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Abstract Background The nursing profession's uniqueness contributes to the development of knowledge, experience, age, education, economy, and position, as well as a unique gender role. Thus, the development and advancement of demographic characteristics of nurses while in this profession influences their caring behavior. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of work setting and demographic factors on nurses' caring behaviour, as well as the differences in nurses' caring behaviour based on demographic factors between nurses in public hospitals and nurses in public health services in Sabah, Malaysia. Methods This research is a cross-sectional study using the survey method. Data were collected from 3,532 nurses (88.3% response rate) in public hospitals and public health services within Sabah, Malaysia. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA. Results The two-way ANOVA test revealed no significant impact of the work setting on CB, nor was there a notable interaction between the work setting and demographic factors influencing nurses’ CB. However, demographic factors such as gender, age, education, economic status, position, and experience had a significant effect on CB. Conclusion The present research has provided convergent evidence on the effect of demographic factors on nurses caring behavior and the differences in caring behavior based on demographic factors among nurses in public hospitals and public health services in Sabah, Malaysia.

Murabahah financing is the most preferred financing option among customers due to its low risk and its versatility for working capital, consumption, or investment purposes. However, there is a phenomenon observed in BTPN Shariah where the increase in Murabahah financing is not accompanied by a rise in profits. Furthermore, the lack of profit increase is suspected to be due to the low Financing to Debt Ratio (FDR). This research aims to understand how Murabahah financing and FDR influence the profitability of Islamic banks, with Non-Performing Financing (NPF) acting as a moderator. The research sample includes quarterly reports from BTPN Shariah for the period 2015-2022, using purposive sampling techniques. The study utilizes SPSS 25 for analysis, including multiple linear regression,and Moderating Regression Analysis (MRA). The test results indicate that Murabahah financing, when considered individually, has an impact on profitability, whereas the Financing to Debt Ratio does not affect profitability. When both Murabahah financing and FDR are considered together, they collectively influence profitability with a percentage of 71.2% before moderation by NPF. The MRA results suggest that Non-Performing Financing is unable to moderate the impact of the two independent variables, namely Murabahah financing and FDR, on profitability.

Chest wall tuberculosis (TB) is rare and can often masquerade as a tumour. Diagnostic confirmation is made by bacteriological findings of acid-fast bacilli and culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or histopathological findings. This is a 37-year-old immunocompetent lady who presented with a 3-month history of gradually increasing right breast lump with suspicious characteristics during clinical examinations. Ultrasound of the breast showed normal breast tissue with a well-defined hypoechoic lesion within the anterior inferior pectoralis muscle. CT scan of the thorax revealed a right anterior chest wall lesion with multiple lung nodules and consolidations. Thus, there was a high suspicion of chest wall tumour and an initial diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma was made. Biopsy of the lesion showed necrotising granulomatous inflammation but no acid-fast bacilli. A revised diagnosis of chest wall tuberculosis was made. She attended follow-up complaining of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain with signs of right pleural effusion. Her symptoms improved after the initiation of anti-TB treatment. This case demonstrated the challenge in making an early diagnosis of chest wall TB and commencement of anti-TB treatment.

Abstract Eleusine indica, which is used in traditional medicine, exhibits antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines. However, metabolomic studies to evaluate the metabolite changes induced by E. indica in cancer cells are still lacking. The present study investigated the anticancer effects of a root fraction of E. indica (R-S5-C1-H1) on H1299, MCF-7, and SK-HEP-1 cell lines and analyzed metabolic changes in the treated cancer cells using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Cell metabolic activity assays demonstrated that the cell viability of the three cancer cell lines was significantly reduced following treatment with R-S5-C1-H1, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations values of 12.95 µg/mL, 15.99 µg/mL, and 13.69 µg/mL at 72 h, respectively. Microscopy analysis using Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V fluorescent dyes revealed that cells treated with R-S5-C1-H1 underwent apoptotic cell death, while chemometric analysis suggested that apoptosis was triggered 48 h after treatment with R-S5-C1-H1. Deconvoluted cellular metabolomics revealed that hydrophobic metabolites were significantly altered, including triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and ceramide, suggesting that apoptosis induction by R-S5-C1-H1 potentially occurred through modulation of phospholipid synthesis and sphingolipid metabolism. These metabolomic profiling results provide new insights into the anticancer mechanisms of E. indica and facilitate the overall understanding of molecular events following therapeutic interventions.

