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We report on the isotopic compositions of the Jurassic supra-subduction zone Evros ophiolite mafic rocks exposed in the eastern Circum-Rhodope Belt of northeastern Greece. These mafic units consist of low-Ti gabbroic and basaltic rocks, whose Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes are compatible with dominant mantle-derived MORB component mixed with a detectable amount of crustal material and/or sediment invoved in their melt source in the subduction zone. These isotopic features are consistent with an intra-oceanic arc origin of the mafic ophiolite rocks, and the Evros ophiolite Nd and Pb isotopes are comparable to those of the counterpart mafic rocks from the Mandritsa unit in Bulgaria.

We report on the isotopic compositions of the Jurassic supra-subduction zone Evros ophiolite mafic rocks exposed in the eastern Circum-Rhodope Belt in the Thrace region of northeastern Greece. These mafic units consist of low-Ti gabbroic and basaltic rocks, which Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes are compatible with dominant mantle-derived Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) component mixed with a detectable amount of crustal material and/or sediment involved in their melt source in the subduction zone. These isotopic features are consistent with an intra-oceanic arc origin of the mafic ophiolite rocks, and the Evros ophiolite Nd and Pb isotopes are comparable to those of the counterpart mafic rocks from the Mandritsa Unit in the eastern Rhodope Massif of southern Bulgaria.

Clastic units unconformably overlie the metamorphic basement of the northern and western parts of the Sakar-Strandzha Zone (SASTZ) in southeast Bulgaria, with suspected late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic depositional ages. In this article, we present new geochemical data and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology for ten samples from these clastic units. The sedimentary textures are preserved despite the rocks experienced a very-low to low-grade metamorphic overprint. Geochemistry reveals main compositions of arkoses-subarkoses, which have similar trace element and REE characteristics when compared to the Late Carboniferous–Permian and Middle Triassic magmatic bodies in the SASTZ. The source for the sedimentary material derived from acid magmatic rocks of recycled continental arc as demonstrated by tectonic setting discrimination. U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology revealed Late Permian (Lopingian) to Late Triassic (Carnian) maximum depositional ages of the clastic units in the range of 259 Ma to 226 Ma. The main age cluster of Carboniferous zircons (357–301 Ma) is followed in decreasing amount of Permian (298–255 Ma), Ordovician–Silurian (486–419 Ma), Cambrian (542–495 Ma), Neoproterozoic (923–549 Ma) and Triassic (249–226 Ma) age clusters. Few Meso- and Paleoproterozoic (2100–1009 Ma), Neoarchean (2670–2547 Ma) and Devonian (378 Ma and 365 Ma) zircons are present. The prominent clusters of detrital zircons are sourced from the proximal Late Carboniferous–Permian and Middle Triassic magmatic bodies, while Devonian to Cambrian zircons have their source from proximal to distal Ordovician and Cambrian magmatic bodies and the meta-sedimentary protoliths of the SASTZ metamorphic basement, from which inherited Proterozoic–Neoarchean zircons are recycled into the Late Permian to Late Triassic clastic units. The latter are correlated across the northern and western parts of the SASTZ based on their lithology and depositional ages. Most importantly, the main detrital zircon clusters testify for the destruction of the Late Carboniferous–Permian to Middle Triassic magmatic arc system of the SASTZ and related continental-type fluvial–alluvial sedimentation. The provenance from the Cadomian magmatic arc system along the northern periphery of Gondwana is a likely detrital signature for the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian zircons, whereas the provenance of the Mesoproterozoic to Neoarchean detrital zircons might be sought from the Sahara Metacraton and/or Arabian–Nubian Shield in the internal parts of Gondwana. Compared detrital zircon record of the SASTZ is similar to the same record in the adjacent Rhodope and Serbo-Macedonian zones implying a common Paleozoic paleogeographic position, but these zones differ from the detrital record in the Istanbul Zone, also adjacent to the SASTZ.

In the Alpine orogen of the north Aegean region, the eastern Rhodope Zone consists of widespread high-grade metamorphic basement exposed in Bulgaria and Greece. In this high-grade basement, the lithologically variegated upper unit contains meta-ultramafic bodies, which are considered as dismembered Precambrian meta-ophiolite association (Kozhoukharova 1984). In the same unit, the voluminously predominant amphibolites, having mafic igneous precursors of boninitic-tholeiitic affinity, are in turn considered of Precambrian-Paleozoic island arc origin (Haydoutov et al. 2004), or part of the amphibolites of Ordovician age have back-arc origin (Bonev et al. 2013). The upper unit, together with the overlying Circum-Rhodope belt Jurassic ophiolite, constitutes the hanging wall of the Eocene extensional system consisting of meta-granitoids with Carboniferous protoliths in the footwall. Here, we report on the geochemistry of the amphibolites from the upper unit in Bulgaria and Greece, and discuss their composition and tectonic setting, which might shed a light on the mid-late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic tectonic architecture of the region.The amphibolites occur intercalated with para- and ortho-metamorphic lithologies within the upper unit. Texturally, they are represented mainly by massive or banded amphibolite and garnet-bearing amphibolite. The bulk mineral assemblage contains amphibole and plagioclase ± quartz ± garnet ± epidote-clinozoisite ± chlorite ± sphene ± rutile, which resulted from the main metamorphic overprint in amphibolite-facies and variable retrogression to greenschist-facies. The meta-mafic rocks cover the range of basalt to andesite composition, with elevated MgO, variable alkali and low-K contents, having mainly tholeiitic to weak calc-alkaline affinity. The range of TiO2 defines two groups of high-Ti (>1%) and low-Ti (The compositional diversity of the meta-mafic rocks from the upper unit with MORB, transitional MORB/IAT and IAT affinity, in turn call for the origin of the protoliths in a paired ocean ridge-island arc environment, and thus could hints their supra-subduction zone origin in an island arc/back-arc setting. ReferencesBonev, N., Ovtcharova-Schaltegger, M., Moritz, R., Marchev, P., Ulianov, A. 2013. Geod Acta 26, 3-4, 207-229.Haydoutov, I., Kolcheva, K., Daieva, L., Savov, I., Carrigan, Ch. 2004. Ofioliti, 29, 2, 145-157.Kozhoukharova, E. 1984. Geologica Balc., 14, 4, 9-36. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the NSF Bulgaria KP-06-N54/5 contract.

Late Paleozoic granitoids, meta-granitoids and meta-volcanic rocks predominate in the metamorphic basement of the northern and western parts of the Sakar-Strandzha Zone (SASTZ) in southeast Bulgaria, together with subsidiaryTriassic rocks of the same nature. Generally, igneous minerals and textures are preserved, except the meta-granitoids and meta-volcanic rocks that experienced a low- to high-grade metamorphic overprint. The volcanic rocks have a peraluminous and high-K calc-alkaline composition, and the granitoids range between I- to S-type compositions, typical of volcanic arcs and syn-collisional settings. LILE and LREE-enrichment and Nb-Ta anomalies characterize the intrusive and extrusive rock suites. U-Pb zircon geochronology has yielded crystallization ages between 245 and 230 Ma for the majority of the studied igneous rocks, and between 297 and 281 Ma for a small group of igneous rocks. Early Permian and Middle Triassic igneous suites of the northern and western SASTZ have similar compositions and a similar tectonic setting when compared to Late Carboniferous-Early Permian intrusive and extrusive suites of the adjacent Sakar unit of the SASTZ, confirming a common regional late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic tectono-magmatic event. As the Late Carboniferous-Permian to Middle Triassic magmatic arc components extend across the SASTZ, they trace the time-correspondent active continental margin along the Eurasian plate during subduction of the Paleotethys oceanic lithosphere. The late Paleozoic Eurasian active continental margin magmatic arc evolution of the SASTZ can be linked with the Serbo-Macedonian-Rhodope zones to the southwest, where coeval meta-granitoids document the same geodynamic context. By contrast, the Triassic igneous suite of the SASTZ is unrelated to the Serbo-Macedonian-Rhodope zones, where Triassic meta-ophiolite and meta-granitoids record Neotethys rifting.

