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There has been a shift in the spectrum of diseases in preterm infants recorded recently: a significant improvement in survival rates has been achieved as well as a decrease in severe forms of cerebral palsy. However, many children born prematurely show manifestations of CNS developmental disorders, which include motor, cognitive and behavioral disorders. Premature birth leads to a slowdown and distortion of neuroontogenesis. The article deals with the morphophysiological prerequisites for neurological development disorders in children born prematurely. The bibliographical data and own studies of neurological disorders and deviations in neuropsychic development in 122 children aged 5 to 8 y/o born prematurely with Extremely low body weight (500 to 999 g, GA 25 to 30 weeks), VLBW (1000 to 1499 g, GA 28 to 33 weeks) and LBW (1500 to 2499 g, GA 31 to 36 weeks) were analyzed. The mechanisms and frequency of occurrence in prematurely born children of violations of general intellectual development, speech, schooling skills, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, autism, dyspraxia, tics, tension headache, anxiety and behavioral disorders are discussed. Under conditions of cerebral damage in the developing brain the neuroplasticity - a process of biological adaptation associated with the structure and functional reorganization of the CNS - acquires decisive importance. The developing brain has high neuroplasticity and significant reserve capabilities, which provide the ability of the elements of the nervous tissue for adaptive restructuring and compensatory (restorative) capabilities of the brain.

The aim of the study was to determine the clinical features of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children. Materials and methods of research: 11 patients were selected from the group of children with autoimmune encephalitis, who met the diagnostic criteria for reliable anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A retro-prospective analysis of clinical symptoms, laboratory, neurophysiological and neuroimaging data, treatment, duration of primary hospitalization and long-term results of treatment was carried out, neuropsychological testing of patients was performed in the follow-up. Results: the age of the patients was 8.5±4.4 years, the gender composition of boys/girls was 1/10 (9.1%/90.9%). The average follow-up period was 17±12 months. In 73% of cases, there was an acute onset of the disease without a prodromal phase and with rapidly growing signs of neurological dysfunction: behavior change (11/100%), epileptic seizures (11/100%), speech impairment (10/90.9%), movement disorders (10/90.9%), disturbed sleep/wakefulness rhythm (9/81.8%), hallucinations (5/45.5%), autonomic disorders (6/54.5%), sensory disturbance (1/9,1%). In 82% of cases, therapy was required in the intensive care unit. When analyzing EEG monitoring in children, the extreme delta brush pattern was revealed in only one patient. Neuroimaging revealed no specific changes in the substance of the brain. The paraneoplastic nature of the disease could not be established in any case. 4 patients (36.36%) had relapses of the disease after 1.5–27 months. from the onset of the disease. All children showed a favorable outcome without a gross neurological deficit, but complaints of increased fatigue, headaches, poor memory, a decrease in vocabulary, and impulsive behavior persisted.

Non-nutritive sucking behaviors such as finger- and tongue-sucking, tongue thrust, lips- or cheek-sucking, nail-, lip- or tongue-biting and other pressure habits represent risk factors for malocclusion. The association between psycho-neurological disorders and different types of malocclusion in children with sucking habits was long studied. During neurological examination, many children with sucking habits are diagnosed as Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) bearers. The aim of this study is to assess the psycho-neurological status and motor disorders in children with malocclusion and normal occlusion. 135 children, aged between 8 and 12 years old, were examined, 42 children with normal occlusion and 93 children with different types of malocclusion. Besides clinical examination, all children were studied by the following psychoneurological methods: 1) Parent's Questionnaire, 2) Diagnostic interview Kiddie-Sads 3) Physical and Neurological Exam for Subtle Signs and 4) stabilometric tests. This study shows as in presence of dentofacial anomalies, pressure habits, ADHD reports significant effects on the functional state of the motor system: increases are noted in all basic parameters of statokinesiograms (crossed distance, sway area and ellipse surface), which lead to increased physiologic energy costs to maintain the vertical position of the body.