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Artefacts made from stones, bones and teeth are fundamental to our understanding of human subsistence strategies, behaviour and culture in the Pleistocene. Although these resources are plentiful, it is impossible to associate artefacts to specific human individuals1 who can be morphologically or genetically characterized, unless they are found within burials, which are rare in this time period. Thus, our ability to discern the societal roles of Pleistocene individuals based on their biological sex or genetic ancestry is limited2–5. Here we report the development of a non-destructive method for the gradual release of DNA trapped in ancient bone and tooth artefacts. Application of the method to an Upper Palaeolithic deer tooth pendant from Denisova Cave, Russia, resulted in the recovery of ancient human and deer mitochondrial genomes, which allowed us to estimate the age of the pendant at approximately 19,000–25,000 years. Nuclear DNA analysis identifies the presumed maker or wearer of the pendant as a female individual with strong genetic affinities to a group of Ancient North Eurasian individuals who lived around the same time but were previously found only further east in Siberia. Our work redefines how cultural and genetic records can be linked in prehistoric archaeology.

The expansion of Homo sapiens and our interaction with local environments, including the replacement or absorption of local populations, is a key component in understanding the evolution of our species. Of special interest are artifacts made from hard animal tissues from layers at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria) that have been attributed to the Initial Upper Paleolithic. The Initial Upper Paleolithic is characterized by Levallois-like blade technologies that can co-occur with bone tools and ornaments and likely represents the dispersal of H. sapiens into several regions throughout Eurasia starting by 45 ka or possibly earlier. Osseous artifacts from the Initial Upper Paleolithic are important components of this record and have the potential to contribute to our understanding of group interactions and population movements. Here, we present a zooarchaeological, technological, and functional analysis of the diverse and sizable osseous artifact collection from Bacho Kiro Cave. Animal raw material sources are consistent with taxa found within the faunal assemblage including cervids, large bovids, and cave bears. A variety of bone tool morphologies, both formal and informal, indicate a diverse technological approach for conducting various on-site activities, many of which were focused on the processing of animal skins, likely for cold weather clothing. Technological flexibility is also evident in the manufacture of personal ornaments, which were made primarily from carnivore teeth, especially cave bear, though herbivore teeth and small beads are also represented. The osseous artifacts from Bacho Kiro Cave provide a series of insights into the bone technology and indirectly on the social aspects of these humans in southeast Europe, and when placed within the broader Initial Upper Paleolithic context, both regional and shared behaviors are evidently indicating widespread innovation and complexity. This is especially significant given the location and chronology of the site in the context of H. sapiens dispersals.

International audience; Kozarnika cave is a renowned prehistoric site in the Balkans, which contributes significantly to our understanding of the human past due to its rich assemblages associated with the Lower to Upper Palaeolithic. Various dating methods have been employed to unravel the timing of human occupations in Kozarnika. Radiocarbon dating was used to unfold the time frame for the Kozarnikian lithic tradition uncovered in the Upper Palaeolithic sequence of the cave, and palaeomagnetic dating assigned the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal to the layer beneath the Lower Palaeolithic assemblages.In this study, we employed luminescence-dating methods, including a body of different signals to date sediment layers from the top to the bottom of the sequence covering the period of ca 30 to 700 ka. Our investigations revealed that the Kozarnikian tradition in layers 5a-c falls between 30 and 35 ka. Following that, we suggest that the Middle Palaeolithic period initiated between 250 and 309 ka and lasted until 40–53 ka. More importantly, we have updated the age of the Neanderthal radius discovered in the Mousterian assemblages to 201 ± 17 ka.Our dating resulted in a period of ca 300–700 ka for the Lower Palaeolithic assemblages in the cave. Although this age range fits perfectly with the palaeomagnetic boundary

Description, Subarctic climate at an early H. sapiens site in Europe shows that expansion of our species was not predicated on warm climates., The expansion of Homo sapiens across Eurasia marked a major milestone in human evolution that would eventually lead to our species being found across every continent. Current models propose that these expansions occurred only during episodes of warm climate, based on age correlations between archaeological and climatic records. Here, we obtain direct evidence for the temperatures faced by some of these humans through the oxygen isotope analysis of faunal remains from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria, the earliest clear record of H. sapiens in Europe. The results indicate that humans ∼45,000 years ago experienced subarctic climates with far colder climatic conditions than previously suggested. This demonstrates that the early presence of H. sapiens in Europe was not contingent on warm climates. Our results necessitate the revision of key models of human expansion and highlight the need for a less deterministic role of climate in the study of our evolutionary history.