In modern literature, the body image is interpreted as a multidimensional construct, which is considered important for both individual development and quality of life. The body image is central to the self-concept and has important consequences for mental functioning. A negative body image can result in adverse psychosocial consequences for both sexes. For a long time in the professional literature the study of socio-cultural factors on the development of the body image has prevailed. This line of research creates social constructivism, in which the earliest attachment relations are eliminated, and instead the idea is suggested that external sources have a direct influence. The present text proposes an approach to the body image as a development construct, arising and developing in the attachment relations, related to the provision of security and protection. Attachment disturbances, as well as attachment disorganization, are defined as the inability to provide security and protection. Attachment relationships in connection with the development of body image develop through the mechanisms of reflection, sensitive responses to the child’s signals and synchronous relationships. In the first months of human life, the attachment needs are first and foremost the needs of the body, which are satisfied by the responses of the primary caregiver. The topic of body image discusses attachment disorganization, the understanding of attachment trauma, and the “enactment” of the loss on the body’s territory. Trauma always involves loss. Griefs that cannot be mourned and injuries that cannot be represented seem to be central to understanding the body’s problematization.

Palaeozoic granitoids and meta-granitoids dominate the metamorphic basement of the Sakar unit of the Sakar-Strandzha Zone (SASTZ) in southeast Bulgaria. In this article, we present new wholerock geochemical data and U–Pb zircon geochronology for the Sakar unit granitoids. The igneous minerals and textures are preserved, except the meta-granitoids that experienced a weak amphibolite-facies overprint. Geochemistry reveals compositions of peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline Ito S-type granitoids of volcanic arc origin. A major group of LILE-LREE-enriched granitoids and meta-granitoids and a single HFSE-HREE-enriched meta-granitoid are distinguished. U–Pb geochronology has yielded crystallization ages between 305 and 295 Ma for the major group granitoids and a ca. 462 Ma crystallization age of HFSE-HREE-enriched meta-granitoid. Late Palaeozoic granitoids of the Sakar unit show similar compositions and a similar tectonic setting when compared to other granitoids of the SASTZ, confirming a uniform region-wide tectonomagmatic event. As the Late Carboniferous-Permian magmatic arc components extend across the SASTZ, they trace the time-correspondent active continental margin along the Eurasian plate during subduction of the Palaeotethys oceanic lithosphere. The late Palaeozoic Eurasian active continental margin magmatic arc evolution of the SASTZ can be extended into the Serbo-Macedonian-Rhodope zones to the west, where time equivalent meta-granitoids support the same geodynamic context.

In the Aegean sector of the Alpine orogen of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Sakar-Strandzha Zone (SSZ) represents a major tectonic unit that straddles the territories of Bulgaria and Turkey. The westernmost part of the SSZ in Bulgaria includes the area along the Maritsa river valley and the St. Iliya Heights, both connected through several small outcrop areas under the Cenozoic sedimentary cover. In Bulgaria, the Triassic felsic magmatism along the Maritsa river valley was inferred by Chatalov (1961) on the basis of the stratigraphy, but only a single U-Pb zircon age revealed Early Triassic (ca. 249 Ma) felsic magmatism in the SSZ of Turkey (Aysal et al., 2018). Here, we constrain the timing of Triassic magmatism using U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon geochronology of felsic magmatic bodies in the western part of the SSZ in Bulgaria.A sample from a (meta) rhyolite body yielded a concordant age of 237.8 ± 3.4 Ma, which confirmed a crystallization likely concomitant with the deposition of the Triassic clastic rocks in the northern Maritsa river valley. To the east along the valley, a leucocratic granite body located south of the Permian Sakar batholith (ca. 295-296 Ma, Bonev et al., 2019), yielded a concordant age of 242.1 ± 1.8 Ma for the crystallization, having crosscutting relationships with the high-grade metamorphic basement. A leucocratic and K-feldspar porphyric meta-granite bodies yielded concordant ages of 243.3 ± 5.8 Ma and 240.6 ± 2.3 Ma, respectively, for the crystallization within the so-called Harmanli block to the south along the valley. At St. Iliya Heights a sample from the Prochorovo Formation (meta) rhyolite body yielded a concordant age of 245.4 ± 1.5 Ma for the crystallization, which implies an Early Triassic age of the clastic rocks with which it inter-fingers. In the area between the Maritsa river valley and the St. Iliya Heights at the village of Svetlina a leucocratic meta-granite body yielded a concordant age of 229.6 ± 2.4 Ma. The concordantly dated zircons that yielded Triassic ages of the igneous/meta-igneous protoliths all have Th/U ratios compatible with the magmatic process. The major elements of the dated samples reveal calc-alkaline to high-K-alkaline peraluminous felsic compositions similar to the adjacent Late Carboniferous-Permian igneous/meta-igneous rocks of the SSZ.The U-Pb zircon ages reveal Early-Middle Triassic magmatic phase (ca. 245-230 Ma) in the western SSZ of Bulgaria. These age data provide a regional-scale temporal link for the Triassic magmatism extending to the easternmost extremity of the SSZ in Turkey. The Triassic continental type felsic magmatism in the western SSZ is interpreted to result from the ongoing Paleotethyan subduction under the Eurasian plate, which magmatism follows the development of a Late Carboniferous-Permian continental magmatic arc of the SSZ (Bonev et al., 2019).ReferencesAysal, N., Şahin, S.Y., Güngör, Y., Peytcheva, I., Öngen, S., 2018. Journ. Asian Earth Sci., 164, 83-103.Bonev, N., Filipov, P., Raicheva, R., Moritz, R., 2019. Int. Geol. Rev., 61, 1957-1979.Chatalov, G., 1961. Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 14, 503-506.Acknowledgements: The study was supported by the NSF Bulgaria DN04/6 contract.

We investigated the Sakar unit metamorphic rocks of the Sakar–Strandzha zone in Bulgaria, using 40Ar/39Ar dating of amphibole from the polymetamorphic basement and white mica in the overlying upper Permian metasedimentary rocks of the Paleokastro Formation. The amphibole and white mica revealed plateau ages of 140.50 ± 1.75 Ma and 126.19 ± 1.29 Ma, respectively, indicating an Early Cretaceous cooling history of the regional amphibolite-facies metamorphism to greenschist-facies conditions. Similar metamorphic grades and cooling histories of the Sakar unit share evidence with the nearby Rhodope Massif for the northern Aegean region-wide early Alpine tectonometamorphic event.

