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Abstract Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are small, hypointense hemosiderin deposits in the brain measuring 2–10 mm in diameter. As one of the important biomarkers of small vessel disease, they have been associated with various neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Hence, automated detection, and subsequent extraction of clinically useful metrics (e.g., size and spatial distribution) from CMBs are essential for investigating their clinical impact, especially in large-scale studies. While some work has been done for CMB segmentation, extraction of clinically relevant information is not yet explored. Herein, we propose the first automated method to characterise CMBs using their size and spatial distribution, i.e., CMB count in three regions (and their substructures) used in Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale (MARS): infratentorial, deep, and lobar. Our method uses structural atlases of the brain for determining individual regions. On an intracerebral haemorrhage study dataset, we achieved a mean absolute error of 2.5 mm for size estimation and an overall accuracy > 90% for automated rating. The code and the atlas of MARS regions in Montreal Neurological Institute—MNI space are publicly available. Relevance statement Our method to automatically characterise cerebral microbleeds (size and location) showed a mean absolute error of 2.5 mm for size estimation and an over 90% accuracy for rating of infratentorial, deep and lobar regions. This is a promising approach to automatically provide clinically relevant cerebral microbleeds metrics. Key Points We present a method to automatically characterise cerebral microbleeds according to size and location. The method achieved a mean absolute error of 2.5 mm for size estimation. Automated rating for infratentorial, deep, and lobar regions achieved an over 90% overall accuracy. We made the code and atlas of Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale regions publicly available. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Although various sensors specifically developed for target analytes are available, affordable biosensing solutions with broad applicability are limited. In this study, a cost-effective biosensor for detecting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was developed using custom-made gold leaf electrodes (GLEs). A novel strategy for antibody immobilization on a gold surface, for the first time mediated by protein L and HER2-specific antibody trastuzumab, was examined using commercial screen-printed gold electrodes and GLEs. A self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) was formed on the gold surface, which was used to covalently immobilize protein L. Further binding of trastuzumab to the protein L was employed and HER2 detection was achieved through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The HER2 detection was examined in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and supplemented cell culture medium. The modified GLEs showed good specificity and high sensitivity of HER2 detection without any enrichment steps, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng mL− 1 in PBS and 2.7 ng mL− 1 in cell culture medium, making the proposed immunosensor a cost-effective and sensitive solution for detection in complex biological matrices.

Abstract This study aimed to translate and validate the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Head & Neck (FACT-HN) in a Serbian-speaking population, assessing its psychometric properties and utility in evaluating the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients. The research focuses on determining the translated questionnaire’s reliability, validity, and cultural relevance. A total of 106 Serbian-speaking head and neck cancer patients completed the translated FACT-HN, along with other validated instruments, including the EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-HN43, CES-D, and GAD-7. The translation followed a standard internationally accepted procedure. Psychometric analyses were conducted using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlations, and reliability measures such as Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients. The Serbian version of the FACT-HN showed excellent internal consistency across all subscales, with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.70 to 0.89. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure. Strong correlations were observed between the FACT-HN and other validated QoL measures, particularly with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-HN43. Convergent validity was satisfactory for all components except the Social Well-Being component. The Serbian version of the FACT-HN is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients. It provides a comprehensive assessment of physical, social, emotional, and functional well-being, making it valuable for clinical and research applications in Serbian-speaking populations. Further research is needed to assess its sensitivity to longitudinal treatment-related changes.

Abstract Background Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) of the ovary is a rare tumor with distinct clinicopathological and hormonal features primarily affecting young women and children. We conducted a complex clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis of five cases of JGCT. Methods The immunohistochemical examination was performed with 32 markers, including markers that have not been previously investigated. Moreover, DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) and PTEN methylation analysis was performed. Result We found the expression of calretinin, inhibin A, SF1, FOXL2, CD99, CKAE1/3, ER, PR, AR in all cases. WT1 was expressed in one case. Conversely, the expression of p16, OCT3/4, SALL4, GATA3, Napsin A, SATB2, MUC4, TTF1, and CAIX was completely negative. All tumors showed the wild-type pattern of p53 expression. Regarding predictive markers, all tumors were HER2 negative and did not express PD-L1. Mismatch repair proteins (MMR) showed no loss or restriction of expression, similarly to ARID1A, DPC4, BRG1, and INI1. The molecular analysis revealed AKT1 internal tandem duplication in two tumors. Two other cases exhibited mutations in TERT and EP400 and both developed recurrence. All AKT1-wild type tumors exhibited immunohistochemical loss of PTEN expression. However, no mutations, deletions (as assessed by CNV analysis), or promoter hypermethylation in the PTEN gene were detected. Conclusion The results of our study further support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of JGCT may be driven by activation of the PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway. These findings could potentially have future therapeutic implications, as treatment strategies targeting the PTEN/mTOR pathways are currently under investigation.

According to the latest clinical guidelines, minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is diagnosed by using a single test for which the center has experience and local norms. Nowadays, several tests are available. Here we describe the most frequently used tests: Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES), Continuous Reaction Time (CRT), Inhibitory Control Test (ICT), Stroop test, Animal Naming Test (ANT), critical flicker frequency (CFF) and electroencephalography (EEG) using characteristics such as: creation specificity, neurocognitive domains, computerized vs. pencil and paper, translatability, time to perform, learning effect, affecting factors, local norms, copyright, medical equipment and need for specific training. After that we briefly address comparison of the results of different tests or test combinations. Such information may prove useful to anyone new to the field of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

The global decline in pollinators, particularly honeybees (Apis mellifera) and solitary bees such as Osmia bicornis, has raised significant concerns due to the increasing threats from environmental stressors and pathogen spillover. This study aimed to detect the presence of honeybee-associated viruses in an O. bicornis population in the Czech Republic and investigate the potential for viral transmission between A. mellifera and O. bicornis. Molecular techniques were used to determine the presence of five common viruses: Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Lake Sinai Virus (LSV) and Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus (AmFV). Sampling was done at two locations: an apiary where O. bicornis coexisted with A. mellifera and a remote site without commercial hives. The results confirmed the presence of all five viruses in O. bicornis at the apiary, while only BQCV and DWV were consistently detected in bees from the remote site. Interestingly, the viral load at the apiary increased over time, particularly, that of ABPV and DWV, indicating that proximity to A. mellifera hives facilitates virus transmission to O. bicornis. Moreover, the presence of virus was confirmed in all developmental stages of O. bicornis, from larvae to adults, indicating potential for vertical transmission. Despite high viral incidence, no visible morphological deformities were observed in O. bicornis, indicating that these viruses may exist asymptomatically in solitary bees. These findings underscore the risks posed by managed bee populations to wild pollinators and the need for further investigations into the ecological effect of viral spillover.