CSR is a form of sustainability activity that must be a concern for the company because it poses a risk to existence. This study aims to determine the effect of governance, political connections, and executive power on CSR performance. The research uses a quantitative approach with a positivism paradigm. The research population is all issuers of the manufacturing sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017-2021 period. The research sample was 89 companies with 445 observations. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. The results show that corporate governance has a positive effect on CSR performance, whereas executive power has a negative effect on CSR performance. The political connection does not affect CSR performance. This research confirms stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and agency theory. The study results are also useful for investors/creditors in making investment decisions in companies, and top management can adopt CSR strategies that affect sustainability. This study uses a more comprehensive measurement variable.

This paper presents surrogate-model based optimization for synchronous reluctance motor (SynRm) with transversally laminated rotor. A radial basis function (RBF) model with 12 input variables and three outputs is first trained. A dataset is obtained using finite element method to estimate parameters of RBF model. By building RBF model, the RBF network can predicts the outputs of the SynRm with good accuracy Using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II), pareto front is obtained. The SynRm is designed to maximize the maximum developed torque and power factor of the motor with constrained torque ripple.

This current investigation was undertaken both in laboratory and glasshouse for documentation and quantification of phytochemicals from different parts of the parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) plant through LC-MS and HPLC to study their effect on two crops namely, Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), and six different types of weed e.g., Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus iria, Euphorbia hirta, and Cyperus difformis. The parthenium methanolic leaf extracts at 25, 50, 75, and 100 g L−1 were sprayed in the test crops and weeds to assess their physiological and biochemical reactions after 6, 24, 48, and 72 h of spraying these compounds (HAS). The LC-MS analysis confirmed seven types of phytochemicals (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, parthenin, chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and p-anisic acid) in the parthenium leaf extract that were responsible for the inhibition of tested crops and weeds. From the HPLC analysis, higher amounts in leaf methanol extracts (40,752.52 ppm) than those of the stem (2664.09 ppm) and flower extracts (30,454.33 ppm) were recorded. Parthenium leaf extract at 100 g L−1 had observed higher phytotoxicity on all weed species except C. difformis. However, all crops were found safe under this dose of extraction. Although both crops were also affected to some extent, they could recover from the stress after a few days. The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, carotenoid and chlorophyll content were decreased due to the application of parthenium leaf extract. However, when parthenium leaf extract was applied at 100 g L−1 for 72 h, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content were increased in all weeds. Enzymatic antioxidant activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) contents) were also elevated as a result of the sprayed parthenium leaf extract. The negative impact of physiological and biochemical responses as a consequence of the parthenium leaf extract led the weed species to be stressed and finally killed. The current findings show the feasibility of developing bioherbicide from the methanolic extract of parthenium leaf for controlling weeds, which will be cost-effective, sustainable, and environment friendly for crop production during the future changing climate.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Modernisasi sistem administrasi dan pengampunan pajak terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi yang terdaftar di KPP Pratama Madiun. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan tehnik Insidental. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah wajib pajak yang menjadi karyawan di kota Madiun sejumlah 558 wajib pajak yang mengikuti pengampunan pajak. Dengan Rumus solvin sehingga di dapat sampel sejumlah 235. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan: (1) Modernisasi sistem administrasi secara parsial tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi yang terdaftar di KPP Pratama Madiun, (2) Pengampunan pajak secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib Pajak orang pribadi yang terdaftar di KPP Pratma Madiun, (3) Modernisasi sistem administrasi dan pengampunan pajak secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi yang terdaftar di KPP Pratama Madiun.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui terjadinya efisiensi biaya melalui metode lot for lot dalam mengendalikan persediaan pada PT. INKA (Persero) Madiun. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kantor INKA yang beralamat di Jalan Yos Sudarso No. 71, Kota Madiun pada bulan Maret 2017 sampai dengan bulan Juli 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder, dengan sumber data pihak manajer divisi keuangan departemen akuntansi dan divisi logistik departemen perencanaan dan pengendaliaan pengadaan PT. INKA (Persero) Madiun. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi dan untuk menguji keabsahan data dalam penelitian ini, digunakan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian: analisis efisiensi biaya dengan menggunakan metode lot for lot dalam pengendalian persediaan studi kasus (PT. INKA (Persero) Madiun) menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan dalam menerapkan pengendalian persediaan dengan baik, dapat dilihat dari jumlah bahan baku produksi yang terpenuhi atau tidak terjadi kekurangan bahan baku pada kegiatan produksinya. Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan guna meningkatkan pengendalian persediaan yaitu: jenis bahan baku dalam memproduksi Kereta Ekonomi (K3) AC terdiri dari 326.801,75 komponen bahan baku utama, harus dipisahkan sehingga memudahkan perhitungan kebutuhan proyek pada periode berikutnya. Perhitungan metode moving average yang diterapkan PT. INKA (Persero) Madiun saat ini masih mengeluarkan biaya penyimpanan yang besar sehingga terjadi pemborosan biaya pada perusahaan. Perhitungan metode moving average dan metode lot for lot yang telah dianalisis, maka didapat hasil perhitungan menggunakan metode lot for lot lebih efisien karena jumlah pesanan sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang akan diproduksi.