In the Hellenides of northern Greece, the Sithonia back-arc ophiolite constitute an element of the Vardar suture zone against the Chortiatis island arc magmatic suite, the Melissochori Formation and the Serbo-Macedonian Massif further north at the Mesozoic continental margin of Eurasia. A granodiorite from the Chortiatis island arc magmatic suite crystallized at 160 Ma as derived from new U-Pb zircon geochronology and confirms the end of arc magmatic activity that started at around 173 Ma. Located southerly of the Chortiatis island arc magmatic suite, the Sithonia ophiolite had igneous life from 159 to 149 Ma, and the ophiolite interfinger with clastic-carbonate Kimmeridgian sediments. Magmatic structures (i.e., sheeted dykes) in the ophiolite witness for NE-trending rift axis, while the transform faults and fracture zones sketch NW–SE transcurrent transtension-like propagation of the rift-spreading center at Sithonia that is consistent with a dextral wrench corridor already proposed for the ophiolite origin in the eastern Vardar zone. The tectonic emplacement of the Sithonia ophiolite involved dextral ENE to SE strike-slip sense of shear and SW and NE reverse thrust sense of shear on mostly steep foliation S1, subhorizontal lineation L1 and associated variably inclined F1 fold axes. This structural grain and kinematics are shared by adjacent Chortiatis island arc magmatic suite and the Melissochori Formation. The coexistence of strike-parallel and thrust components of displacement along discrete dextral strike-slip shear zones and internal deformation of the mentioned units is interpreted to result from a bulk dextral transpressive deformation regime developed in greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions. The back-arc ocean floor previous structural architecture with faults and fracture zones where Kimmeridgian sediments deposited in troughs was used by discrete strike-slip shear zones in which these sediments involved, and the shear zones become the sites for strain partitioning of transpressional deformation. Available biostratigraphic and radiometric age constraints define latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous (Tithonian-Berriasian to early Valanginian) time frame for the Sithonia ophiolite northeastward tectonic emplacement accomodated by dextral transpression that led to the ophiolite accretion to the Chortiatis island arc magmatic suite and its trench-fill exposed in the Melissochori Formation and further north toward the Serbo-Macedonian margin of Eurasia.

We focused on the Pirin–Pangeon–Thasos carbonate sequence of the Rhodope thrust system, combining Sr isotopes from marble with U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from interlayered schists with outcrop near the villages of Ilindentsi and Petrovo in Bulgaria. The youngest zircon age at Ilindentsi is 266 Ma, i.e. Middle Permian, while the youngest zircon at Petrovo yielded an age of 290 Ma, i.e. Early Permian. Strontium isotopes range from 0.707420 to 0.707653, and are consistent with a Middle Permian maximum depositional age. Middle Permian sedimentation of this carbonate platform most likely occurred along the Eurasian margin rather than the Gondwana margin.

We present field, chemical and U–Pb age data for metamafic–ultramafic bodies of the Triassic rift-related Therma–Volvi–Gomati (TVG) complex of the Serbo-Macedonian Massif (SMM) in the northern Aegean region. The TVG rocks record igneous textures overprinted by Alpine metamorphism and deformation. The high-Ti Volvi body was transformed into amphibolites, which also rim the low-Ti Gomati and Nea Roda bodies. The compositions are compatible with normal (N-) and enriched (E-) mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and weak ocean island basalt (OIB) signatures of the high-Ti rocks, whereas the low-Ti rocks are depleted with respect to MORB, suggesting melt extraction from a mantle source. U–Pb geochronology reveals Triassic crystallization of the Volvi body at 240 Ma. Ordovician to Carboniferous xenocrystic zircons were found in the Stratoni body of the TVG complex, which were sampled from the SMM basement. The Triassic Arnea rift-related metagranite intrudes the Volvi body. Comparison of the compositions of the Volvi body and the Arnea metagranite of the SMM with Triassic metagranite of the Rhodope Massif (RM) supports the presence of a regional bimodal rift suite. The location of the TVG complex at the SMM–RM margin of Eurasia confirms its origin as a Middle Triassic rift suite, and its nature as a continental margin ophiolite representing an ocean–continent transition of the propagating Neotethys. Supplementary material: Whole-rock chemical analyses and U–Pb geochronology analytical results data tables are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4087022 Thematic collection: This article is part of the ‘Tethyan ophiolites and Tethyan seaways collection9 available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/tethyan-ophiolites-and-tethyan-seaways

Purpose: Benefit of cardiac pacing in patients with vasovagal syncope (VVS) and cardioinhibitory response to head-up tilt test (HUTT) is still debated. We aimed at retrospectively assessing the long-term effect of cardiac pacing in a cohort routinely followed in our institutions.Methods and results: From a cohort of 1502 patients who performed HUTT between 2008 and 2014, 181 (12%) patients had VASIS 2A (40) or 2B (141) response (median age 43 [interquartile range, 25-56] years, 59% male). Fifty patients (28%) received a dual-chamber pacemaker and 131 (72%) received training on physical maneuvers and medical therapy. The so-called 'Closed Loop Stimulation' (CLS) function was activated for at least 18 months in the pacing group. The 5-year recurrence rate of syncope of paced patients was compared with non-paced patients and with a subgroup of 18 propensity-score matched patients selected among non-paced patients. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier syncope free-rate was 81% (CI, 67%-90%) in the pacing group, 57% (47%-67%; p = 0.004) in the unmatched control group, 53% (27%-74%; p = 0.005) in the 18 propensity-matched patients. The hazard ratio of pacing versus non-pacing was 0.34 (CI, 0.18-0.70) when comparing with the whole non-pacing control group, and 0.25 (CI, 0.09-0.65) including only the propensity-score matched subgroup. No deaths were observed during the follow-up.Conclusions: In the selected VVS population with HUTT-induced cardioinhibitory response, pacemaker therapy with CLS function was associated to 66% relative and 24% absolute risk reduction of 5-year syncopal recurrence rate. Benefit was confirmed after controlling variables affecting propensity for pacemaker therapy. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two platform-type carbonate successions of Berriasian to early Valanginian age are exposed in the eastern Circum-Rhodope belt which extends from the Chalkidiki Peninsula to the Thrace region in northern Greece. On the basis of new sedimentological and biostratigraphic results and analysis of published palaeomagnetic data, the Porto Koufos Limestones and Aliki Limestones are interpreted as deposits of a formerly unknown earliest Cretaceous carbonate platform in the Western Tethys realm. This Circum-Rhodope carbonate platform existed in tropical latitudes of the intra-Tethyan domain on the northern shelf area of the small Vardar oceanic basin. It was characterized by limited regional extent, remoteness from land, and short lateral transitions into deeper basin areas. Predominantly skeletal sediments with various microencrusters were produced along with variable amounts of lime mud, marine cements, peloids, intraclasts, aggregate grains, ooids and microbialites. The microfacies analysis of limestones formed around the Berriasian–Valanginian boundary indicates the configuration of a rimmed shelf with restricted lagoon, open lagoon, reef margin, fore-reef and upper slope depositional environments. During the early Valanginian a change from photozoan to heterozoan mode of carbonate production occurred mainly as a result of climate cooling. Deposition continued in protected lagoon, shoal and near-shoal settings implying a ramp-like morphology of the platform. Finally, a shift from skeletal to non-skeletal carbonate deposition took place as a consequence of high seawater carbonate saturation and possibly coeval increase of the marine trophic levels. A major sea level fall and climate cooling were the prime palaeoenvironmental controls that caused decline of the shallow-water carbonate factory and subsequent demise of the Circum-Rhodope carbonate platform in mid-Valanginian time that was followed by a long-term subaerial exposure and karstification which continued at least until the middle Eocene. The new results can be used for correlation with other shallow marine carbonates deposited in the intra-Tethyan domain during the earliest Cretaceous. Also, they appear to be of critical significance to decipher the Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the Circum-Rhodope belt and adjacent tectonic zones.