Abstract Background Use of combustible cigarettes (CCs) and smokeless oral tobacco products are well documented risk factors for a variety of oral diseases. However, the potential oral health risks of using recently introduced (since about 2000) non-combustible tobacco/nicotine products (NCPs: electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs) and oral nicotine pouches (ONPs), remain poorly established. Methods This review evaluates published human studies on detrimental oral health effects in people who use NCPs compared to those smoking cigarettes and those not using any tobacco/nicotine product (NU). We identified 52 studies, predominantly focusing on adults who used electronic cigarettes as an NCP. The studies exhibited significant heterogeneity regarding design, populations, endpoints and quality. Reported outcomes, based on both single and grouped endpoints were qualitatively evaluated by comparing people who use NCPs with NU and with people smoking CCs. Significant increases (indicating a worsening in oral health), significant decreases (indicating a lower level of detrimental effects) and no significant difference between groups were assigned scores of + 1, -1 and 0, respectively. Scores from studies belonging to the same single or grouped endpoints were averaged to a summary score ranging from − 1 to + 1. Results The qualitative meta-analysis revealed that comparisons of EC versus NU groups yielded mean scores of 0.29 for pre-cancerous lesions (N = 14 observations), 0.27 for inflammatory processes (N = 83), 0.43 for oral clinical parameters (N = 93) and 0.70 for shifts in the oral microbiome (N = 10). The corresponding values for the EC versus CC group comparisons amounted to -0.33 (N = 15), -0.14 (N = 76), -0.27 (N = 78) and 0.57 (N = 7). Most studies had significant limitations regarding group sizes, duration of NCP use (mostly only a few years) and validity of self-reported exclusive NCP use. Notably, the implications of dual use (EC + CC) and prior CC use were often not adequately considered. Conclusions The evaluated studies suggest that use of ECs is associated with relatively fewer detrimental oral health effects compared to smoking, yet oral health status remains poorer compared to not using any tobacco/nicotine products. These results have to be interpreted with caution due to a number of limitations and uncertainties in the underlying studies, particularly the potential biases and confounding factors inherent in cross-sectional study designs.

U radu je prikazana vremenska analiza emisije zagađujućih materija u vazduh na primeru dve najveće termoelektrane „Nikola Tesla A“ i „Nikola Tesla B“. Ogranak „Termoelektrane Nikola Tesla“ je najveći proizvođač električne energije u Jugoistočnoj Evropi. Ima 14 blokova čija je ukupna instalisana snaga 3.430 MW. U sastavu Ogranak „Termoelektrane Nikola Tesla“ su TE Nikola Tesla A (sa 6 blokova) 1650 MW projektovane snage i TE Nikola Tesla B (sa 2 bloka) 1.340 MW električne snage. U okviru „Termoelektrane Nikola Tesla A“ se nalaze blokovi A1 sa 660 MW, A2 sa 660 MW, A3 sa 932 MW, A4 sa 943 MW, A5 sa 934 MW i blok A6 sa 934 MW toplotne snage, dok u okviru „Termoelektrane Nikola Tesla B“ se nalaze dva bloka B1 i B2 sa po 1809 MW i 1826 MW toplotne snage. Trend emisije je prikazan za tri zagađujuće materije, sumpor-dioksid, azotove okside i praškaste materije za 2022., 2021. i 2020. godinu. Dimni gasovi koji sadrže zagađujuće materije se ispuštaju u vazduh preko dimnjaka visine 150 metara (blokovi А1, А2 и А3) и 220 metara (blokovi А4, А5 и А6) na „Termoelektrani Nikola Tesla A“ i 280 metara (blokovi B1 i B2) na „Termoelektrani Nikola Tesla B“. U skladu sa zakonskim zahtevima redovno vrše se kontinualna merenja, dok se periodična merenja vrše za proveru ispravnosti kontinualnih merenja.

U radu je prikazan tipičan tok realizacije projekta vetroparka u Republici Srbiji. Kroz pregled zakonske regulative i administrativne procedure u postupku ishodovanja neophodnih dozvola i saglasnosti, kao i izrade svih faza projektno-tehničke dokumentacije, detaljno je predstavljen tok aktivnosti koje je potrebno sprovesti na putu od ideje do dobijanja upotrebne dozvole i priključenja vetroparka na elektroenergetsku mrežu. Na primeru projekta vetroparka, ukupne instalisane snage preko 10 MW sprovedena je analiza administrativne procedure, zakonske regulative i tehničkih zahteva sa obrazloženjem svake aktivnosti tokom realizacije ovog projekta. Formirana je metodologija koja se može koristiti za temeljnije sagledavanje obima i kompleksnosti aktivnosti pri razvoju ovakvih projekata, uključujući i fotonaponske elektrane. Shodno tome, poželjno je korišćenje softverskih alata za praćenje i upravljanje projektima. Očekuje se da ovaj rad bude od koristi pri sagledavanju neophodnih aktivnosti na razvoju ovakvih i sličnih projekata iz oblasti obnovljivih izvora energije.

Abstract Objective Cortical atrophy close to medial temporal structures has been described consistently in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Successful TLE surgery may have a neuroprotective effect preventing further atrophy of temporal and extratemporal cortex. However, the effects of epilepsy surgery on subcortical structures demand additional enlightenment. This work aimed to determine how epilepsy surgery affects volumes of subcortical structures in medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Methods We compared MRI volumes of subcortical structures in 62 patients with TLE (36 left, 26 right) before and after anterior temporal lobectomy with 38 TLE patients (20 left, 18 right) who were considered to be good surgical candidates and had at least two brain MRIs. Results There were no volume differences in subcortical structures on preoperative and initial MRIs of non‐operated TLE patients. At baseline, the ipsilateral thalamus and putamen in TLE patients were marginally smaller than contralateral structures. Operated patients showed a significant postoperative volume reduction in ipsilateral thalamus, putamen, and globus pallidus. In contrast, there were no significant volumetric reductions in non‐operated patients longitudinally. There were no volumetric changes associated with different surgical outcomes or different postoperative cognitive outcomes. Significance Our study demonstrated postoperative volume loss of thalamus, putamen and globus pallidus ipsilaterally to the side of resection. Our findings suggest surgery‐related changes, likely Wallerian degeneration within subcortical networks not related to seizure or cognitive outcome. Plain Language Summary We studied 100 patients with epilepsy, comparing those who had surgery to those who did not. After surgery, the thalamus, putamen and globus pallidus on the same side as the surgery shrank significantly, but not in non‐surgery patients. This suggests surgery‐related changes in deeper brain structures, unrelated to seizure freedom or cognitive outcomes. This research sheds additional light on the response of the subcortical structure to epilepsy surgery, highlighting potential areas for further study.

Microwave ablation (MWA) is a minimally invasive energy-based thermal ablative technique designed to destroy tumor cells using microwave energy. Each tumor indeed has unique characteristics, including size, shape, and location, which significantly influence treatment options. The primary goal is to eliminate malignant cells while preserving as much surrounding healthy tissue as possible. The tissue damage depends on the input power, procedure duration, and the spatial position of the radiator. Thus, it is crucial to determine optimal parameters for maximizing efficacy while minimizing side effects. The ability to adjust the placement and power output of each antenna can lead to more precise treatment, enabling clinicians to tailor the procedure to the specific tumor characteristics. Recent advancements in numerical modeling have enhanced the understanding of ablation procedures. These models simulate the effects of microwave energy on biological tissue, leading to improved procedural efficiency. This study focuses on the destruction of a real large-elongated tumor with maximum dimensions of 56.8 mm × 27.6 mm × 22.4 mm. The investigation employs two identically parallel-positioned probes equipped with multi-slot coaxial antennas. The dual-antenna configuration allows for a more concentrated energy delivery to the tumor, enhancing the effectiveness of the ablation process. The simulation model includes the geometry of the tumor, antenna configuration design, and characteristics of both tumoral and healthy tissues. The findings indicate that utilizing a dual-antenna setup with a power output of 16 W per antenna effectively ablates tumors of interest while sparing healthy tissue.