This study aims to examine the determinants of customers interest who use rahn and ijarah services at the branch offices of Syariah Madiun branch covering the principles of syariah, ujrah, and service. Sampling was conducted by Accidental Sampling technique to get sample of 227 respondents. Data collection use questionnaires. The analysis method used in this research is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The result of the research shows that: (1) the application of sharia principle influences the customer interest who use rahn and ijarah service, (2) ujrah does not affect the customers interest who use rahn and ijarah services, (3) the service influences customers interest who use rahn and ijarah services, and (4) The application of sharia principles, ujrah, and services simultaneously affect the customers interest who use serve rahn and ijarah services. Keywords: syariah principle, ujrah, services, customer interest.

Efektivitas kerja guru sangat diperlukan dalam organisasai sekolah karena yang menentukan kualitas sekolah tersebut adalah keberhasilan dari kerja guru. Bila seorang guru dapat bekerja dengan efektif berarti guru tersebut dapat menyelesaikan tugasnya dengan baik dan tepat waktu serta dapat mengatasi masalah-masalah yang dihadapi saat bekerja. Dengan adanya efektivitas kerja guru yang baik maka semua rencana yang telah dibuat sebelumnya akan dapat terlaksana sepenuhnya. Efektivitas kerja ini dapat ditunjang dengan dua hal yaitu komunikasi internal yang berjalan dengan baik dan kepala sekolah sebagai manajer dalam lingkup sekolah mampu memimpin organisasai sekolah tersebut dengan baik pula. Jadi peningkatan efektivitas kerja para guru dapat dipengaruhi oleh komunikasi internal dan kualitas kepemimpinan dari kepala sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan komunikasi internal terhadap efektivitas kerja guru di SMK PGRI Wonoasri. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis hubungan kausal yang merupakan hubungan sebab akibat. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 47 responden yang merupakan guru di SMK PGRI Wonoasri. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara sampling jenuh sehingga semua populasi guru sejumlah 47 orang menjadi sampel penelitian. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket. Analisis data menggunakan regresi linier berganda Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1) ada pengaruh secara parsial kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah terhadap Efektivitas Kerja Guru SMK PGRI Wonoasri, 2) ada pengaruh secara parsial komunikasi internal terhadap Efektivitas Kerja Guru SMK PGRI Wonoasri, 3) Ada Pengaruh secara simultan kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dan komunikasi internal terhadap efektivitas kerja guru SMK PGRI Wonoasri