In the Hellenides of northern Greece, the Kassandra–Sithonia and Central Chalkidiki ophiolites constitute the Vardar suture zone against the Serbo-Macedonian margin of Eurasia. The mafic-intermediate to acid members in the crustal section of the Kassandra–Sithonia ophiolites have N- and E-MORB signatures compatible with an origin in a back-arc spreading center. The MORB mantle source has received subduction zone input from the nearby Paikon arc system as revealed by LILE and LREE enrichments. A diorite from the Gerakini complex presumably belonging to the Central Chalkidiki ophiolites shows more enriched HFSE and REE patterns relative to MORB and Na-rich character compared to the Kassandra–Sithonia ophiolites. The Sithonia ophiolite crystallization spans from 159 to 149 Ma, and the Gerakini complex diorite crystallized at 173 Ma as derived from new U–Pb zircon geochronology. The main cluster of Permo-Carboniferous, a small cluster of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian and few Proterozoic, Ordovician, Devonian, Triassic and Middle Jurassic inherited zircons derive from the Serbo-Macedonian margin units. Thus, a Late Jurassic ca. 10 Ma lasting igneous accretion of the Kassandra–Sithonia back-arc crust within the eastern Vardar zone is now well constrained and corroborated by Berriasian–Early Valanginian supra-ophiolite cover limestones. Instead of an affinity to the Central Chalkidiki ophiolites, the Gerakini diorite exhibits chemical similarity to the Chortiatis arc magmatic suite of the Circum-Rhodope belt within the eastern Vardar zone. The Gerakini diorite predates the Sithonia ophiolite in which the Chortiatis arc suite supplied Middle Jurassic inherited zircons. The Chortiatis arc compared with arc-related Evros ophiolites of the Circum-Rhodope belt in Thrace region shows the same 173–160 Ma life span and tectonic setting, implying the extension of the arc systems across the north Aegean Sea. Based on these new temporal constraints, a tectonic scenario of Jurassic subduction settings and arc/back-arc systems development in the Maliac and Vardar oceanic basins is proposed that also accounts for continental magmatism in the Serbo-Macedonian margin of Eurasia.

The field relationships, biostratigraphic constraints and paleoenvironmental conditions of lowermost Cretaceous platform carbonates from the eastern part of the Vardar Zone and the Circum-Rhodope Belt are studied. Field data confirm the unconformable position of non-deformed and non-metamorphosed limestones over Upper Jurassic back-arc rift-spreading ridge Sithonia ophiolites of the Vardar Zone in the Chalikidiki Peninsula and deformed arc-related greenschists of the Circum-Rhodope Belt in Thrace region. The distinguished microfossil assemblages and foraminiferal morphogroups are compatible with deposition in a shallow-water environment adjacent to the continental margin of Eurasia. The morphogroup characteristics support such interpretation and newly discovered microfossils define the age of the limestones as Berriasian to early Valanginian. The microfossil data conform to available radiometric ages for the Late Jurassic ophiolite crystallization and time equivalent Circum-Rhodope Belt thrust tectonics. Hence, the obtained results provide sedimentary evidence for pre-Berriasian accretion of the eastern Vardar Zone ophiolites to the continental margin and completion of the Circum-Rhodope Belt tectono-metamorphic history. The earliest Cretaceous sedimentation extended along the whole length of the Circum-Rhodope Belt across the north Aegean region implying a region-wide development of a carbonate platform which postdated the imprint of an important tectonic event. The sedimentation seals the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Balkan orogenic event in the internal Hellenides at the Eurasian plate margin. This conclusion has strong implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine Belt of the North Aegean region.

Locally exposed Middle to Upper Eocene conglomerates in the western part of the Cenozoic Thrace Basin are interpreted as products of continuous marine erosion of a rocky coast (consisting of Lower Cretaceous carbonates) and subsequent redeposition of the land-derived limestone material in a wave-dominated nearshore setting during a prolonged transgression. Contemporaneous biological activity in the warm-temperate marine environment contributed to the accumulation of mixed coarse-grained clastic–carbonate sediments on the upper shoreface. The formation of a relatively thick sedimentary succession was favoured by the interplay of several controlling factors as only shoreface deposits were preserved in the rock record. The results may help to elucidate the evolution of the hydrocarbon-bearing Thrace Basin and to assist with the regional correlation of its basal deposits. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Field, geochemical, and geochronologic data of high-grade basement metamafic and evolved rocks are used to identify the nature and timing of pre-Alpine crustal growth of the Rhodope Massif. These rocks occur intrusive into clastic-carbonate metasedimentary succession. Petrography and mineral chemistry show compositions consistent with Alpine amphibolite-facies metamorphism that obliterated the original igneous textures of the protoliths. Bulk-rock geochemistry identifies low-Ti tholeiitic to calc-alkaline gabbroic-basaltic and plagiogranite precursors, with MORB-IAT supra-subduction zone signature and trace elements comparable to modern back-arc basalts. The U-Pb zircon dating revealed a mean age of 455 Ma for the magmatic crystallization of the protoliths that contain inherited Cambrian (528–534 Ma) zircons. Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Eocene metamorphic events overprinted the Ordovician protoliths. The radiometric results of the metamorphic rocks demonstrate that Ordovician oceanic crust was involved in the build-up of the Rhodope high-grade basement. Dating of Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rocks overlying or cross-cutting the metamorphic rocks supplied Neoproterozoic, Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous xenocrystic zircons that were sampled en route to the surface from the basement. The volcanic rocks thus confirm sub-regionally present Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic basement. We interpret the origin of the Middle-Late Ordovician oceanic magmatism in a back-arc rift-spreading center propagating along peri-Gondwanan Cadomian basement terrane related to the Rheic Ocean widening. The results highlight the presence of elements of Cadomian northern Gondwana margin in the high-grade basement and record of Rheic Ocean evolution. The eastern Rhodope Massif high-grade basement compared to adjacent terranes with Neoproterozoic and Cambro-Ordovician evolution shares analogous tectono-magmatic record providing a linkage among basement terranes incorporated in the Alpine belt of the north Aegean region.