Abstract Background Homogeneous intraocular lens (IOL) calcification deteriorates patient’s visual quality. There is a lack of functional and patient-reported data on patients with this material change undergoing IOL exchange surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate subjective and objective outcomes following IOL exchange due to homogeneous IOL calcification to improve evidence-based patient counseling. Methods In this prospective, non-interventional, clinical study, 53 eyes of 42 patients with homogeneous IOL calcification were included. IOL exchange was performed in 30 out of 53 eyes. Subjective symptoms using a quality-of-life questionnaire (Catquest-9SF), photic phenomena, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), straylight (C-Quant, Oculus, Wezlar, Germany) and contrast sensitivity with and without glare (CSV-1000, VectorVision, Houston, USA) were assessed before (T0) and at 3 to 12 months after IOL exchange (T1). Results Preoperative CDVA and straylight did not correlate. Average halo and glare size and intensity decreased and Catquest-9SF items improved. The CDVA rose significantly from 0.16 ± 0.13 to 0.05 ± 0.10 logMAR, and contrast sensitivity increased with and without glare. The straylight value decreased statistically and clinically significant from 2.32 ± 0.34 to 1.23 ± 0.33 log(s). Conclusion Homogeneous IOL calcification is not always associated with a pronounced reduction in visual acuity. In most cases, IOL exchange still reduces subjective complaints and improves quality of vision of affected patients. Visual acuity should not be the sole functional parameter in assessing patients with homogeneous IOL calcification as intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity can better objectify patients’ visual impairment. We recommend a straylight value above 1.56 log(s) as a cut-off when deciding on an IOL exchange surgery.

Abstract Recently, the use and management of water resources have become a critical issue, especially in arid and semi-arid surroundings. In such areas, the importance of mapping groundwater potential zones is unmeasurable since water is a critical human resource. Focused on the semi-arid region of Kuwait, our research integrates Google Earth Engine and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), offering a robust admission to identifying groundwater potential zones. To this end, thirteen criteria including geology, slope, rainfall, elevation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), drainage density, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), lineament density, topographic wetness index (TWI), geomorphology, and the water table were integrated to reach a wise decision through AHP-MCDM. Our findings revealed that Kuwait’s groundwater potential zones are extremely well suited to the country’s north and east. Appropriate potential zones with high and moderate degrees encompass 12% and 37%, respectively, while extremely high suitability is less than 1.5%. These findings are based on the input data (mainly rainfall, NDVI, NDWI, and LST). The likelihood of groundwater potential is higher in the lower regions of the country. Over 7500 km2—nearly 50% of the total area—are classified as low potential. Furthermore, Our research shows that combining more factors can increase precision while ensuring the stability of the detection process of GWPZs. Around 242 km2 as promising targets for future groundwater exploitation within Kuwait. Rigorously validated through on-site field observations and corroborated by maps showing the distribution of productive groundwater wells in Kuwait, our results exhibit a considered alignment. It is recommended that we extend the application of our methodology beyond the borders of the studied terrain and urge decision-makers to consider our findings in their strategic planning processes.

The role of copper element has been an increasingly relevant topic in recent years in the fields of human and animal health, for both the study of new drugs and innovative food and feed supplements. This metal plays an important role in the central nervous system, where it is associated with glutamatergic signaling, and it is widely involved in inflammatory processes. Thus, diseases involving copper (II) dyshomeostasis often have neurological symptoms, as exemplified by Alzheimer’s and other diseases (such as Parkinson’s and Wilson’s diseases). Moreover, imbalanced copper ion concentrations have also been associated with diabetes and certain types of cancer, including glioma. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive overview of recent results that show the importance of these metal ions in several pathologies, mainly Alzheimer’s disease, through the lens of the development and use of copper chelators as research compounds and potential therapeutics if included in multi-target hybrid drugs. Seeing how copper homeostasis is important for the well-being of animals as well as humans, we shortly describe the state of the art regarding the effects of copper and its chelators in agriculture, livestock rearing, and aquaculture, as ingredients for the formulation of feed supplements as well as to prevent the effects of pollution on animal productions.

High strength steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement that may contribute to degradation of steel parts and structural failure. The correlation between corrosion-induced hydrogen entry and electrochemical behavior of galvanized advanced high-strength steel (Press Hardened Steel and Complex Phase Steel) was studied in neutral and acidified (pH 3) 0.05 M NaCl by combination of conventional and localized electrochemical techniques with zero resistance ammeter technique and thermal desorption analysis. Hydrogen entry increased in acidic environment due to lowered galvanic protection of both coatings. In Press Hardened Steel, it was additionally aggravated by pitting of insufficiently galvanically protected steel.

Abstract Human capital is represented by people who are carriers of knowledge, ideas and experience that contribute to increasing the performance and competitiveness of the company and the entire society. Human capital management helps companies achieve business goals through efficiency, which includes the effective use of human capital and the effectiveness of investment in it. The article aims to explain the essence of human capital management, offers new metrics for measuring the effectiveness of human capital, and points out a possible approach to implementing human capital management in a specific small trading company. We used the observation method in obtaining data about the trading company, content analysis in the examination of scientific articles and internal documents of the company, synthesis, descriptive statistics, and mathematical methods in the design of metrics for measuring the value of human capital through Excel statistical software, and deduction in the design of generally applicable rules for all types of companies. IBM SPSS software was used for the statistical evaluation of the questionnaire survey. We obtained the basis for making the article through a questionnaire survey, which was carried out in 350 Slovak trading companies. Using a survey, we found that up to 89% of companies do not have a human capital management concept in place and do not use and do not know metrics to measure human capital effectiveness. It is while companies are aware of the impact of investments in human capital on the overall performance and the size of the company´s profit. Based on it, we created metrics to measure the human capital´s value. Thanks to quantitative analysis, we identified KPIs for small business company—sales, profit. We found that external factors also affect the value of human capital. In the analysed company, the improvement of the working environment helped to increase the value of human capital, which also led to higher customer satisfaction. The article fills a gap in the scientific literature because it deals with the issue of implementing the human capital management concept and metrics for measuring the human capital´s value in the company. The theoretical and practical contribution of our contribution also lies in the use of common accounting documents in the quantification of the value of human capital. Companies can be inspired by the article because it provides an overview of the human capital management implementation in a small company, and designed metrics to measure the value of human capital.

