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Objective: Diabetes is a metabolic disease which is linked to increased physical disabilities and muscle tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continued exercises with crocin on Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in diabetic obese rats. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 56 adult diabetic rats (high-fat diet and venous injection of streptozotocin) were selected and randomly assigned to groups (1), intense interval exercises (2), low intensity exercise (3), intense interval exercise with crocin consumption, (4) Low intensity exercise with crocin consumption, (5) Crocin consumption, (6) sham and (7) control were divided. Intense interval and low intensity exercise groups lasted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with intensity of 80 to 85 and 50 to 55 percent of maximum treadmill running, and crocin consumption groups for 8 weeks per day, mg / kg 25 crocin were taken peritoneal. To analyze the research hypotheses, Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests, independent T- tests and two-way multi-variable analysis of variance were used along with Benferron's comparison method. It should be noted that the significance level in all measurements was considered to be P-value≤ 0.05. Results: Results showed that exercise (P-value: 0.12) and crocin (Pvalue: 0.10) consumption had no significant effect on Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression in diabetic rats. Also interaction of exercise and crocin consumption on Bax/Bcl-2 was not significant (P-value: 0.12). Conclusion: It appears that exercise and crocin consumption have not interaction effect on improvement of Bax / Bcl-2 ratio in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Exercise as a non-pharmacological treatment plays an important role in regulating and reducing the inflammatory cytokine associated with beta cell function. Genetics is one of the most important and effective factors in the incidence of diabetes, in most cases. The present study aims to explain the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on FOXO1 expression in pancreatic tissue, insulin and blood glucose levels in male wistar rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 male wistar rats were divided into diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The two groups were diabetic with nicotine amide and streptozotocin injections and the training group did aerobic exercises for treadmill for 12 weeks. Results: The results of the study showed a significant increase in FOXO1 expression after 12 weeks of aerobic training (P-value: 0.027), which resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration (P-value: 0.0001). Conclusion: The induction of type 2 diabetes leads to a reduction in the expression of FOXO1 gene in the tissues of the pancreas in experimental rats, which is associated with a decrease in serum levels of insulin and an increase in blood glucose levels. On the other hand, 12 weeks of aerobic training of 5 sessions per week leads to a significant increase in the expression of FOXO1 gene, with decreasing glucose and increased serum insulin in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effect of resistance training on muscle mass increase, blood glucose control, hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction, on type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has been approved. While injuries and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) may lead to some difficulties in diabetic patients to continue training exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation (o.1 g / 1kg / each day for 4 weeks) on DOMS, creatine kinase (CK) contraction and the skin temperature of the elbow flexing muscles in the untrained T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: The research was an experimental study. This study was a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Subjects were randomly assigned into 4 groups of diabetic glutamine (N=10), diabetic placebo of Maltodextrin (N=10), healthy glutamine (N=10) and healthy placebo of Maltodextrin (N=10). Variables were measured before, 24, 48 and 72 Hours after exercise. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS-18 software. Results: Glutamine was effective on changes in CK and pain sensation 72 hours after exercise in diabetics. (P-value: 0.0001).In skin temperature was not significant different. Conclusion: Glutamine was not effective in preventing and reducing DOMS, but it may reduce the DOMS period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerobic exercise increases the production of free radicals. Grape seed extract has a high potential in removing the free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concurrent aerobic training and grape seed extract on total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in young men. Methods: In this study, 40 healthy non-athlete male with an average (age 22.60±0.98 in years, weight 76.07±5.11 in kg and body fat 18.06±1.64 in percent) randomly divided into four groups of training- supplement (n=10), training-placebo (n=10), supplement (n=10) and control (n=10). Before and after the intervention, weight, BMI, and body fat percentage, maximum oxygen consumption, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were measured. Results: The mean age, weight, and body fat were 22.60±0.98 years, 76.07±5.11 kg, and 18.06±1.64 percent, respective) The results showed that concurrent aerobic training and grape seed extract significantly increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced malondialdehyde in the training-supplement, training-placebo and supplement groups,and in the control group was significantly increased malondialdehyde. Conclusion: The results showed that 8 weeks aerobic training and consumption of grape seed extract increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced the malondialdehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: MafA is one of the major factors in the family of MafA transcription factors. In pancreatic beta cells, MafA plays an important role in regulating the expression of glucose-dependent Insulin gene. On the other hand, Lipotocyticleads to negative expression of MafA expression when exposed to inflammatory cytokines. These statements in general emphasize the role that MafA plays as a key regulator of genes that are effective in maintaining the function of beta cells and glucose-dependent insulin synthesis. Materials and Methods: Considering the very important role of MafA transcription factor in the protection and function of beta cells and insulin secretion, In order to investigate the effect of exercise activities on expression of this gene, 16 male Wistar rats were divided into diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The two groups were diabetic with receiving nicotinamide and streptozotocin injection and the experimental group was trained for 12 weeks by aerobic exercise on a treadmill. Results: The results of the study showed a significant increase in the expression of the MafA gene after 12 weeks of aerobic training, which resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration and increased beta cell function. Conclusion: Based on the evidence of the mechanisms responsible for the synthesis and secretion of insulin in the pancreatic beta cells, it can be concluded that increased levels of insulin levels in aerobic intervention group rats in the present study it is rooted in increasing the expression of MafA compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the listening to motivational music and lactate and cortisol response to a single circuit resistance exercise (CRE) in male handball players. Sixteen handball players were randomly assigned to two equal groups of eight participants that trained with the intensities of 60% (G60) and 80% (G80) of their 1RM. G60 and G80 performed the exercise with (G60-M and G80-M) and without (G60-nM and G80-nM) music. Serum cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone (GH) and lactate levels were measured before (BE), immediately (IAE) and two hours after the exercise (2AE). In all groups, GH and lactate increased from BE to IAE and decreased from IAE to 2AE (p=0.05). Serum cortisol levels decreased from BE to IAE and BE to 2AE in the group G60-M (p=0.05). Listening to motivational music during CRE had no effect on GH, epinephrine and norepinephrine, yet decreased responses of lactate and cortisol were observed, which might be one of underlying mechanisms of fatigue reduction. More studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms about the hormonal responses to music listening during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this research was to compare some selected physiological variables among Iran's national soccer and beach soccer team players. Methods: Twenty eight members of Iran's national soccer and beach soccer team players with an average age of 26 ± 2.60 and 28.4 ± 4.73 years, respectively were selected. The mean height of soccer and beach soccer players were 180 ± 7.2 and 177.3 ± 5.47 cm, respectively. The corresponding values for weight were 77.35 ± 8.72 and 74.21 ± 5.47 kg, respectively. After height and weight measurements, the participants were informed about the process and method of accomplishing tests by the researchers. Some tests, such as Conconi and Bosco tests, were performed to measure aerobic and anaerobic power and thershold. Independet t-test was used to compare the variables. Findings: There were no significant differences in the aerobic power (aerobic power at anaerobic threshold) of the national soccer and beach soccer team players (P = 0.07). There was a significant difference in anaerobic power of soccer and beach soccer team players (P = 0.005). Conclusion: Based on the present study, there is a difference in the aerobic power of the national soccer and beach soccer players which can be due to the kind of activities, skills structure, conditions of the fields, and training conditions. Considering the relation between anaerobic power and aerobic power, weakening of one is expected to affect the other. Since both of these factors are important for the performance of soccer players, they should be promoted among national team players. Therefore, their exercises should be selected based on the level of capabilities of each participant and the specific needs in matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]