Post-collisional (56.0–40.4 Ma) adakitic magmatism in the Rhodope Massif and the Kraishte region, including W. Srednogorie, in South Bulgaria followed the collision of the Rhodope and Pelagonian Massifs. It forms a 250 km NW trending belt which continues into the 1000 km long belt of Eocene magmatism in northern Turkey and Iran. The rocks are represented by felsic subvolcanic dykes and sills in the Kraishte and plutons in the Rhodopes. Here, we synthesize new chemical (whole-rock major and trace elements, and Sr and Nd isotopes) and LA–ICP/MS mineral and U–Pb zircon age data along with published similar data in order to constrain the genesis of this magmatism and the early Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the central Balkan Peninsula. The rocks display typical subduction-related characteristics with enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti). In the Kraishte and western Srednogorie Zones these are calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline rhyolites, displaying a typical adakitic signature, i.e. high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios. The studied Rhodope Massif rocks are predominantly high-K calc-alkaline and subordinate calc-alkaline granites and granodiorites with a minor amount of tonalites. Petrographically, they are H 2 O- and accessory-rich (allanite, epidote, titanite, apatite) rocks, showing geochemical affinities from non-adakitic tonalites and mafic granodiorites to adakitic granodiorites and granites. Similarity of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the Kraishte subvolcanic and Rhodope intrusive adakitic rocks with the neighboring and coeval NW Anatolian basaltic to dacitic volcanics and plutons suggests that the most likely source for the South Bulgarian adakitic rocks is the subduction-enriched depleted lithospheric mantle. The nearby and contemporaneous East Serbian alkaline basalts are isotopically and compositionally different and, probably, originate from an OIB-like mantle source. Subsequent fractionation within an isotopically similar lower or middle crust in the Kraishte and interaction with the mid- to lower part of collision- and underplating-induced thickened crust in the Rhodopes can explain their isotopic variations. Transition from non-adakitic tonalites and granodiorites into adakitic granodiorites and granites in the Rhodopes was developed in response to amphibole fractionation accompanied by trace-element rich accessory minerals. Data from the literature show that the adakitic signature of the Early–Middle Eocene rocks disappeared in the following Late Eocene–Early Oligocene (35–26 Ma) magmatic episode. Our interpretation is that adakitic magmatism is related to a deep (> 250 km) slab break-off, followed by asthenospheric upwelling, heating, fast exhumation and formation of core complexes in the Rhodopes and Kraishte in the interval 42–35 Ma. The process was followed by thinning of the crust, orogenic collapse, steep faulting and extensional magmatism.

A model of a low supply voltage bandgap reference circuit has been developed to determine the circuit response to parameter drifts caused by the mechanical stress from packaging. Test chips have been implemented in 0.35 micron CMOS technology to determine statistically which features of the circuit are the main contributors to the observed stress sensitivity. After three-temperature measurements of devices on wafer and molded in SOIC-8 package, it has been confirmed the predicted reduction with (0.3 ÷ 0.4) percent of the drift of base-emitter voltage for PNP bipolar transistors. It has been proven that main contributors are mismatches between the MOSFETs and the resistors which is a good basis for future work in the same field.

Mechanical stress sensitivity caused by IC packaging has been analyzed for CMOS test chips of a particular bandgap reference circuit. It has been applied a statistical method for analysis of distributions of measurements obtained from already produced devices. The conclusions have been grounded on theoretical model solved numerically for finding stress dependencies.

In this discussion, we evaluate the field, chemical, sedimentary, structural and metamorphic data related to the Kulidzhik area tectonic proposal.

We report on the field occurrence and isotopic compositions of metamafic rocks exposed in the Serbo-Macedonian (Volvi and Therma bodies) and western Rhodope (Rila Mountains) massifs of Bulgaria and Greece. These metamafic units consist of high- and low-Ti gabbroic and basaltic rocks, whose Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes are compatible with mantle-derived MORB and OIB components with a small amount of crustal material involved in their melt source. These isotopic features combined with the field observations are consistent with an intra-continental rift origin of the metamafic rocks protolith, and are comparable to those of the Triassic rift-related mafic rocks in the northern Aegean region.

Deformation of the Circum-Rhodope Belt Mesozoic (Middle Triassic to earliest Lower Cretaceous) low-grade schists underneath an arc-related ophiolitic magmatic suite and associated sedimentary successions in the eastern Rhodope-Thrace region occurred as a two-episode tectonic process: (i) Late Jurassic deformation of arc to margin units resulting from the eastern Rhodope-Evros arc–Rhodope terrane continental margin collision and accretion to that margin, and (ii) Middle Eocene deformation related to the Tertiary crustal extension and final collision resulting in the closure of the Vardar ocean south of the Rhodope terrane. The first deformational event D1 is expressed by Late Jurassic NW-N vergent fold generations and the main and subsidiary planar-linear structures. Although overprinting, these structural elements depict uniform bulk north-directed thrust kinematics and are geometrically compatible with the increments of progressive deformation that develops in same greenschist-facies metamorphic grade. It followed the Early-Middle Jurassic magmatic evolution of the eastern Rhodope-Evros arc established on the upper plate of the southward subducting Maliac-Meliata oceanic lithosphere that established the Vardar Ocean in a supra-subduction back-arc setting. This first event resulted in the thrust-related tectonic emplacement of the Mesozoic schists in a supra-crustal level onto the Rhodope continental margin. This Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous tectonic event related to N-vergent Balkan orogeny is well-constrained by geochronological data and traced at a regional-scale within distinct units of the Carpatho-Balkan Belt. Following subduction reversal towards the north whereby the Vardar Ocean was subducted beneath the Rhodope margin by latest Cretaceous times, the low-grade schists aquired a new position in the upper plate, and hence, the Mesozoic schists are lacking the Cretaceous S-directed tectono-metamorphic episode whose effects are widespread in the underlying high-grade basement. The subduction of the remnant Vardar Ocean located behind the colliding arc since the middle Cretaceous was responsible for its ultimate closure, Early Tertiary collision with the Pelagonian block and extension in the region caused the extensional collapse related to the second deformational event D2. This extensional episode was experienced passively by the Mesozoic schists located in the hanging wall of the extensional detachments in Eocene times. It resulted in NE-SW oriented open folds representing corrugation antiforms of the extensional detachment surfaces, brittle faulting and burial history beneath thick Eocene sediments as indicated by 42.1–39.7 Ma 40Ar/39Ar mica plateau ages obtained in the study. The results provide structural constraints for the involvement components of Jurassic paleo-subduction zone in a Late Jurassic arc-continental margin collisional history that contributed to accretion-related crustal growth of the Rhodope terrane.

The work by Koglin et al. (Koglin, N., Kostopoulos, D., Reichmann, T., 2009. Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Samothraki mafic suite, NE Greece: Trace-element, isotopic and zircon age constraints. Tectonophysics 473, 53–68. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.028), where the authors have proposed to nullify the scenario presented by Bonev and Stampfli (Bonev, N., Stampfli, G., 2008. Petrology, geochemistry and geodynamic implications of Jurassic island arc magmatism as revealed by mafic volcanic rocks in the Mesozoic low-grade sequence, eastern Rhodope, Bulgaria. Lithos 100, 210–233) is here put under discussion. The arguments for this proposal are reviewed in the light of available stratigraphic and radiometric age constraints, geochemical signature and tectonics of highly relevant Jurassic ophiolitic suites occurring immediately north of the Samothraki mafic suite. Our conclusion is that the weak arguments and the lack of knowledge on the relevant constraints from the regional geologic information make inconsistent the proposal and the model of these authors.