Abstract Background Workplace culture is theorized to involve a combination of elements such as assumptions, beliefs, and values. An effective workplace culture is safe and person-centred, which enables staff to flourish. However, there is no empirical evidence describing or informing workplace culture for forensic mental health settings. Methods The mixed methods approach is used to describe current indicators of, and perspectives on, workplace culture and understandings of ideal workplace culture for forensic mental health services. Participants responded to a literature informed survey (N = 482) enquiring about workplace psychological health and teamwork, and some (N = 72) participated in follow-up focus group discussions. Results Psychological health was less positive for staff working in clinical compared with non-clinical roles (p

Stabilnost međunarodnog poretka primarno zavisi od odnosa moći između revizionističkih i status quo sila. Prve su nosioci promena karaktera međunarodne politike, dok su druge čuvari postojećih pravila i praksi. Sile u usponu teže preoblikovanju poretka konstruisanog pod pokroviteljstvom postojećeg hegemona. U radu se istražuje karakter odnosa Kine, kao rastuće sile, prema međunarodnom poretku oblikovanom krajem Hladnog rata od dolaska Si Đinpinga na vlast. Teorijski okvir predstavlja teorija ravnoteže interesa, prevashodno se oslanjajući na kategorizaciju revizionističkih država u tabor „vukova“, nepomirljivih protivnika postojećeg i nosioca novih poredaka, i „šakala“, umereno moćnih država dugoročno fokusiranih na delimične revizije trenutnog stanja. Rad u analizi na dva nivoa, sistemskom i državnom, ukazuje na specifično pozicioniranje Kine između „vuka“ i „šakala“. U teorijskom pogledu, ukazuje se na moguću novu klasifikaciju potencijalne supersile koja teži dugoročnom preoblikovanju međunarodnog poretka, izbegavajući nagle i preuranjene rizike.

Introduction. We report a case series two patients of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with previous COVID-19 that both patients survived. GBS is an immune-mediated disease that affects peripheral nerves and can cause life-threatening complications. Case Reports. In both cases (53-year-old female and 59-year-old male) with severe GBS with complications, the smell of sense was investigated subjectively using Sniffin' sticks identification tests and objectively using objective olfactometry by the evaluation of olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs). Both patients had good results of the subjective Sniffin' sticks identification test without patholgical findings. Results of objective examination of OERPs: the P2-N1 wave complex was equipotent. No olfactory disturbance could be detected in either case, OERPs were plentiful in both cases. Conclusion. The presentation of a case series two patients of post-covid GBS are an example of one of the many complications of COVID-19 that can cause prolonged recovery. Despite the severe course of GBS and the long recovery time, both patients returned to normal life. An expanded prospective study is planned for the future to investigate post-covid olfactory impairment. The prevalence of GBS associated with COVID-19 is still unknown but it is evident that both mild and severe forms of GBS have been described in patients.

Abstract Rare de novo heterozygous loss-of-function SETBP1 variants lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech deficits, indicating a potential involvement of SETBP1 in human speech. However, the expression pattern of SETBP1 in brain regions associated with vocal learning remains poorly understood, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms linking it to vocal production. In this study, we examined SETBP1 expression in the brain of male zebra finches, a well-established model for studying vocal production learning. We demonstrated that zebra finch SETBP1 exhibits a greater number of exons and isoforms compared to its human counterpart. We characterized a SETBP1 antibody and showed that SETBP1 colocalized with FoxP1, FoxP2, and Parvalbumin in key song nuclei. Moreover, SETBP1 expression in neurons in Area X is significantly higher in zebra finches singing alone, than those singing courtship song to a female, or non-singers. Importantly, we found a distinctive neuronal protein expression of SETBP1 and FoxP2 in Area X only in zebra finches singing alone, but not in the other conditions. We demonstrated SETBP1´s regulatory role on FoxP2 promoter activity in vitro. Taken together, these findings provide compelling evidence for SETBP1 expression in brain regions to be crucial for vocal learning and its modulation by singing behavior.

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) education into medical curricula is critical for preparing future healthcare professionals. This research employed the Delphi method to establish an expert-based AI curriculum for Canadian undergraduate medical students. A panel of 18 experts in health and AI across Canada participated in three rounds of surveys to determine essential AI learning competencies. The study identified key curricular components across ethics, law, theory, application, communication, collaboration, and quality improvement. The findings demonstrate substantial support among medical educators and professionals for the inclusion of comprehensive AI education, with 82 out of 107 curricular competencies being deemed essential to address both clinical and educational priorities. It additionally provides suggestions on methods to integrate these competencies within existing dense medical curricula. The endorsed set of objectives aims to enhance AI literacy and application skills among medical students, equipping them to effectively utilize AI technologies in future healthcare settings.

Abstract Background The secretome of primary bovine mammosphere-derived epithelial cells (MDECs) has been shown to exert antimicrobial, regenerative, and immunomodulatory properties in vitro, which warrants its study as a potential biologic treatment with the potential to be translated to human medicine. Currently, the use of the MDEC secretome as a therapy is constrained by the limited life span of primary cell cultures and the decrease of secretome potency over cell passages. Methods To address these limitations, early-passage bovine MDECs were immortalized using hTERT, a human telomerase reverse transcriptase. The primary and immortal MDECs were compared morphologically, transcriptomically, and phenotypically. The functional properties and proteomic profiles of the secretome of both cell lines were evaluated and compared. All experiments were performed with both low and high passage cell cultures. Results We confirmed through in vitro experiments that the secretome of immortalized MDECs, unlike that of primary cells, maintained antimicrobial and pro-migratory properties over passages, while pro-angiogenic effects of the secretome from both primary and immortalized MDECs were lost when the cells reached high passage. The secretome from primary and immortalized MDECs, at low and high passages exerted immunomodulatory effects on neutrophils in vitro. Conclusions High passage immortalized MDECs retain a bioactive secretome with antimicrobial, regenerative, and immunomodulatory properties, suggesting they may serve as a consistent cell source for therapeutic use.

Abstract Background Substantial inequalities in the overall prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity have been widely reported, but the causal mechanisms are complex and not well understood. This study aimed to identify common patterns of multimorbidity in Serbia and assess their relationship with air pollutant concentrations and water quality indicators. Methods This ecological study was conducted on a nationally representative sample of the Serbian population. Data were obtained from the European Health Interview (EHIS) Survey, a periodic study designed to assess population health using widely recognized standardized instruments. The study included 13,069 participants aged 15 and older, randomly selected through a multistage stratified sampling design. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more self-reported diagnoses of chronic non-communicable diseases. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify clusters of multimorbidity. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), as well as water quality indicators, were obtained from the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency. Results The overall prevalence of multimorbidity was 33.4% [32.6%—34.2%]. Six latent classes of multimorbidity were identified: Healthy, Multicondition, Cardiovascular, Metabolic syndrome, Respiratory, and Musculoskeletal. Annual increases in PM10 and SO2 concentrations, as well as daily increases in O3 concentrations, significantly raised the odds of having multimorbidity (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.02–1.03; OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.03, respectively). A pattern of increased risk was observed with rising levels of water contamination. Exposure to physico-chemical, microbiological and combined contamination was associated with a 3.92%, 5.17% and 5.54% higher probability, respectively, of having multiple chronic conditions. There was strong evidence that air pollutants, as well as chemical and microbial water contamination, were significantly associated with higher odds of the most common clusters of multimorbidity identified by LCA. Conclusion There is compelling evidence of an association between multimorbidity and environmental pollution, suggesting that exposure to air pollutants and water contaminants may contribute to disease accumulation and help explain geographically and socioeconomically patterned inequalities. These findings underscore the need for extensive studies that simultaneously measure both multimorbidity and pollution to explore their complex interrelationships.

