching for community practitioners, academics and policy makers.

Porphyromonas gingivalis produces outer membrane-attached proteins that include the virulence-associated proteinases RgpA and RgpB (Arg-gingipains) and Kgp (Lys-gingipain). We analyzed the P. gingivalis outer membrane proteome and identified numerous proteins with C-terminal domains similar in sequence to those of RgpB, RgpA, and Kgp, indicating that these domains may have a common function. Using RgpB as a model to investigate the role of the C-terminal domain, we expressed RgpB as a full-length zymogen (recombinant RgpB [rRgpB]), with a catalytic Cys244Ala mutation [rRgpB(C244A)], or with the C-terminal 72 amino acids deleted (rRgpB435) in an Arg-gingipain P. gingivalis mutant (YH522AB) and an Arg- and Lys-gingipain mutant (YH522KAB). rRgpB was catalytically active and located predominantly attached to the outer membrane of both background strains. rRgpB(C244A) was inactive and outer membrane attached, with a typical attachment profile for both background strains according to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but in YH522KAB, the prodomain was not removed. Thus, in vivo, RgpB export and membrane attachment are independent of the proteolytic activity of RgpA, RgpB, or Kgp. However, for maturation involving proteolytic processing of RgpB, the proteolytic activity of RgpB, RgpA, or Kgp is required. The C-terminally-truncated rRgpB435 was not attached to the outer membrane and was located as largely inactive, discrete 71-kDa and 48-kDa isoforms in the culture supernatant and the periplasm. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain is essential for outer membrane attachment and may be involved in a coordinated process of export and attachment to the cell surface.