Modern humans appeared in Europe by at least 45,000 years ago1–5, but the extent of their interactions with Neanderthals, who disappeared by about 40,000 years ago6, and their relationship to the broader expansion of modern humans outside Africa are poorly understood. Here we present genome-wide data from three individuals dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 years ago from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria1,2. They are the earliest Late Pleistocene modern humans known to have been recovered in Europe so far, and were found in association with an Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefact assemblage. Unlike two previously studied individuals of similar ages from Romania7 and Siberia8 who did not contribute detectably to later populations, these individuals are more closely related to present-day and ancient populations in East Asia and the Americas than to later west Eurasian populations. This indicates that they belonged to a modern human migration into Europe that was not previously known from the genetic record, and provides evidence that there was at least some continuity between the earliest modern humans in Europe and later people in Eurasia. Moreover, we find that all three individuals had Neanderthal ancestors a few generations back in their family history, confirming that the first European modern humans mixed with Neanderthals and suggesting that such mixing could have been common., Genome-wide data for the three oldest known modern human remains in Europe, dated to around 45,000 years ago, shed light on early human migrations in Europe and suggest that mixing with Neanderthals was more common than is often assumed.

The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe witnessed the replacement and partial absorption of local Neanderthal populations by Homo sapiens populations of African origin1. However, this process probably varied across regions and its details remain largely unknown. In particular, the duration of chronological overlap between the two groups is much debated, as are the implications of this overlap for the nature of the biological and cultural interactions between Neanderthals and H. sapiens. Here we report the discovery and direct dating of human remains found in association with Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefacts2, from excavations at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria). Morphological analysis of a tooth and mitochondrial DNA from several hominin bone fragments, identified through proteomic screening, assign these finds to H. sapiens and link the expansion of Initial Upper Palaeolithic technologies with the spread of H. sapiens into the mid-latitudes of Eurasia before 45 thousand years ago3. The excavations yielded a wealth of bone artefacts, including pendants manufactured from cave bear teeth that are reminiscent of those later produced by the last Neanderthals of western Europe4–6. These finds are consistent with models based on the arrival of multiple waves of H. sapiens into Europe coming into contact with declining Neanderthal populations7,8. Direct dates for human remains found in association with Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefacts at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria) demonstrate the presence of Homo sapiens in the mid-latitudes of Europe before 45 thousand years ago.

Vol. 2: Coviability Questioned by a Diversity of Situations Chapitre 40 La version en français sera publiée ultérieurement aux éditions Matériologiques en co-édition avec les éditions IRD; International audience; The babassu palm tree (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is a species native to the Amazonian rainforest. The invasive nature of this palm tree results in a high density of babassu palm trees with a subsequent decrease in forage crop production. This is a serious problem for local farmers who have tried to resolve it by removing mature palms, seedlings and young individuals. Within these conditions, is coviability between the babassu palm tree and society possible? Our work consisted in developing tools and methods with the aim of producing knowledge and providing answers to this issue within a given territory. To understand the eco-socio-system, we have explored the available knowledge in the literature, produced specific field data, tools and methods such as mathematical modeling (dynamics of the palm tree population) and remote sensing (land use analysis thanks to Landsat high-resolution images and automatic detection of mature palm trees using Pleiades and GeoEye very high-resolution images). This multidisciplinary research in progress has already given us a good overview of the current situation of this eco-socio-system, enabling us to consider the best way to ensure its sustainability.