Abstract Background Research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data to enhance understanding of a particular phenomenon. Participation in medical research is crucial for advancing healthcare practices. However, there has been limited focus on understanding the factors that motivate medical students to engage in research. Additionally, in the era of e-learning, the easy accessibility of online resources has contributed to a widespread ‘copy-paste culture’ among digital-native students, which is recognized in academia as plagiarism. Existing studies suggest that a contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of plagiarism is students’ limited understanding of this act. The purpose of this study was to assess medical students’ attitudes toward research and plagiarism, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward Research (ATR) and Attitudes Toward Plagiarism (ATP) questionnaires. Methods This was a multicenter study conducted among medical undergraduate and postgraduate students attending the three medical universities who were involved in research. Students’ attitudes toward research and plagiarism were assessed using the ATR and ATP questionnaires. The research instruments underwent translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with internationally accepted methodology. The psychometric properties of the ATR and ATP, including validity and reliability, were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the model’s fit to the data. Results The ATR and ATP questionnaires were completed by 793 medical students who were involved in research (647 undergraduates and 146 PhD students). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.917 and 0.822 indicated excellent and good scale reliability for the ATR and ATP questionnaires, respectively. The five-and three- factor structures of ATR and ATP have been validated with maximum likelihood confirmatory analysis, and the results demonstrated an adequate level of model fit (TLI = 0.930, CFI = 0.942 and TLI = 0.924, CFI = 0.943, respectively). Medical students showed a high degree of positive attitudes toward research and favorable scores across all three domains of attitudes toward plagiarism. In multivariate regression models, age was found to be positively associated with favorable attitudes of research usefulness, positive attitudes, relevance to life subscales and total ATR scale (p

Abstract Identifying biomarkers able to discriminate individuals on different health trajectories is crucial to understand the molecular basis of age-related morbidity. We investigated multi-omics signatures of general health and organ-specific morbidity, as well as their interconnectivity. We examined cross-sectional metabolome and proteome data from 3,142 adults of the Cooperative Health Research in South Tyrol (CHRIS) study, an Alpine population study designed to investigate how human biology, environment, and lifestyle factors contribute to people’s health over time. We had 174 metabolites and 148 proteins quantified from fasting serum and plasma samples. We used the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) Comorbidity Index (CMI), which considers morbidity in 14 organ systems, to assess health status (any morbidity vs. healthy). Omics-signatures for health status were identified using random forest (RF) classifiers. Linear regression models were fitted to assess directionality of omics markers and health status associations, as well as to identify omics markers related to organ-specific morbidity. Next to age, we identified 21 metabolites and 10 proteins as relevant predictors of health status and results confirmed associations for serotonin and glutamate to be age-independent. Considering organ-specific morbidity, several metabolites and proteins were jointly related to endocrine, cardiovascular, and renal morbidity. To conclude, circulating serotonin was identified as a potential novel predictor for overall morbidity.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common complex endocrinological condition of women that is associated with infertility and metabolic disorders during the reproductive period. Recently, a great deal of research has focused on the etiopathogenesis of this disorder and the modulation of therapeutic approaches. There are still many controversies in the choice of therapy, and metformin is one of the most commonly used agents in the treatment of PCOS. Considering the link between metabolic disorders and PCOS, glycemic status is crucial in these patients, and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) represent a potentially promising new therapeutic approach. These drugs have been shown to improve glucose metabolism, reduce adipose tissue, decrease oxidative stress, and protect the cardiovascular system. These data prompted us to investigate the effects of empagliflozin (EMPA) in a PCOS rat model and compare them with the effects of metformin. We confirmed that EMPA positively affects somatometric parameters, glucose and lipid metabolism, and the levels of sex hormones, as well as reduces oxidative stress and improves ovarian function and morphology. Administration of EMPA at doses of 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, and 45 mg/kg during a 4-week treatment period improved, as induced by estradiol valerate and a high-fat diet, the metabolic and reproductive statuses in a PCOS rat model. The best effects, which were comparable to the effects of metformin, were achieved in groups receiving the middle and highest applied doses of EMPA. These results may prompt further clinical research on the use of EMPA in patients with PCOS.

Ovaj rad razvija metodološku matricu za merenje ostvarenosti/stepena uspešnog sprovođenja nacionalnog interesa Republike Srbije. Teorijska osnova ovog indeksa je „tanki” konstruktivizam u međunarodnim odnosima, koji se zasniva na ontološkom intersubjektivizmu i epistemološkom pozitivizmu. Metodologija se oslanja na dva glavna stuba: prvi definiše srpske nacionalne interese i njihovu hijerarhiju, dok drugi meri stepen njihove implementacije/ realizacije. Ovi stubovi koriste mešavinu različitih metoda prikupljanja i analize podataka, uključujući kancelarijsko istraživanje, deskriptivnu statistiku, analizu sadržaja, ispitivanja javnog mnjenja i ekspertske ankete. Primarni teorijski cilj ovog rada je da unapredi literaturu o nacionalnom interesu u međunarodnim odnosima pružanjem instrumenta za merenje njegove implementacije. Glavni empirijski i društveni (praktično-politički) cilj jeste procena trenutnog stanja sprovođenja nacionalnih interesa Srbije. Analiza pokazuje da je stopa implementacije nacionalnog interesa Srbije nešto preko 40% (skor indeksa – 2,61 na skali od 1-5). Dokument takođe identifikuje konkretne oblasti u kojima su potrebna poboljšanja politike da bi se ovaj rezultat poboljšao u budućnosti.

This paper proposes an updated two-step approach to improve the operation of a distribution network (DN) through the optimal siting and sizing of one, two, or three systems, each consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) generator and a battery energy storage (BES) unit – the so-called “PV-BES system”. The first step of the approach determines the optimal sites and optimal powers of the PV-BES systems, taking into account the DN load profile and the required improvement in DN operation. Parameters used to describe the quality of the DN operation include the average daily power losses and the voltage profile quality index of the DN. The optimal locations and optimal powers of the PV-BES systems are determined using metaheuristics of the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and wild horse optimisation (WHO) methods considering various daily load profiles. Based on the optimal powers of the first step and the known daily variation of solar irradiation, the second step provides the individual maximum powers of the PV generators and BES units, as well as the storage capacities of the BES units required for the sizing of the PV-BES systems. The iterative method used for the sizing of the PV-BES systems in the second step of the proposed approach can be regarded as a novelty. Finally, all results were obtained using the IEEE 33-bus test radial DN topology, considering different numbers of PV-BES systems connected to the DN, different efficiencies of the BES units, and different priorities in the criterion function.