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji determinan loyalitas nasabah pada bank Syariah di Kota Madiun. Determinan loyalitas nasabah yang diteliti meliputi kinerja pelayanan dan kepuasan nasabah. Jika kinerja pelayanan yang disampaikan bank sesuai harapan nasabah, maka nasabah akan merasa puas. Kepuasan menjadi dasar yang baik bagi nasabah untuk mengulang kembali penggunaan jasa bank terkait. Kepuasan nasabah pada tahap berikutnya akan menciptakan loyalitas pelanggan. Penelitian menggunakan data primer dan instrumen pengambilan data berupa kuesioner. Teknik penghitungan sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin sehingga diperoleh sampel sejumlah 138 orang nasabah. Penelitian memanfaatkan teknik accidental sampling untuk menetapkan sampel. Analisis regresi berganda digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pelayanan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas nasabah Bank Muamalat, Tbk. Cabang Madiun. Kepuasan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas nasabah Bank Muamalat, Tbk. Cabang Madiun. Kinerja pelayanan dan kepuasan secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap loyalitas nasabah Bank Muamalat, Tbk. Cabang Madiun

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 102 karyawan dengan menggunakan teknik proportionate stratified random sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PDAM Tirta Taman Sari Kota Madiun karena budaya organisasi yang baik dapat menciptakan situasi yang dapat mendorong karyawan peningkatan kinerja dan mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Perusahaan dapat menciptakan iklim budaya organisasi yang baik dan positif dengan merumuskan nilai dan aturan yang memiliki arah mencapai tujuan perusahaan dan memberikan pengetahuan terhadap pelanggan. Karyawan diharapkan mampu mengikuti budaya organisasi secara maksimal terutama pada kesepakatan untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai dan aturan yang ada sehingga dapat meningkatkan kinerja.

Accountability is important in Non-profit Organizations (NPOs) since their key revenue resources are donations and contributions from the public and various parties. This implies that NPOs are accountable to various stakeholders. In Malaysia, the growing number of NPOs shows how important NPOs are in contributing to society in terms of social work. By championing the need of the people through their activities, NPOs enjoy public trust since their goal is to help the people, and not for profit motivation. However, many NPOs are generally reluctant to share more comprehensive information and may not recognize the need for accountability by the NPOs. These problems could be solved if the enforcement and monitoring mechanisms are efficiently practiced. Using content analysis of annual reports and the Financial Information Forms/Borang Maklumat Kewangan (BMK) of 219 societies registered with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM), this study examines the relationship between organizational characteristics and accountability in NPOs. The characteristics of organizational characteristics examined are grants and donations. The resource dependency theory is used to explain the organizational characteristics. The results of this study provide evidence that organizational characteristics are not significantly related to the accountability of NPOs. In relation to the insignificant results for organizational characteristics, it may indicate that non-profit managers are not using their disclosure effectively to manage inter-organizational relationships to ensure the continuous flow of financial and other resources to their organizations. Overall, the findings provide useful information that gives more input to the various regulatory authorities and other relevant stakeholders concerning the accountability disclosure of NPOs in Malaysia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rasio Altman Modifikasi terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan property dan real estate yang terdaftar di BEI. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sehingga diperoleh sampel sejumlah 32 perusahaan property dan real estate yang menerbitkan laporan keuangannya selama tahun 2011-2013. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi logistik (logistic regression). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) working capital/total asset tidak berpengaruh terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan; (2) retained earning/total asset tidak berpengaruh terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan; (3) earning before interest and tax/total asset berpengaruh terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan; (4) market value of equity/book value of equity tidak berpengaruh terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan; (5) rasio Altman Modifikasi secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap prediksi kebangkrutan. Rasio Altman Modifikasi terbukti secara bersama-sama dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kebangkrutan.