International audience; The Kazdag Massif exposes an extensional metamorphic dome in the Biga Peninsula of northwest Turkey, bounded on both flanks by detachments and/or shear zones. The northern flank is marked by the extensional Alakeci shear zone (ASZ), with poorly known P-T-t path. We therefore focus on metamorphic conditions and temporal history of the ASZ to determine its tectono-metamorphic evolution. ASZ mylonites were derived from both the footwall Kazdag Massif core metamorphic rocks and the hanging wall Cetmi melange lithologies. The mylonitic fabrics in the ASZ depict a top-to-the NNE shearing, parallel to the NNE-plunging stretching lineation and NNW-dipping mylonitic foliation. This geometry implies normal sense movement i.e. north-side down-dip extensional displacement along this flank of the Kazdag Massif. The northward transition from ductile to brittle-ductile shear regime through the ASZ shows that the non-coaxial deformation occurred at decreasing temperatures and degree of metamorphism. The paragenesis in equilibrium of the mylonitic gneisses and schists contains quartz + feldspar + muscovite + biotite + garnet staurolite, with late retrogressive chlorite after biotite and garnet. Calculated thermo-barometric conditions for ASZ rocks yielded pressures between 6.9 and 5.7 kbar and temperatures between 706 and 587 degrees C, which constrain the peak metamorphism. The mylonitic rocks supplied isochron Ar-39/Ar-40 mica ages between 26.97 and 24.19 Ma, which we interpret to date the cooling of the mylonites following the P-T decrease across the ASZ. The metamorphic data support the structural record and strengthen the extensional character of the ASZ. The transition from sillimanite-bearing footwall Kazdag Massif core gneisses in the deeper structural levels to chlorite schists; towards the shallow structural levels at the top of the ASZ, is consistent with an extensional exhumation of the metamorphic pile. These data allow us to determine the peak P-T conditions and the temporal evolution in the northern flank of the Kazdag Massif, where Late Oligocene extensional exhumation was assisted by NNE-directed ductile-brittle ASZ, which had operated from amphibolite to greenschist facies. The ASZ, together with similar time-constrained ductile-brittle activity of SW-directed detachment along the southern flank of the massif, collectively indicates a bivergent mode of extension in the western Kazdag Massif. The latter is likely influenced by magmatic activity spatially and temporally related to these extensional zones. At the regional scale, the bivergent tectono-metamorphic pattern of the Kazdag Massif is similar to those observed on other places of the north-central Aegean domain.

In the eastern Bulgarian Rhodope, mafic extrusive rocks and underlying greenschists are found in the Mesozoic low-grade unit, which represents the northern extension of similar sequences including the Evros ophiolites in Thrace (Greece). Both rock types define a suite of low-Ti tholeiitic basalts to transitional boninitic basaltic andesites and andesites and associated metapyroclastites (greenschists), intruded at its base by diorite dikes of a boninitic affinity. Mafic lavas and greenschists display large ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment relative to high-field strength elements (HFSE), flat REE patterns of a slight light REE depletion, a strong island arc tholeiite (IAT) and weak MORB-like signature. All these rocks are characterized by negative Nb anomalies ascribed to arc lavas. They have positive ɛNdi values in the range of + 4.87 to + 6.09, approaching the lower limit of MORB-like source, and relatively high (207Pb/204Pb)i (15.57–15.663) at low (206Pb/204Pb)i (18.13–18.54) ratios. The Nd isotopic compositions coupled with trace element data imply a dominantly depleted MORB-like mantle source and a contribution of subduction modified LILE-enriched component derived from the mantle wedge. The diorite dike has a low ɛNdi value of − 2.61 and is slightly more Pb radiogenic (207Pb/204Pb)i (15.64) and (206Pb/204Pb)i (18.56), respectively, reflecting crustal contamination. Petrologic and geochemical data indicate that the greenschists and mafic extrusive rocks represent a magmatic assemblage formed in an island arc setting. The magmatic suite is interpreted as representing an island arc–accretionary complex related to the southward subduction of the Meliata–Maliac ocean under the supra-subduction back-arc Vardar ocean/island arc system. Magmatic activity appears to have initiated in the north during the inception of the island arc system by the Early–Middle Jurassic time in the eastern Rhodope that most likely graded to back-arc spreading southwards as represented by the Late Jurassic MORB-type Samothraki Island ophiolites. This tectonic scenario is further constrained by paleotectonic reconstructions. The arc–trench system collided with the Rhodope in the Late Jurassic times.

In the Thrace region of NE Greece, the crystallization and post-solidification cooling below 600 °C of the intrusive suite of the Circum-Rhodope Belt arc-related Evros ophiolite span from 176.4 ± 0.93 to 163.5 ± 3.85 Ma. In the underlying Rhodope high-grade metamorphic basement, (ultra-) high-pressure metamafic rocks are cross-cut by orthogneisses with granitoid protoliths and crystallization ages between 160 ± 0.69 and 154 ± 1.5 Ma. This new U–Pb LA–ICP-MS zircon geochronological data provides evidence that the timing of the evolution of the Evros ophiolite coincides, within analytical error, with granitoid magmatism in the underlying high-grade basement. One of the dated metagranitoid rocks cross-cuts amphibolitized eclogite, indicating that the high-pressure conditions have a maximum age of 160 Ma postdating one of the proposed ages of ultra-high pressure conditions in the Rhodope Massif. The currently earliest recognised Rhodope high/ultra-high pressure metamorphic event is therefore related to the subduction setting which formed the Evros ophiolite. Based on these new temporal constraints and the regional tectonic–geochronologic framework, we discuss and update the geodynamic context connected to the Jurassic subduction–collisional setting at the Rhodope continental margin of Eurasia.

The interaction of distinct geologic processes involved during late orogenic extensional exhumation history of the metamorphic units in the Eastern Rhodope is refined by new and reviewing 40Ar/39Ar geochronological and structural data. Minerals with different closure temperatures from metamorphic rocks investigated in this study are combined with those from magmatic and ore-forming hydrothermal rocks in two late stage metamorphic domes – the Kesebir-Kardamos and the Biala reka-Kehros domes. The 38-37 Ma muscovite and biotite cooling ages below 350°-300°C characterize basement metamorphic rocks that typified core of the Kesebir-Kardamos dome, constraining their exhumation at shallow crustal levels in the footwall of detachment. These ages are interpreted as reflecting last stage of ductile activity on shear zone below detachment, which continued to operate under low-temperature conditions within the semi-ductile to brittle field. They are close to and overlap with existing cooling ages in southern Bulgaria...

We quantify the timing of the Tertiary crustal extension in the eastern Rhodope Massif of south Bulgaria using 40Аr/39Аr geochronology to constrain the temporal evolution of exhumation of the metamorphic domes. 40Аr/39Аr analyses of mineral phases with different closure temperatures extracted from metamorphic rocks collected in the footwall and the hanging wall of the extensional system reveal the low-temperature cooling history towards shallow crustal levels. The results reveal that subsequent to regional amphibolite facies metamorphism (i) the hanging wall gradually cooled between 500 and 300 °C during the Paleocene to Late Eocene (64–34 Ma), starting at a low rate of 25 °C/Ma and increasing to 50–67 °C/Ma during 38–34 Ma, (ii) cooling below 400–300 °C of the footwall beneath the extensional detachments occurred in the Middle–Late Eocene (39–35.5 Ma) at an average rate of 35 °C/Ma. 40Аr/39Аr data from the metamorphic basement has been combined with 40Аr/39Аr data from the volcanic and hydrothermal rocks in the vicinity to the extensional domes, to determine the temporal relationships between extensional tectonics, ore-forming and magmatic processes in the region. Extension of the high-grade basement, the ore-formation and volcanism overlaps within a 5 Ma lasting time interval, especially during the cooling and exhumation of the footwall. The eastern Rhodope Massif records an early stage of Eocene extension within the Aegean extensional province, where distinct crustal-scale processes occurred simultaneously implying the presence of cause and effect processes, and thus represents a key example of coeval continental extension, magmatism and hydrothermal activity in the late-stage evolution of the orogens.