Abstract Over the past two decades, it has become clear that psychopathology exists on continuous spectra organized hierarchically from broad, general symptom dimensions to more specific ones. This structure is best represented by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) framework that incorporates individual signs, symptoms, and behaviors at its most specific level while encompassing higher-order dimensions at its broadest level. This commentary gives an overview of studies that evaluated higher-order dimensions of psychopathology and their alignment with the HiTOP framework. Studies consistently support the alignment of youth psychopathology with the HiTOP framework, particularly its general dimension of psychopathology and the broad internalizing and externalizing spectrum. The model also identifies distinct, lower-level dimensions such as fear, affectivity, antagonism, and attention problems. This hierarchical structure is evident across the entire age span but with specific makeup of dimensions appearing to differ between children and adolescents. Rapidly gaining momentum, current evidence indicates HiTOP’s effectiveness in conceptualizing youth mental health. Future studies should focus on exploring the HiTOP structure across different ages and populations, testing its real-world generalizability, selecting the most appropriate assessment tools, and understanding how the framework applies to youth from diverse societies and cultures.

Abstract Distinguishing stable and fluctuating psychopathological features in young individuals at Ultra High Risk (UHR) for psychosis is challenging, but critical for building robust, accurate, early clinical detection and prevention capabilities. Over a 24-month period, 159 UHR individuals were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Generalisability Theory was used to validate the PANSS with this population and to investigate stable and fluctuating features, by estimating the reliability and generalisability of three factor (Positive, Negative, and General) and five factor (Positive, Negative, Cognitive, Depression, and Hostility) symptom models. Acceptable reliability and generalisability of scores across occasions and sample population were demonstrated by the total PANSS scale (Gr = 0.85). Fluctuating symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behaviour, lack of spontaneity, flow in conversation, emotional withdrawal, and somatic concern) showed high variability over time, with 50–68% of the variance explained by individual transient states. In contrast, more stable symptoms included excitement, poor rapport, anxiety, guilt feeling, uncooperativeness, and poor impulse control. The 3-factor model of PANSS and its subscales showed robust reliability and generalisability of their assessment scores across the UHR population and evaluation periods (G = 0.77–0.93), offering a suitable means to assess psychosis risk. Certain subscales within the 5-factor PANSS model showed comparatively lower reliability and generalisability (G = 0.33–0.66). The identified and investigated fluctuating symptoms in UHR individuals are more amendable by means of intervention, which could have significant implications for preventing and addressing psychosis. Prioritising the treatment of fluctuating symptoms could enhance intervention efficacy, offering a sharper focus in clinical trials. At the same time, using more reliable total scale and 3 subscales can contribute to more accurate assessment of enduring psychosis patterns in clinical and experimental settings.

Abstract Background Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are parasitic nematodes that occur worldwide. As embryonated Toxocara spp. eggs in the environment pose a zoonotic risk, especially for children, optimal diagnostic approaches are necessary for effective disease response and management, including surveillance. However, little is known about the performance of different diagnostic protocols for detecting Toxocara spp. in the faeces of cats and dogs, hampering movement towards an optimal diagnostic process. This study aimed to compare detection methods, including a newly developed sequential sieving protocol (SF-SSV) and a high-throughput multiplex qPCR-based method to facilitate epidemiological studies. Methods Species-specific Toxocara spp. egg suspensions and canine and feline faecal samples from the field were used to estimate analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of the protocols. The performance of two automated DNA extraction protocols using enzymatic and mechanical lysis were compared by multiplex qPCR, targeting both T. canis and T. cati-specific genomic sequences. All samples were examined by microscopy-based techniques, the sedimentation flotation technique (SF) and a newly developed SF-SSV for the detection, enrichment and purification of parasite eggs. The costs and processing times necessary for all protocols were estimated and compared for both single samples and sets of 100 samples. Results To detect Toxocara spp. eggs, SF-SSV showed the highest analytical sensitivity and a significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity than the DNA detection methods. Mechanical lysis performed better than enzymatic lysis for automated DNA extraction. In automated DNA extraction, 96-well plates performed better than 24-well plates. DNA detection and microscopy-based parasitological methods showed substantial agreement between the results generated by each method. Microscopy-based techniques required the lowest costs and least hands-on time for a single sample. However, when costs and labour were estimated for a set of 100 samples, the DNA detection protocol using 96-well plates for extraction revealed costs similar to SF-SSV and the fastest processing times. Conclusions SF-SSV was superior in terms of analytical and diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of Toxocara spp. eggs. For larger sets of samples, multiplex qPCR-based DNA detection represents an alternative to microscopy-based methods, based on the possibility of faster sample processing at similar costs to SF-SSV, and the ability to provide species-specific diagnoses. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the roles of galectin-3 and irisin as biomarkers in predicting severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Results We analyzed serum levels of galectin-3 and irisin in 59 patients with severe COVID-19 and 30 healthy controls. Elevated galectin-3 levels were associated with increased risks of mortality, need for intensive care, and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. The optimal cut-off value for galectin-3 was 13.47 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 76.6%. Irisin levels did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors at admission or on the 3rd day post-admission, but approached significance on the 7th day. These findings suggest that galectin-3 could be a valuable prognostic biomarker for severe COVID-19 outcomes, while irisin’s role remains to be clarified in further studies.

Abstract Micro- and nanoplastics can interact with various biologically active compounds forming aggregates of which the effects have yet to be understood. To this end, it is vital to characterize these aggregates of key compounds and micro- and nanoplastics. In this study, we examined the adsorption of the antibiotic tetracycline on four different nanoplastics, made of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and nylon 6,6 (N66) through chemical computation. Two separate approaches were employed to generate relevant conformations of the tetracycline-plastic complexes. In the first approach, we folded the plastic particle from individual polymer chains in the presence of the drug through multiple separate simulated annealing setups. In the second, more biased, approach, the neat plastic was pre-folded through simulated annealing, and the drug was placed at its surface in multiple orientations. The former approach was clearly superior to the other, obtaining lower energy conformations even with the antibiotic buried inside the plastic particle. Quantum chemical calculations on the structures revealed that the adsorption energies show a trend of decreasing affinity to the drug in the order of N66> PS> PP> PE. In vitro experiments on tetracycline-sensitive cell lines demonstrated that, in qualitative agreement with the calculations, the biological activity of tetracycline drops significantly in the presence of PS particles. Preliminary molecular dynamics simulations on two selected aggregates with each plastic served as first stability test of the aggregates under influence of temperature and in water. We found that all the selected cases persisted in water indicating that the aggregates may be stable also in more realistic environments. In summary, our data show that the interaction of micro- and nanoplastics with drugs can alter drug absorption, facilitate drug transport to new locations, and increase local antibiotic concentrations, potentially attenuating antibiotic effect and at the same time promoting antibiotic resistance.

An advanced flexible programming methodology for CNC woodworking machines was developed. As the research starting base, a three-axis CNC woodworking machine was used. The developed methodology is proposed for programming, simulation, postprocessing, and machining by woodworking machine. This flexible programming method integrates the standard programming based on CAD, CAD/CAM systems, and STEP-NC protocol through different output files, enabling data interoperability during the realization of the machining tasks. The control system for the machine is configured based on the open-architecture software LinuxCNC to verify the flexible programming method and the results obtained. Programming verification was realized by simulation on a configured virtual machine in different programming environments and finally on a virtual machine integrated with the control system. The results obtained from the study were evaluated comparatively.