Preputial calculus is a relative surgical rarity. It usually happens in elderly men with poor hygiene and uncircumcised penis complicated with phimosis. In the paediatric group, it is usually secondary to phimosis and other urologic and/or neurologic anomalies. Surgical treatment is the mainstay of treatment. Herein, we report a 27-year-old gentleman with preputial stone presented with obstructive uropathy and was successfully treated with surgical intervention. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the largest preputial stone in Malaysia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan memaknai praktik akuntansi pada masyarakat seni budaya ketoprak di Pati, dan untuk mengetahui rekonstruksi konsep akuntansi pada masyarakat seni budaya ketoprak yang sarat dengan nilai budaya lokal. Ketoprak (bahasa Jawa: kethoprak) adalah seni pertunjukan rakyat tradisional yang menampilkan sandiwara diselingi dengan lagu-lagu Jawa dan diiringi gamelan (alat musik tradisional Jawa). Seni ketoprak yang ada di Pati kebanyakan adalah ketoprak tanggapan yaitu ketoprak yang dihelat karena adanya permintaan pada suatu hajatan. Penulis mengamati seni ketoprak di Pati sebagai sebuah organisasi dan sarana penghidupan bagi seniman yang tergabung dalam grup seni ketoprak tersebut. Data diperoleh dari informan (anggota dari kelompok budaya seni ketoprak di Pati) melalui pengamatan berpartisipasi, wawancara mendalam dengan para informan dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompensasi ekonomi yang diperoleh hanyalah sebagai sarana untuk melestarikan serta menjamin kelangsungan hidup kelompok seni ketoprak. Hasil rekonstruksi konsep akuntansi pada masyarakat seni budaya ketoprak menunjukkan bahwa akuntansi dipandang sebagai kegiatan pencatatan yang berhubungan dengan angka serta kalkulasi dalam kegiatan ekonomi yang sarat dengan nilai kejujuran serta tanggung jawab

The evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens has prompted extensive research to find alternative therapeutics. Plants rich with natural secondary metabolites are one of the go-to reservoirs for discovery of potential resources to alleviate this problem. Terpenes and their derivatives comprising of hydrocarbons, are usually found in essential oils (EOs). They have been reported to have potent antimicrobial activity, exhibiting bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against tested pathogens. This brief review discusses the activity of terpenes and derivatives against pathogenic bacteria, describing the potential of the activity against AMR followed by the possible mechanism exerted by each terpene class. Finally, ongoing research and possible improvisation to the usage of terpenes and terpenoids in therapeutic practice against AMR are discussed.

Penelitian ini merupakan literature review yang membahas tentang peran perbankan syariah dalam pemberdayaan UMKM di Indonesia. Upaya perbankan syariah dalam mengembangkan perekonomian negara adalah dengan memberikan pembiayaan pada sektor riil melalui usaha mikro kecil dan menengah. Seiring perhatian pemerintah terhadap perkembangan UMKM di Indonesia, perbankan syariah pun turut berpartisipasi dalam pemberdayaan UMKM tersebut. Sistem yang diterapkan oleh perbankan syariah sangat cocok untuk pengembangan UMKM karena perbankan syariah menerapkan sistem bagi hasil dalam memberikan bantuan pembiayaan. Perkembangan UMKM sangat berpengaruh pada perekonomian Indonesia maka dari itu sudah seharusnya UMKM ini diberdayakan dengan memberikan bantuan pembiayaan salah satunya melalui perbankan syariah. Perbankan syariah telah melakukan segala sistem yang telah ditetapkan sesuai dengan UU No. 21 Tahun 2008 tentang perbankan syariah yaitu memberikan pembiayaan berdasarkan akad yang tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip syariah yaitu bagi hasil yang tidak merugikan pihak nasabah sehingga dapat menjalankan usahanya. Bank Indonesia (BI) mencatat penyaluran pembiayaan syariah pada sektor usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) mencapai 70% dari total pembiayaan, atau sebesar Rp58 triliun hingga akhir September 2012. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa bank syariah memiliki peran penting dalam pemberdayaan UMKM.