The babassu palm tree (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is an endemic species of Amazon forests, and has social and economical impact/utility. Deforestation highlights this palm tree in anthropogenic open areas (pastures and cultivated fields). Simultaneously, knowledge concerning the sustainable functioning of the species within these manmade environments is sorely lacking: its life cycle is not well known, and its population dynamics remains unstudied. In this study, our objective was to generate a model of the population dynamics of the babassu palm tree, validated by in situ analysis, to understand how babassu, a forest species, adapts to pastureland and, under certain conditions, becomes invasive. We propose a random matrix model with aggregated variables based on the biological stages of the species as the input. The probabilities of the between-stage transition matrix were modelled using a Dirichlet-multinomial model with a hierarchy taking geographical organization, i.e. transect level, into account. The integration of prior information was formulated through a Bayesian approach. This Bayesian hierarchical matrix model enabled us to demonstrate a bottleneck in the population dynamics and a high year-dependent mortality rate at an early stage.

International audience; Excavations conducted by a Bulgarian-French team at Kozarnika Cave (Balkans, Bulgaria) during several seasons yielded a long Paleolithic archaeological sequence and led to the discovery of important faunal, lithic, and human samples. This paper aims to describe the unpublished radius shaft of an infant who died approximately before the sixth month postnatal that was recovered from layer 10b, which contained East Balkan Levallois Mousterian with bifacial leaf points. The layer was dated between 130 and 200 ka (large mammals biochronology) and between 128 ± 13 ka and 183 ± 14 ka (OSL), i.e. OIS6. Here we show that, given the scarcity of Middle Pleistocene infant remains in general, and Middle Paleolithic human remains from this part of Eastern Europe in particular, the study of the Kozarnika specimen is of special interest. We discuss its place in the Middle Pleistocene European hominine record and substantiate the hypothesis of early Neanderthal presence in the eastern Balkans.

International audience; The babassu palm tree (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is an endemic species of the amazonian forests. For decades, the progress of the pioneer front highlights this palm tree in the anthropogenic open areas: pastures and cultivated fields. The babassu is one of the "extractive" resources in Brazil: gathering activity followed by marketing of non-timber products. This activity involves people among the most disadvantaged in the country. Despite this fact, the knowledge of long term functioning of the palm tree is sorely lacking. Our goal is to understand its population dynamics in the pastures and to guide local populations towards a sustainable management of the species. Our modelization process is based on field data series collected between 2013 and 2015. This field research work was conducted in situ in the community of Benefica, state of Para, Brazil. First we selected transects inside pastures randomly, then we counted systematically all the individuals inside those transects. We had analyzed the babassu life cycle and we decided to modelize each one of the three major biological processes: mortality, growth and recruitment. We actually develop a multinomial hierarchical model approach which relies on aggregated data: sum of the individuals per stage and per transect. In this talk we present a Bayesian modeling framework analysis with MCMC algorithms for estimate mortality, growth and recruitment rates. Mortality and growth rates are estimated for all six biological stages. We detect and highlight a critical transition between stages 3 and 4. Biologicaly this transition corresponds to the transfer of the bud from the soil to the surface. The vulnerability of babassu thus increases enormously. Our results also underline differences between transects - important location variability.