Considering that the world's population is constantly increasing, there is a growing need to find sustainable alternative sources of animal proteins. In order to expand knowledge in this area and determine the direction of future research, the aim of this review was to provide information based on the currently available scientific literature on the edible insects as a potential sustainable source of animal proteins, both in terms of consumer acceptance, chemical composition, nutritional value, food safety, current legislation, welfare conditions and impact on the environment and ecosystem. Edible insects and their products are nutritionally valuable and healthy foods (high content of protein, essential fatty acids, fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals) that have a number of beneficial properties for the human organism compared to conventional meat types. Insects do not differ from conventional meat types in terms of microbiological safety and spoilage. Potential consumer health hazards associated with the consumption of edible insects and their products include allergic reactions, pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp., Bacilus cereus, Vibrio spp. and Streptococcus spp.), viruses, parasites (Dicrocelium dendriticum, Entamoeba hystolitica, Giardia lamblia and Toxoplasma spp.), pesticide residues and toxic elements (cadmium, mercury, arsenic and lead). Compared to conventional rearing of farm animals, insect farming has a significantly lower impact on the environment (lower emission of greenhouse gases and ammonia, drastically smaller areas of land for rearing, smaller amounts of water, and easier, cheaper and simpler nutrition). However, there is no adequate legislation regarding insect welfare and safety and quality of edible insects and their products. Based on the available scientific literature, it can be concluded that edible insects have a great potential as a sustainable source of animal proteins.

Primary sebaceous and lipid-rich carcinomas are extremely rare. Sebaceous carcinoma cells are large and oval with light, partially vacuolated cytoplasm. The second population consists of cells located mainly on the peripheral parts of tumour beaches. Those cells are of smaller calibre and are fusiform in appearance. Lipid- rich carcinoma is made up of multiple cell populations. The predominant cell type is with a distinctly light, vacuolated, and partially optically clear cytoplasm. Pathohistological analysis may be overlapping. On one side there is a tumour with a relatively excellent prognosis, and on the other, a highly aggressive carcinoma with a tendency for early metastases.

Savremene tehnologije za tretiranje organskog otpada ubrajaju postupak ko-/digestije kao jedan od osnovnih. Ovaj rad daje pregled izvedenih ispitivanja na međunarodnom nivou, teorijske osnove i ključne parametre procesa ko-/digestije zaključno sa postavljenim i obavljenim eksperimentom. Ko-/digestija je predstavljena kao proces kojim se gotovo jednoznačno tretira kanalizacioni mulj ili životinjski stajnjak kao primarna podloga, i dodatni biorazgradivi materijal koji služi kao ko-supstrat. Zabeležen je širok opseg prinosa biogasa, od 118 ml CH4/g VS do 1040 ml CH4/g VS, za različite odnose inokulum/supstrat i supstrat/ko-supstrat. Navedeni su elementi standardnog protokola i osnovne faze anaerobne digestije. Teorijske postavke su obuhvatile parametre, inhibitorne supstance i predtretmane. Eksperimentalna procedura je sprovedena bazičnom opremom i standardnim metodama. Primarni kanalizacioni mulj i otpad od hrane su ispitivani u 4 različita odnosa (1/0; 3/1; 1/1; 1/3). Primećen je porast proizvodnje sa povećanjem udela ostataka hrane, dok je najstabilniji rad pokazala proporcija 1/1. Kod ko-digestija potvrđeni su sinergijski efekti od 7,1%, 12,8% i 17%, respektivno. Dokazano je da dodatak biorazgradivog otpada pozitivno utiče na prinos biogasa.

Pad cena solarnih panela na svetskom tržištu je doveo do izgradnje velikog broja solarnih elektrana u relativno kratkom vremenskom periodu. Zbog toga se ovaj tip obnovljivih izvora električne energije gradi znatno intenzivnije od drugih tipova elektrana. Instalisane snage solarnih elektrana variraju od onih najmanjih reda nekoliko kW koje se priključuju na distributivnu niskonaponsku mrežu, do onih velikih reda stotinu MW koje se priključuju na prenosni sistem. Ekspanzija izgradnje solarnih elektrana u Evropi i svetu menja dosadašnji profil proizvodnje električne energije i otvara pitanja balansiranja takve proizvodnje, njenog plasmana kao i buduće cene. Upravo je buduća tržišna cena električne energije koja će se proizvoditi u solarnim elektranama pitanje koje najviše interesuje investitore i na koje je najteže dati odgovor. S druge strane, postavlja se pitanje rada elektroenergetskog sistema u uslovima velike i promenljive proizvodnje solarnih elektrana. U radu se sagledava i sumira jedan broj pitanja vezanih za rad elektroenergetskog sistema u jugoistočnoj Evropi u uslovima velike proizvodnje električne energije iz solarnih elektrana.

Atmosferska pražnjenja predstavljaju prirodnu pojavu sa kojom se ljudi suočavaju još od svog nastanka. U pogledu uticaja na elektroenergetsku mrežu i elektronske uređaje predstavljaju negativan efekat zbog velike energije koju pražnjenje sa sobom nosi. Kako je elektroenergetski sistem (EES) sve razgranatiji i rasprostanjeniji, tako je i mogućnost potencijalnih udara u njegove elemente sve veća. Atmosferska pražnjenja se ne mogu sprečiti, ali adekvatnim poznavanjem mehanizma pražnjenja možemo uticati na njihovo kontrolisanje, odnosno pravilnim projektovanjem prihvatnog sistema i izborom zaštitnih uređaja možemo u dobroj meri sprečiti veće štetne posledice. Cilj ovog rada je da ponudi pregled zaštitnih uređaja koji štite od prenapona, odvodnika prenapona u elektroenergetskom sistemu. Sve je veća potreba za automatizacijom pri izboru odvodnika prenapona, te shodno tome raste i broj softverskih alata koji se baziraju na konceptima koji predlažu vodeći svetski proizvođači. U radu je prikazan i koncept zaštite objekata u niskonaponskim mrežama, kao i prateći softverski alat za automatizovan izbor zona zaštite i gromobranske instalacije.

In the course of the last few years, interest in the development of smart cities and progress of smart buildings has increased significantly. This development has been significantly increased due to the development of new technologies, innovative functional materials, electronic components and other products. At the same time, it is imperative to use those products that contribute to the preservation of the environment, and above all to energy saving. Thus, new technologies are becoming increasingly attractive, such as the one based on OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology, which is used in the production of mobile phones, tablet computers, other devices, as well as light sources. Although this technology has been generally known for more than half a century, commercial application of OLED components was not possible due to insufficient efficiency of products based on it. However, the continuous improvement of characteristics and efficiency enabled their more significant application in the past few years. The aim of this work is to provide adequate information about the possibilities of applying some innovative technologies in the planning and development of smart cities. Especially, becoming more familiar with the basic properties and application possibilities of OLED devices can lead to the life quality improvements of city spaces users.