This research tests the effect of profitability, liquidity, investment opportunity, risk, and firm’s size on dividend policy of go public company in Indonesian over the period 2006-2008. Population of this research is all of public companies that listed at Indonesian Stock Exchange. Sampling method uses purposive sampling method. Hypothesis test uses multiple regression analysis. The results of this research show that: profitability, liquidity, investment opportunity, risk, and firm’s size simultaneously affect on dividend policy; and each of independent variables partially affects on dividend policy.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan persepsi mahasiswa mengenai kompetensi dosen tersertifikasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi IKIP PGRI MADIUN dengan jumlah sampel 80 mahasiswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik proportional random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan instrumen berupa kuesioner, sedangkan analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis varian satu jalan (one way ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan persepsi mahasiswa tahun angkatan 2010, 2011, 2012, dan 2013 mengenai kompetensi dosen tersertifikasi pada Program Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi IKIP PGRI MADIUN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh fasilitas sekolah terhadap hasil belajar akuntansi siswa kelas XI dan XII IPS 1 MAN 1 Madiun dengan lingkungan sosial sebagai pemoderasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di sekolah MAN 1 Madiun dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu sampel jenuh dimana semua populasi penelitian menjadi sampel penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan instrumen kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi moderasi yaitu uji nilai selisih mutlak. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa fasilitas sekolah maupun Lingkungan sosial secara parsial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas XI dan XII IPS 1 MAN 1 Madiun. Hasil uji nilai selisih mutlak menunjukan bahwa variabel lingkungan sosial merupakan vaiabel pemoderasi yang mampu memperkuat pengaruh fasilitas sekolah terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Secara simultan variabel fasilitas sekolah dan lingkungan sosial bepengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dampak dari mekanisme good corporate governance (yang diproksikan oleh kepemilikan institusional, komisaris independen dan kepemilikan managerial) pada kinerja keuangan perusahaan. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan metode sampling judgement. Kriteri dalam menentukan sampel adalah apakah perusahaan perbankan tersebut terdaftar pada bursa efek jakarta dari tahun 2007-2009 dan apakah perusahaan tersebut secara konsisten mempublikasikan laporan keuangan yang sudah diaudit selama masa penelitian. Berdasarkan metode purposive sampling, ada 28 perusahaan yang memenuhi kriteria tersebut . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel komisionaris independen berefek negatif pada kinerja keuangan perusahaan. Hasil penelitian ini meneunjukkan bukti empiris bahwa proporsi komisionaris independent perusahaan hanyalah suatu formalitas yang digunakan untuk memenuhi aturan. Sehingga fungsi kontrol yang seharusnya menjadi tanggung jawab komisionaris menjadi tidak efektif. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kinerja perusahaan menurun.This study aims to determine the effect of good corporate governance mechanisms (which is proxied by institutional ownership, independent commissioners, and managerial ownership) of the company’s financial performance. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling with the judgment sampling method. Whether the banking companies are listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange during the period of 2007 - 2009 and whether the companies consistently publishes their audited financial statements during the study period are the criteria in determining the samples too. Based on the purposive sampling method, there are 28 companies that meet the above criteria. The results of study indicate that only partially independent commissioner variables negatively affect the company’s financial performance (ROI). The results are perform that the proportion of the company’s independent commissioner is merely a formality. It is used to meet the regulation only so that supervisory functions that should be the responsibility of commissioners is ineffective. Then, as a result the company’s performance will decline