In the northeastern Rhodope Massif, the Kulidzhik nappe exposes a unique juxtaposition of a high-grade basement allochthon onto a low-grade Mesozoic unit, and the counterpart Pelevun extensional allochthon belonging to the same unit. The Kulidzhik nappe tectonostratigraphy comprises structurally upward: (i) a lower unit consisting of high-grade basement orthogneisses; (ii) a low-grade greenschist-phyllite unit consisting of Jurassic extrusive rocks and metasedimentary rocks; (iii) the nappe allochthon built by the lower high-grade basement unit orthogneisses; and (iv) Eocene sedimentary rocks and Oligocene volcanic cover rocks. The Pelevun extensional allochthon is heterogeneous, and consists of Mesozoic low-grade unit marbles and greenschists and the upper high-grade basement unit. We have combined structure and kinematics, with lithological information and 40 Аr/ 39 Аr geochronology to constrain the tectonic evolution and regional significance of the Kulidzhik nappe and the Pelevun extensional allochthon. Mineral chemistry reveals igneous phases of the granitic protolith of the allochthonous orthogneisses with textures related to ductile deformation and metamorphism higher than 500 °C. Their trace element patterns are indistinguishable from the high-grade basement orthogneisses in the eastern Rhodope. Mineral chemistry of the metamorphic assemblage in the underlying greenschists is consistent with medium-grade greenschist-facies metamorphism at temperatures well below 450 °C, whose geochemistry defines transitional MORB to IAT affinities with a strong arc imprint. The greenschist's composition is extremely similar to the composition of a supra-subduction zone Jurassic arc extrusive suite that occurs in the low-grade unit of the eastern Rhodope. The structural elements in all of the tectono-metamorphic units and the nappe surface indicate top-to-the NNE tectonic transport. Deformation evolved from ductile to brittle conditions coevally with a progressive decrease from lower amphibolite to weak greenschist-facies metamorphism towards the structural top. Two klippen gave plateau 40 Аr/ 39 Аr mica ages of 154.23 ± 0.66 Ma and 156.70 ± 0.81 Ma, respectively, which reflect cooling following the greenschist-facies event below ∼ 350 °C, during shallow crustal level thrust emplacement and exhumation of the Kulidzhik allochthon. The hanging-wall Pelevun extensional allochthon preserves an internal NNE-directed ductile tectonic transport trend, but is underlain by a SSW-directed ductile–brittle extensional detachment and has experienced NE-SW brittle extension on high-angle normal faults. An amphibole 40 Аr/ 39 Аr inverse isochron age of 156.58 ± 0.60 Ma constrains a Late Jurassic upper greenschist-facies tectono-metamorphic event, whereas a white mica plateau age of 39.66 ± 0.47 Ma provides evidence for Middle Eocene cooling and exhumation of the Pelevun extensional allochthon in the hanging wall of the detachment. We relate the Kulidzhik nappe to Late Jurassic crustal deformation during arc-continental margin collision that involved NNE-directed nappe staking and metamorphism of continental margin basement and island arc units. The nappe shares a tectono-metamorphic history with the nappes of the adjacent Strandzha Massif, implying a region-wide early Alpine orogenic system. Our results reveal a record of early Alpine thrust tectonics and show the significance of crustal accretion-related assembly for the tectonic evolution of the Rhodope Massif. Both the Late Jurassic thrusting event and the subsequent Cretaceous thrusting event thickened the Rhodope crust creating crustal instability, which influenced Tertiary crustal extension.

Orthogneisses derived from granitoids with Variscan protolith ages dominate the lower unit of high-grade metamorphic basement of the Eastern Rhodope Massif in south Bulgaria. We present whole-rock geochemistry and Sr–Pb isotopic composition of these orthogneisses, which are compared with Pb isotopes of parametamorphic rocks, and hydrothermal ore deposits and associated rocks, to better constrain their composition, origin, and contribution to late Alpine hydrothermal processes. The igneous mineral assemblage is partly preserved, and the field textures and microstructures of the orthogneisses are consistent with a ductile, amphibolite-grade tectono-metamorphic overprint during Alpine time, when they were involved in the metamorphic nappe stack. Whole-rock geochemistry revealed compositions of the orthogneisses largely unaffected by the amphibolite-grade metamorphism, displaying a magmatic differentiation trend of the igneous protoliths. The protoliths are peraluminous medium-K calcalkaline S-type granitoids, whose tectono-magmatic setting discrimination consistently indicates a continental volcanic arc origin. The orthogneisses present trace element and rare-earth elements (REE) patterns based on which a group of high-field strength elements-depleted and REE fractionated orthogneisses and a group of LREE-enriched orthogneisses can be distinguished. Both geochemical groups show compositions similar to the bulk and upper continental crust and its sedimentary counterparts. Crustal Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pbi518.24–18.66) of the orthogneisses are comparable to the paragneisses (206Pb/204Pbi518.31–18.93) and uniform in both (207Pb/204Pbi515.64–15.72) and 208Pb/204Pbi ratios in the paragneisses (38.23–38.60) and the orthogneisses (38.32–38.56). The trace element data and 87Sr/86Sri isotopes of the orthogneisses (0.7050–0.7117) overlap those of the parametamorphic rocks (0.7039–0.7144), and confirm the supracrustal origin of the igneous precursors. A heterogeneous crustal source region is suggested in which melting and crustal contamination during magma genesis with subsequent fractional crystallization was involved in the petrogenesis. Comparative Pb isotope systematics suggests that a significant crustal Pb input to ore-forming hydrothermal fluids was derived primarily from the metamorphic basement, implying that the brittlly deformed basement during crustal extension acted as an immediate environment for fluid leaching during late Alpine hydrothermal ore-forming processes.

The incomplete Evros ophiolites in NE Greece form a NE–SW-oriented discontinuous belt in the Alpine orogen of the north Aegean. Field data, petrology and geochemistry are presented here for the intrusive section and associated mafic dykes of these ophiolites. Bodies of high-level isotropic gabbro and plagiogranite in the ophiolite suite are cross-cut by NE–SW-trending boninitic and tholeiitic–boninitic affinity dykes, respectively. The dykes fill tensile fractures or faults, which implies dyke emplacement in an extensional tectonic regime. The tholeiitic–transitional boninitic gabbro is REE- and HFS-depleted relative to N-MORB, indicating derivation from melting of a refractory mantle peridotite source. Associated boninitic dykes are slightly LREE-enriched, showing mineral and whole-rock geochemistry similar to the gabbro. The plagiogranite is a strongly REE-enriched high-silica trondhjemite, with textures and composition typical for an oceanic crust differentiate. Plagiogranite-hosted tholeiitic and transitional boninitic dykes are variably REE-enriched. Geochemical modelling indicates origin of the plagiogranite by up to 75 % fractional crystallization of basaltic magma similar to that producing the associated tholeiitic dykes. All mafic rocks have high LILE/HFSE ratios and negative Ta–Nb–Ti and Ce anomalies, typical for subduction zone-related settings. The mafic rocks show a similar trace-element character to the mafic lavas of an extrusive section in Bulgaria, suggesting they both form genetically related intrusive and extrusive suites of the Evros ophiolites. The field occurrence, the structural context, the petrology and geochemical signature of the studied magmatic assemblage provide evidence for its origin in a proto-arc (fore-arc) tectonic setting, thus tracing the early stages of the tectono-magmatic evolution of Jurassic arc-marginal basin system that has generated the supra-subduction type Evros ophiolites.