Determination of the Atterberg’s limits is necessary for the classification of fine-grained soil. That limits can be determined according to the valid standard SRPS EN ISO 17892-12. Two methods are prescribed by the standard for determining the liquid limit: the Casagrande cup and the Fall Cone test, and one method for determining the plasticity limit: the thread-rolling method. In this paper the Fall Cone method was also used as an alternative method to determine the plastic limit. Ten samples of various fine-grained materials, originating from the wider area of the city of Niš, were tested. The classification of all samples was performed based on the results obtained by the methods prescribed by the standard and alternative methods. Comparative analysis shows that the results obtained by applying standard and alternative methods are close, but also that the scattering of results obtained by the Fall Cone method is significantly less, whereas the reproducibility is higher.

Background and Aims: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a common procedure conducted under regional anaesthesia, providing real-time cerebral function monitoring. Many different combinations of regional cervical blocks exist, and most offer adequate analgesia in intraoperative and postoperative recovery. This research compares a superficial cervical plexus block (SCB) alone and combined with an ultrasound (US)-guided carotid sheath block (CSB). The primary objective was to explore the length of the sensory block after combining SCB and CSB. Methods: Patients scheduled for nonemergency CEA surgery were randomised into two cohorts. The Subject group (28 participants) received US-guided CSB and SCB. The Control group (31 participants) received only an SCB. Both groups received 0.5% levobupivacaine (2 mg/kg) along with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). The sensory block time and its initiation, analgesia and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were recorded before and after the block. The numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) was used to evaluate analgesia every 2 h for 12 h post block. Analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney U or log-rank test was used to analyse the distinction of selected variables. Results: The demographic characteristics were comparable across the cohorts. The Subject group demonstrated a significantly accelerated onset of sensory block (P = 0.029) and an extended time to first analgesia (P = 0.003). The sensory block was also substantially extended in the Subject group (P = 0.040). Postoperative pain (NPRS ≥1) within the first 12 h was more recurrent in the Control group (P = 0.048). NLR showed minimal disparity between the groups (P = 0.125). Conclusion: Combining SCB and US-guided CSB effectively and safely extends postoperative analgesia for CEA surgery.

This review explores the multifaceted benefits of glycerol usage in dairy cow nutrition, focusing on its impact on metabolic health, milk production, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and broader implications for animal health, welfare, and environmental sustainability. Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, serves as an effective energy source for dairy cows, particularly during periods of negative energy balance, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders such as ketosis. It has been shown to enhance milk production by improving glucose metabolism and supporting lactation. The review also delves into the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which glycerol influences rumen fermentation, energy partitioning, and overall cow health. Furthermore, the broader implications of glycerol supplementation, including its potential to improve animal welfare and reduce the environmental impact of dairy farming, are examined. The integration of glycerol into dairy nutrition represents a promising approach to optimizing cow health, productivity, and sustainability in the dairy industry.

Abstract Evolutionary annotation of genome maintenance (GM) proteins has conventionally been established by remote relationships within protein sequence databases. However, often no significant relationship can be established. Highly sensitive approaches to attain remote homologies based on iterative profile-to-profile methods have been developed. Still, these methods have not been systematically applied in the evolutionary annotation of GM proteins. Here, by applying profile-to-profile models, we systematically survey the repertoire of GM proteins from bacteria to man. We identify multiple GM protein candidates and annotate domains in numerous established GM proteins, among other PARP, OB-fold, Macro, TUDOR, SAP, BRCT, KU, MYB (SANT), and nuclease domains. We experimentally validate OB-fold and MIS18 (Yippee) domains in SPIDR and FAM72 protein families, respectively. Our results indicate that, surprisingly, despite the immense interest and long-term research efforts, the repertoire of genome stability caretakers is still not fully appreciated.

The aim of this review is to provide an assessment of mycotoxin contamination in fish feed. Focusing on major mycotoxins including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone, the paper explores their diverse impacts on fish health, from growth inhibition to immunosuppression. It meticulously examines the sources of mycotoxin contamination in fish feed, addressing raw ingredients, storage conditions, and feed manufacturing processes. The review emphasizes the critical role of adherence to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in preventing mycotoxin risks. Additionally, the paper elucidates mitigation strategies, encompassing the use of mycotoxin-binding feed additives, feed formulation optimization, and technological advancements for early detection. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for aquaculture practitioners, researchers, and policymakers aiming to enhance the safety and sustainability of fish production amidst mycotoxin challenges.

Lean management is a way to satisfy the increasing customer demands while maintaining production efficiency. This paper aims to map and analyze the level of use of lean management methods in the manufacturing industry in the Czech Republic. It searched for links and dependencies between company size, production type, and lean management methods in operational processes. The data were obtained from a nationwide survey within the manufacturing industry companies and were presented using descriptive statistics. A structured questionnaire was sent to 469 manufacturing companies with a return rate of 18.8%. Nonparametric statistical analysis (Fisher’s exact test) was used to confirm or reject the hypotheses. The research results confirmed the dependence of lean management methods on company size and production type. Lean management methods are used mainly by large enterprises, while micro- and small enterprises rarely employ them. Considering production typology, lean management is applied in serial production, and Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) prevails. The most used techniques in mass production include the method of order in the workplace (5S) and Kaizen. The findings suggest that the future of industrial output should focus on sustainability and rationalization of production resources, which is offered by the synergy of lean management and Industry 5.0. AcknowledgmentThis paper is co-financed by IGA/FLKR/2023/002 Rationalization and Sustainability of Resources in Production-Logistics Processes the Czech Republic and RVO/FLKŘ/2024/01 Logistic Systems Safety.

Abstract Background Research into the genetic diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations has become increasingly significant in recent decades, primarily due to population declines attributed to human activities and climate change. As a species of great importance, breeding programs that leverage understanding of genomic diversity could offer solutions to mitigate these challenges. The objective of this study was to examine the genomic diversity and population structure of Carniolan honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) using the Illumina SNP chip on a large honey bee sample collected from Central and South-Eastern European countries. The study also aims to offer recommendations for future breeding programs. Results Our analysis involved Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC), heterozygosity, admixture analysis, fixation indices (FST), Neighbour-Joining tree, gene flow and Isolation-by-distance analysis. DAPC indicated distinct separation between the Carniolan and Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) populations, whereas the admixture analysis revealed varying levels of gene flow and genetic admixture within the Carniolan honey bee populations, demonstrating closer relationships between specific geographic regions (confirmed by Isolation-by-distance analysis). Furthermore, the research of heterozygosity, genomic inbreeding, pairwise FST values, and Neighbour-Joining tree provided insights into the patterns of genetic differentiation and similarity among the populations of Carniolan honey bee within its natural habitat. We have observed genetic homogeneity of the Carniolan honey bee population when considered in a broader genetic/geographical context. However, the Carniolan honey bee has sufficient genetic diversity in its geographical home range that needs to be carefully monitored and maintained. Conclusions This study provides important insights into the genetic composition, differentiation, and relationships among Carniolan honey bee populations in Central and South-Eastern European countries. The findings are crucial for conservation efforts, breeding programs, and sustainable beekeeping practices. They emphasise the importance of considering genetic factors and population structure in the breeding and management of honey bees. By understanding these genetic relationships, we can develop strategies to preserve genetic diversity, improve breeding outcomes, and ensure the resilience of honey bee populations in the face of environmental changes and challenges. This knowledge can also inform policy makers and stakeholders on best practices to maintain healthy bee populations, which are vital for ecosystem services and agricultural productivity.