Après Bacho Kiro et Temnata, la grotte de Kozarnika est la troisième grande séquence pléistocène récemment établie dans la région de l‘est des Balkans. La fouille, menée dans le cadre d’une coopération entre l’Académie bulgare des sciences – Institut d’Archéologie à Sofia et UMR 5199 du CNRS, PACEA - Université Bordeaux 1, a permis la découverte d’une séquence, datant du Paléolithique inférieur (non Acheuléen), Paléolithique moyen (Moustérien - Levallois) et du Paléolithique supérieur, daté entre 39 et 11 Ka BP (Guadelli et al. 2005). Le niveau VII, localisé à la base du Paléolithique supérieur, daté entre 39 et 36 Ka BP a livré une industrie lithique à débitage et outillage lamellaire, inédite à l’échelle régionale. Cet outillage est composé de pièces à dos et à retouche fine, abrupte, et semi-abrupte, parfois bilatérale directe appointant ou alterne. Dénommée “ Kozarnikien ” en attente d’études plus complètes, cette industrie présente des analogies dans la composante lamellaire tant avec l’Ahmarien ancien du Levant qu’avec certains ensembles de proto-Aurignacien au sud de l’Europe. En l’absence d’autres éléments caractéristiques de l’Aurignacien typique, cette industrie montre des tendances technologiques et typologiques dont on trouve la continuité dans les niveaux sus-jacents gravettiens de la séquence. Le Kozarnikien peut donc représenter une étape précoce de formation de technocomplexe lamellaire à pièces à dos. Le Kozarnikien suggère aussi qu’on ne peut plus soutenir le rôle exclusif de l’Aurignacien dans le passage du moustérien européen au Paléolithique supérieur. Il devient de plus en plus évident qu’au tout début de cette transformation, ont été engagées des traditions culturelles différentes et précédant l’Aurignacien. With Bacho Kiro and Temnata, Kozranika cave is the third major pleistocene sequence recently investigated in the Eastern Balkans. Excavations, conducted in collaboration of the Bulgarian Academy of sciences-National Institute of Archaeology at Sofia and the University of Bordeaux 1- Institute of Prehistory and Quaternary Geology –CNRS, PACEA, UMR 5199, revealed a sequence starting with non-Acheulean Lower Palaeolithic (LP), Levaloisian Moustérian Middle Palaeolithic (MP) and Upper Palaeolithic(UP) dated between 39 Ky BP and 11 Ky BP (Guadelli et al. 2005). Level VII, at the base of the UP (39-36 Ky BP) contains an assemblage locally unknown, characterized by a bladelet technology and tools made on bladelets: regular backed pieces and bladelets with thin, abrupt or semi-abrupt, often bilateral convergent or alternate retouch. Named temporarily “ Kozarnikian ” awaiting for further studies, this assemblage shows some analogies with the archaic Ahmarian from Levant and South-European Proto-Aurignacian as well. Given the lack of diagnostic artefacts of typical Aurignacian, this assemblage shows technological and typological tendencies observed in the overlaying Gravettian industries. The Kozarnikian might be considered as a possible precursor of technocomplexes with bladelet technology and backed pieces and thus,suggesting that the role of Aurignacian in transition between the European Mousterian and the UP is not unique nor exclusive. It becomes more and more obvious that, at the beginning of this transformation, preceding the Aurignacian, different cultural traditions where involved.

The stratigraphy at Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria, spans the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, including an Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) assemblage argued to represent the earliest arrival of Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens in Europe. We applied the latest techniques in C-14 dating to an extensive dataset of newly excavated animal and human bones to produce a robust, high-precision radiocarbon chronology for the site. At the base of the stratigraphy, the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) occupation dates to >51,000 yr bp. A chronological gap of over 3,000 years separates the MP occupation from the occupation of the cave by H. sapiens, which extends to 34,000 cal bp. The extensive IUP assemblage, now associated with directly dated H. sapiens fossils at this site, securely dates to 45,820-43,650 cal bp (95.4% probability), probably beginning from 46,940 cal bp (95.4% probability). The results provide chronological context for the early occupation of Europe by Upper Palaeolithic H. sapiens. A new radiocarbon chronology for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition at the Bulgarian site of Bacho Kiro reveals Homo sapiens-associated sediments as early as 46,940 yr bp. Max Planck SocietyMax Planck SocietyFoundation CELLEX ETH ZurichETH Zurich College de France EQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC)European Commission [803147-951] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper presents a new approach, capable of 3D image segmentation and objects' surface reconstruction. The main advantages of the method are: large capture range; quick segmentation of a 3D scene/image to regions; multiple 3D objects reconstruction. The method uses centripetal force and penalty function to segment the entire 3D scene/image to regions containing a single 3D object. Each region is inscribed in a convex, smooth closed surface, which defines a centripetal force. Then the surface is evolved by the geometric heat differential equation toward the force's direction. The penalty function is defined to stop evolvement of those surface patches, whose normal vectors encountered object's surface. On the base of the theoretical model Forward Difference Algorithm was developed and coded by Mathematica. Stability convergence condition, truncation error and calculation complexity of the algorithm are determined. The obtained results, advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed at the end of this paper.