To investigate how the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids influences brain-specific processes, we leveraged the AdipoR2 (adiponectin receptor 2) knockout mouse model in which the brain is enlarged, and cellular membranes are excessively rich in saturated fatty acids. Lipidomics analysis of brains at 2, 7, and 18 months of age showed that phosphatidylcholines, which make up about two-thirds of all cerebrum membrane lipids, contain a gross excess of saturated fatty acids in AdipoR2 knockout mice, and that this is mostly attributed to an excess palmitic acid (C16:0) at the expense of oleic acid (C18:1), consistent with a defect in fatty acid desaturation and elongation in the mutant. Specifically, there was a ~12% increase in the overall saturated fatty acid content within phosphatidylcholines and a ~30% increase in phosphatidylcholines containing two palmitic acids. Phosphatidylethanolamines, sphingomyelins, ceramides, lactosylceramides, and dihydroceramides also showed an excess of saturated fatty acids in the AdipoR2 knockout mice while nervonic acid (C24:1) was enriched at the expense of shorter saturated fatty acids in glyceroceramides. Similar defects were found in the cerebellum and myelin sheaths. Histology showed that cell density is lower in the cerebrum of AdipoR2 knockout mice, but electron microscopy did not detect reproducible defects in the ultrastructure of cerebrum neurons, though proteomics analysis showed an enrichment of electron transport chain proteins in the cerebellum. Behavioral tests showed that older (33 weeks old) AdipoR2 knockout mice are hyperactive and anxious compared to control mice of a similar age. Also, in contrast to control mice, the AdipoR2 knockout mice do not gain weight in old age but do have normal lifespans. We conclude that an excess fatty acid saturation in brain phospholipids is accompanied by hyperactivity but seems otherwise well tolerated., (© 2024 The Author(s). The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Many diseases are linked to dysregulation of the striatum. Striatal function depends on neuronal compartmentation into striosomes and matrix. Striatal projection neurons are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), subtyped by selective expression of receptors, neuropeptides, and other gene families. Neurogenesis of the striosome and matrix occurs in separate waves, but the factors regulating compartmentation and neuronal differentiation are largely unidentified. We performed RNA- and ATAC-seq on sorted striosome and matrix cells at postnatal day 3, using the Nr4a1 -EGFP striosome reporter mouse. Focusing on the striosome, we validated the localization and/or role of Irx1 , Foxf2 , Olig2 , and Stat1/2 in the developing striosome and the in vivo enhancer function of a striosome-specific open chromatin region 4.4 Kb downstream of Olig2 . These data provide novel tools to dissect and manipulate the networks regulating MSN compartmentation and differentiation, including in human iPSC-derived striatal neurons for disease modeling and drug discovery., Competing Interests: MC, SS, KT, CC, JM, CG, HB, JB, PA, JF, JC, AR, AN, PC, PR, SM, LE, ME No competing interests declared, (© 2021, Cirnaru et al.)

