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This article reconstructs the categorical apparatus used by Gregory of Nazianzus to form notions of the ἀρχή of the priest. It has been shown that logic of religious leadership, developed by Gregory, is deeply rooted in paradigms of Late Antiquity. He connects the idea of the divine origin of the institution of the clergy with the notion of a world hierarchy (ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις). In this context, oppositions between ministry/absolute authority (λειτουργία/ἡγεμονία) and force/persuasion (βίᾳ/πειθοῖ) are analyzed, showing that the priest is defined by his position between God and the laity, which is often described using the pastoral metaphor: Chief Shepherd Christ — shepherd — flock. At the same time, the category of “mediation” itself (μεσιτεία Θεοῦ καὶ ἀνθρώπων) refers in his text exclusively to the cultic function of the priest, i.e. bringing people to God through the sacraments. Another way of achieving this goal is to help people through “spiritual guidance,” i.e. different practices of communication (conversation, sermon, instruction, etc.). This path is described by Gregory in Neoplatonic categories and implies that only someone who is close to God can lead others to Him. These two methods of influencing lay people have a different theological-ontological basis, however both of them constitute the ἀρχή of the priest. The performance of the sacraments is considered as that which places a priest closer to God, that is to say what includes him in ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις on a level distinct from ordinary people. Moreover, the priest is thought of as a person who occupies in the New Israel — the Church — the place of the rulers of ancient Israel, and for this reason his position is described as authoritative, although this authority has to do with the government of souls (ἡγεμονία ψυχῶν), accomplished in this case exclusively through persuasion.

The article presents the results of a study of the practice of teachers professional development in the context of digitalization of education carried out in order to identify the features of teachers professional development and the main conceptual ideas implemented in different countries. The article examines the practice of teachers professional development in other countries as well as in a number of Russian regions. The analysis of pedagogical literature and scientific articles was carried out using the method of apperception and the descriptive method. The use of apperception method allowed us to expand information about the existing professional development practices implemented in different countries and regions. The use of descriptive method in working with scientific literature made it possible to select articles based on keywords, descriptors. In this study, the following phrases were used as descriptors: professional development of teachers, concepts of professional development of teachers, advanced training of teachers, practice of professional development of teachers. As a result, practices of teachers professional development have been identified that have both similar conceptual ideas and some national or regional features. Two of the conceptual ideas reflected in almost all countries are particularly noteworthy: that of continuity and that of personalization of teachers professional development in the context of education digitalization. Implementation of these ideas makes it possible to ensure continuous professional development of a teacher taking into account his or her professional experience, expertise, professional competencies and interests, as well as the interests and demands of the educational organization in which he or she works. The implementation of these ideas is carried out through integration of formal and non-formal education, as well as through self-education and self-development of teachers in the context of education digitalization.

The materials on the retrospective and current catch of marine fish species in the Far Eastern region are presented. In the Far Eastern seas, from 3.0 to 3.4 million tons of LMR are captured, constituting more than 2/3 of the total Russian catch. In 2019, the catch of commercial fishes, for which the TAC is set, amounted to 2.3 million tons. The catch structure is dominated by walleye Pollock (75%), herring (11%), cod (6%), and flounder (3 %), saffron cod (2.5%). The catch of non-quota species in the region amounted to 354.6 thousand tons. The most important species in the 2019 were Japanese sardine (37%), herring (35%), mackerel (10%), gobies (8%), flounder (5%) and rays (2%). The analysis of the current state of the resource base in the Far Eastern region shows good prospects for national fishery.

The paper analyzes the long-term dynamics of stocks and annual catches of Pacific cod of the Kuril Islands, and also considers the structure of its modern fishery, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the organization of its coastal fishing in recent years. It was shown that the dynamics of commercial biomass of Pacific cod in the Northern and Southern Kuril Islands is comparable to that in 1975-2020 for groups in the southeastern part of the Bering Sea, the Karagin and Olyutor bays, on the shelf of Western Kamchatka, and in south-western Sakhalin. Development of the cod fishery in the North and South Kuril Islands in 1980-2019 went in accordance with the dynamics of stocks, the maximum catches were observed during the period of a high level of abundance of both groups in the 1980s. While the structure of the cod fishery on the shelf of the Northern Kuril Islands to date can be considered established, the development of fishing in the South Kuril Islands in the last two decades went by the gradual replacement of trawl fishing in the winter-spring period with snorkeling in the summer season.

As everyday consumers become more engaged with their products and services, it is apparent that they are more willing to associate with certain brands. While most existing literature focuses on creating strong consumer-brand relationships and fostering brand loyalty, there has only been an interest in brand avoidance in the last several years. As this particular area of study is largely unexplored, fundamental concepts expressed in Michael Lee’s work (Lee, 2007; Lee, Conroy & Motion, 2009a, b, 2012) are used as a base for this study and subsequently expanded. This work simplifies the existing model of brand avoidance and questions the division within types of brand avoidance by understanding the connections between them. To examine this issue, we conduct a large-scale quantitative survey. The results showed that either: 1. Brand avoidance is a result of converging factors and different types of mutually reinforcing types of the phenomenon; or 2. Brand avoidance is initially expressed a specific type, and subsequently, additional types are adopted to justify one’s decision. Future research could focus on quantifying the relationships among the individual types.