National audience; Largely represented in Brazil, the babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is an endemic species of the primary forests in South America. In these forests the progress of the pioneer front has highlighted the babassu in the henceforth man-made open areas: pastures and cultivated fields. Babassu is a part of the "extractive" resources: gathering activity followed by marketing of non-timber products. According to estimates, this activity involves two million people among the most disadvantaged in the country. Despite this fact, the knowledge of sustainable functioning of this species among these anthropic environments are sorely lacking. Our work serves to clarify this functioning and to provide support of local populations to guide them towards a sustainable management of the babassu. This work is organized around the selection and the implementation of a mathematical model of population dynamics. The matrix transition models (integrating only stages) are the most commonly used. However, we have selected a model from those used for modelling Arecaceae which is based on the cohorts (integrates stage and age). We finally confronted these two models. The results obtained in this study have shown that the model we have proposed is more suitable than the currently used matrix transition models. This substitution model can better integrate the concept of annual variability in population caused by both the external and internal factors. We have proved that the concept of age of the individual is essential and inseparable from that of stage. The results obtained from simulations based on our model indicate that the unstationarity and stochasticity can be introduced for both parameters. Currently our team conducts a three years field study in Brazil. The results will allow us to have a clearer outline of the structure of our model. Moreover, these data will serve to feed and calibrate the model.