International audience; The Kazdağ Massif exposes a metamorphic dome in the Biga Peninsula of northwest Turkey. An extensional origin has been proposed for the dome, limited on both flanks by detachments and/or shear zones. The northern flank is bounded by the extensional Alakeçi Shear Zone (ASZ), whose P-T-t path is still poorly known. We therefore focus on its metamorphic conditions and related temporal history to precise its tectono-metamorphic evolution. The local tectonostratigraphy in structurally ascending order comprises: (i) the high-grade metamorphic core rocks of the Kazdaǧ Massif (gneisses and micaschists intercalated with amphibolites and marbles); (ii) the two kilometer-thick ASZ; (iii) the overlaying unmetamorphosed pre-Cenomanian accretionary Çetmi mélange; and (iv) Neogene sedimentary and volcanic cover rocks. ASZ mylonites were derived from both the core rocks and the mélange lithologies. From the north to the south the mylonitic fabrics in the ASZ depict a top-to-the N-NNE shearing, parallel to the NNE-plunging stretching lineation and NNW-dipping mylonitic foliation. This geometry implies normal sense movement i.e. north-side down-dip extensional displacement along this flank of the Kazdaǧ Massif. The northward transition from ductile to brittle-ductile regime through the ASZ shows that the deformation occurred at decreasing temperatures and degree of metamorphism. The paragenesis in equilibrium within the mylonitic gneisses and schists contains Qtz + Fs + Ms + Bt + Grt ± St ± Sill, with late retrogressive chlorite after biotite and garnet. Four samples of ASZ rocks yielded pressures between 6.9-5.7 kbar and temperatures between 706-587°C. Three samples from the mylonitic rocks supplied in situ isochron 36Ar/40Ar mica ages between 31.2-24.2 Ma, which we interpret to date the cooling of the mylonites following the P-T decrease across the ASZ. The metamorphic and structural results support the extensional character of the ASZ, and sketch transition from sillimanite core gneisses in the deeper structural levels to chlorite schists towards the top of the shear zone. These new data allow to precise the peak P-T conditions and the temporal evolution in the northern flank of the Kazdaǧ Massif, where Late Oligocene extensional exhumation was assisted by NNE-directed ductile-brittle ASZ, which had operated from amphibolite to greenschist facies. At the regional scale, this tectono-metamorphic pattern is similar to those observed on other places of the north Aegean domain.

In NW Turkey, the medium-grade Kemer micaschists of the Biga Peninsula record NE-directed extension related to ductile to brittle–ductile shearing during the Palaeogene period: a lower limit for their exhumation is given by the Late Maastrichtian age of the HP–LT metamorphism of a similar nearby area (Çamlıca micaschists); an upper limit is given by the Early Eocene intrusion age of the post-kinematic Karabiga granitoid, dated as 52.7 ± 1.9 Ma using the U–Pb LA–ICP–MS method on xenotime. Correlations with the northeasterly Rhodope region and integration into the geodynamic regional frame indicate that the Kemer micaschists experienced an extensional deformation connected to a collisional context in latest Cretaceous–early Tertiary times. The Kemer micaschists therefore represent a new area (the first in Turkey), which suffered synorogenic extension in the north Aegean domain at the very beginning of Tertiary times.

International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95 (2), ISSN:1437-3254, ISSN:1437-3262

In the northeastern Rhodope Massif, a unique juxtaposition of assumed high-grade basement allochthon onto a low-grade Mesozoic unit is exposed in the Kulidjik nappe. The thrusting is interpreted as post-Jurassic to pre-Late Eocene. The tectonostratigraphy comprises the following units: (i) an upper unit of high-grade basement of the eastern Rhodope consisting of various amphibolite facies rocks with metaophiolite lenses; (ii) an overlaying Mesozoic (including Jurassic radiolarians) low-grade unit; (iii) a structurally overlaying allochthon of the Kulidjik nappe; and (iv) unconformable Late Eocene sedimentary and Oligocene volcanic cover rocks. The basement unit contains a NNE-SSW oriented lineation rarely associated with top-to-the NNE ductile shearing. Greenschist facies retrogression of this unit is diagnostic of local thrusting of the overlying low-grade unit. The greenschists of the low-grade unit represent arc metavolcanic rocks overlain by phyllites. The structural elements in this unit have similar attitudes as the basement unit. Kinematic indicators in the low-grade unit demonstrate internal top-to-the NNE ductile shearing during greenschist facies conditions. The allochthon consists of klippen composed of muscovite-albite gneisses. The flat-lying thrust contact with ductile-brittle deformation contains mylonites and cataclasites. Previously reported local top-to-the SSW ductile shearing in the allochthon is probably a consequence of shear instabilities. Deformation-crystallization relationships revealed fabrics in the allochthon compatible with greenschist up to lower amphibolite facies conditions without retrogression and similar ENE-verging fold patterns in the low-grade unit and the allochthon at the thrust contact. Two muscovite samples from distinct klippen yielded inverse isochron 40Ar/39Ar ages of 156.07±1.30 Ma and 162.62±2.69 Ma, which reflect cooling below 350°C of the allochthon associated with its exhumation during emplacement after greenschist-lower amphibolite facies metamorphism. Structural data indicate NNE-directed tectonic transport of the low-grade footwall unit, which is consistent with emplacement in comparable metamorphic conditions, and the thrust direction of the allochthon in the hanging wall. The subduction-accretionary origin of the low-grade unit and the new age results allow us to link this tectono-metamorphic event to Late Jurassic thrust imbrication of arc units on the Rhodope basement, which is the first time that early Alpine thrust tectonics in the northeastern Rhodope Massif have been recognized.

Целта на настоящото изследване е да се разкрият причинно следствените основи (връзки) от социално правен и психологичен аспект, както и тяхната хронология и синхрон с европейската и българската история и се анализират основите на системата за организация и управление на превенцията срещу проституцията като елемент от националната сигурност. Обектът на изследването е състоянието на проблема с проституцията и възможностите за противодействие срещу нея, както и дефинирането на основани познавателни фактори за този социален феномен и отношението му към сигурността на страната. Предмет на изследването е системата за организация и управление на проституцията като социален феномен и ролята на държавните структури за локализиране и намаляване на нейното разпространение от гледна точка за сигурността на страната. Предложената е система за управление на основава на три основни критерия: организирана престъпност, трафик на хора и структура на проституцията. The aim of the present study is to reveal the causal basis of social and legal psychological aspects and their chronology and synchronization with European and Bulgarian history and to analyze the foundations of the system for organization and management of prevention of prostitution as an element of the national security. The subject of the study is the state of the problem of prostitution and the possibilities for counteracting it, as well as the definition of cognitive factors based on this social phenomenon and its relation to the security of the country. The subject of the study is the system for the organization and management of prostitution as a social phenomenon and the role of the state structures for localization and reduction of its distribution from the point of view of the country's security. The proposed management system is based on three main criteria: organized crime, human trafficking and the structure of prostitution.