The behavioral dynamics underlying the expansion of Homo sapiens into Europe remains a crucial topic in human evolution. Owing to poor bone preservation, past studies have strongly focused on the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) stone tool record. Recent excavations and extensive radiocarbon dating at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria) pushed back the arrival of IUP H. sapiens into Europe to ca. 45,000 years ago. This site has exceptional bone preservation, and we present the study of 7431 faunal remains from across two IUP layers (I and J) and one Middle Paleolithic layer (K). We identified a shift in site use and occupation intensity through time, marked by increased find density and human modifications in Layer I. Alongside a decrease in carnivore presence and seasonality data demonstrating human presence in all seasons, this indicates a more frequent or prolonged occupation of the site by IUP groups. Contrarily, the dietary focus across the IUP and Middle Paleolithic layers is similar, centered on the exploitation of species from a range of habitats including Bos/Bison, Cervidae, Equidae, and Caprinae. While body parts of large herbivores were selectively transported into the site, the bear remains suggest that these animals died in the cave itself. A distinct aspect of the IUP occupation is an increase in carnivore remains with human modifications, including these cave bears but also smaller taxa (e.g., Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes). This can be correlated with their exploitation for pendants, and potentially for skins and furs. At a broader scale, we identified similarities in subsistence behavior across IUP sites in Europe and western Asia. It appears that the first IUP occupations were less intense with find densities and human modifications increasing in succeeding IUP layers. Moreover, the exploitation of small game appears to be limited across IUP sites, while carnivore exploitation seems a recurrent strategy. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The subject of this work, “The debut of the Upper Paleolithic in the East Balkans: A taphonomic and techoeconomic analysis of Bacho Kiro (level 11), Temnata (levels VI and 4) and Kozarnika (layer VII)”, presents a thorough documentation and critical analysis of these three important sites located in northern Bulgaria. The archaeological assemblages studied, dated by 14C to between 45 and 32 kyr, have been at the core of discussions concerning the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition which witnessed the disappearance of the Neanderthals and the dispersal of the first anatomically modern humans into Europe. Situated between the Near East and Europe, these Balkan sites would have played a crucial role in the passage of these early anatomically modern human groups into western Europe. Furthermore, these sites are often interpreted as representing the oldest manifestations of the Aurignacian (Bacho-Kirian), a techno-complex traditionally associated with the arrival of early modern humans and considered as the first Upper Paleolithic techno-complex whose distinct character would have been established ‘on route' towards the west. The aim of this study is to test this model, accepted by many researchers for over 20 years, based on a consideration of new evidence and a thorough re-analysis of relevant older material. An integration of the lithic assemblages from Bacho Kiro and Temnata as part of the technological innovations and marked variability of the end of the Central European and Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic is favored over their traditional association or attribution with or to the ‘Aurignacian'. The third site considered within the framework of this study, and still in the course of excavation, has produced a novel bladelet industry previously unknown in the Balkan region. This industry, known as the Kozarnikian ancien and up until recently consider more readily comparable with the Gravettian, strongly differs from Bacho Kiro and Temnata, most notably in the production of bladelets intended to be employed in long-distance hunting. The techno-economic characteristics of this novel assemblage demonstrates that the Kozarnikien ancien ought to be integrated as an element of variability seen in the oldest bladelet industries which developed in south-western Eurasia between 38 000 and 36 000 BP, most notably the Ahmarian of the Near East and the proto-Aurignacian of southwest Europe.Taking into account the available evidence, this study, in the first case, demonstrates that the origin of the Aurignacian, if such a concept, generally speaking, can be said to truly corresponds to anthropological reality, is probably not in the Balkans, and, secondly, that the Middle Paleolithic of the Balkans demonstrates tendencies which indicate an autonomous development of the Upper Paleolithic in the region., Ce travail de thèse intitulé : « Les débuts du Paléolithique supérieur dans l'Est de Balkans. Réflexion à partir des études taphonomique et techno-économique des ensembles lithiques des sites de Bacho Kiro (couche 11), Temnata (couches VI et 4) et Kozarnika (niveau VII) » consiste en un bilan documentaire et une critique concernant les industries lithiques des trois gisements de référence, situés sur le territoire actuel de la Bulgarie du Nord. Les ensembles archéologiques étudiés, datés par 14C entre 45 000 et 31 000 BP, sont au coeur des discussions concernant la transition du Paléolithique moyen au Paléolithique supérieur, qui voit la disparition des Néandertaliens et l'apparition des premiers Hommes anatomiquement modernes en Europe. Localisés entre le Proche-Orient et l'Europe, les sites balkaniques jouissent d'une position privilégiée dans les voies de passages qu'ont pu emprunter les Hommes anatomiquement modernes dans leur peuplement de l'Eurasie. De plus, ces sites ont souvent été interprétés comme les plus anciennes manifestations de l'Aurignacien (le « Bachokirien »), habituellement associé à l'arrivée de l'Homme moderne, premier technocomplexe du Paléolithique supérieur, dont les caractères auraient ainsi été acquis « au cours de la route » vers l'ouest. Ce modèle est accepté par de nombreux archéologues depuis plus de 20 ans. Cette thèse a consisté à le tester. L'attribution culturelle des ensembles lithiques de Bacho Kiro et de Temnata à la mouvance aurignacienne a été remise en cause, au profit d'un rattachement aux traditions techniques innovantes et hautement variables de la fin du Paléolithique moyen centre européen et proche oriental. Le troisième site étudié, en cours de fouille a livré une industrie inédite à l'échelle régionale. Cette industrie, appelée « Kozarnikien ancien », et jusqu'à présent rapprochée plutôt du Gravettien, se caractérise par la production des armatures lamellaires destinée à la chasse à longue distance. Ses caractéristiques technoéconomiques montrent que le Kozarnikien ancien s'intègre comme un élément de la variabilité des plus anciennes industries lamellaires qui se développent dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Eurasie entre 38 000 et 36 000 BP, comme notamment l'Ahmarien ancien et l'Aurignacien archaïque du pourtour méditerranéen. Compte tenu des données disponibles, ces résultats montrent que d'une part l'origine de l'Aurignacien, si ce concept correspond vraiment à une réalité anthropologique au sens large, n'est probablement pas balkanique, et que d'autre part, le Paléolithique moyen dans cette région montre des tendances à un développement autonome vers le Paléolithique supérieur.