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (tetramine or TETS), a potent convulsant, triggers abnormal electrical spike activity (ESA) and synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO) patterns in cultured neuronal networks by blocking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors. Murine hippocampal neuronal/glial cocultures develop extensive dendritic connectivity between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs and display two distinct SCO patterns when imaged with the Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4: Low amplitude SCO events (LASE) and High amplitude SCO events (HASE) that are dependent on TTX-sensitive network electrical spike activity (ESA). Acute TETS (3.0 µM) increased overall network SCO amplitude and decreased SCO frequency by stabilizing HASE and suppressing LASE while increasing ESA. In multielectrode arrays, TETS also increased burst frequency and synchronicity. In the presence of TETS (3.0 µM), the clinically used anticonvulsive perampanel (0.1-3.0 µM), a noncompetitive AMPAR antagonist, suppressed all SCO activity, whereas the GABAA receptor potentiator midazolam (1.0-30 µM), the current standard of care, reciprocally suppressed HASE and stabilized LASE. The neuroactive steroid (NAS) allopregnanolone (0.1-3.0 µM) normalized TETS-triggered patterns by selectively suppressing HASE and increasing LASE, a pharmacological pattern distinct from its epimeric form eltanolone, ganaxolone, alphaxolone, and XJ-42, which significantly potentiated TETS-triggered HASE in a biphasic manner. Cortisol failed to mitigate TETS-triggered patterns and at >1 µM augmented them. Combinations of allopregnanolone and midazolam were significantly more effective at normalizing TETS-triggered SCO patterns, ESA patterns, and more potently enhanced GABA-activated Cl- current, than either drug alone., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Molecular mechanisms governing the development of the human cochlea remain largely unknown. Through genome sequencing, we identified a homozygous FOXF2 variant c.325A>T (p.I109F) in a child with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with incomplete partition type I anomaly of the cochlea. This variant is not found in public databases or in over 1000 ethnicity-matched control individuals. I109 is a highly conserved residue in the forkhead box (Fox) domain of FOXF2, a member of the Fox protein family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in embryogenic development as well as adult life. Our in vitro studies show that the half-life of mutant FOXF2 is reduced compared to that of wild type. Foxf2 is expressed in the cochlea of developing and adult mice. The mouse knockout of Foxf2 shows shortened and malformed cochleae, in addition to altered shape of hair cells with innervation and planar cell polarity defects. Expressions of Eya1 and Pax3, genes essential for cochlear development, are reduced in the cochleae of Foxf2 knockout mice. We conclude that FOXF2 plays a major role in cochlear development and its dysfunction leads to SNHL and developmental anomalies of the cochlea in humans and mice., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Fluorometric imaging plate reader membrane potential dye (FMP-Red-Dye) is a proprietary tool for basic discovery and high-throughput drug screening for G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. We optimized and validated this potentiometric probe to assay functional modulators of heterologous expressed GABA A receptor (GABA A R) isoforms (synaptic α 1 β 3 γ 2, extrasynaptic α 4 β 3 δ , and β 3 homopentomers). High-resolution mass spectrometry identified FMP-Red-Dye as 5,5'-(1-propen-1-yl-3-ylidene)bis[1,3-dimethyl-2-thio-barbituric acid]. GABA A R-expressing cells equilibrated with FMP-Red-Dye exhibited depolarized equilibrium membrane potentials compared with GABA A R-null cells. The channel blockers picrotoxin, fipronil, and tetramethylenedisulfotetramine, and the competitive antagonist bicuculline reduced fluorescence near the levels in GABA A R-null cells indicating that FMR-Red-Dye, a barbiturate derivative, activates GABA A R-mediated outward Cl - current in the absence of GABA. GABA caused concentration-dependent increases in fluorescence with rank order of potencies among GABA A R isoforms consistent with results from voltage-clamp experiments (EC 50 values for α 4 β 3 δ , α 1 β 3 γ 2, and β 3 homopentamers were 6 ± 1, 40 ± 11, and >18 mM, respectively), whereas GABA A R-null cells were unresponsive. Neuroactive steroids (NAS) increased fluorescence of GABA A R expressing cells in the absence of GABA and demonstrated positive allosteric modulation in the presence of GABA, whereas benzodiazepines only exhibited positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity. Of 20 NAS tested, allopregnanolone, (3 α ,5 α ,20E)-3-hydroxy-13,24-cyclo-18-norcholan-20-ene-21-carbonitrile, eltanolone, 5 β -pregnan-3 α ,21-diol-20-one, and ganaxolone showed the highest potency. The FMP-Red-Dye-based assay described here provides a sensitive and quantitative method of assessing the activity of GABA A R agonists, antagonists, and PAMs on diverse GABA A R isoforms. The assay has a wide range of applications, including screening for antiseizure agents and identifying channel blockers of interest to insecticide discovery or biosecurity., (Copyright © 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.)

The secondary palate separates the oral from the nasal cavity and its closure during embryonic development is sensitive to genetic perturbations. Mice with deleted Foxf2, encoding a forkhead transcription factor, are born with cleft palate, and an abnormal tongue morphology has been proposed as the underlying cause. Here, we show that Foxf2(-/-) maxillary explants cultured in vitro, in the absence of tongue and mandible, failed to close the secondary palate. Proliferation and collagen content were decreased in Foxf2(-/-) palatal shelf mesenchyme. Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was reduced in mutant palatal shelf, diagnostic of attenuated canonical Tgfβ signaling, whereas phosphorylation of p38 was increased. The amount of Tgfβ2 protein was diminished, whereas the Tgfb2 mRNA level was unaltered. Expression of several genes encoding extracellular proteins important for Tgfβ signaling were reduced in Foxf2(-)(/)(-) palatal shelves: a fibronectin splice-isoform essential for formation of extracellular Tgfβ latency complexes; Tgfbr3 - or betaglycan - which acts as a co-receptor and an extracellular reservoir of Tgfβ; and integrins αV and β1, which are both Tgfβ targets and required for activation of latent Tgfβ. Decreased proliferation and reduced extracellular matrix content are consistent with diminished Tgfβ signaling. We therefore propose that gene expression changes in palatal shelf mesenchyme that lead to reduced Tgfβ signaling contribute to cleft palate in Foxf2(-)(/)(-) mice., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pericytes are critical for cerebrovascular maturation and development of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but their role in maintenance of the adult BBB, and how CNS pericytes differ from those of other tissues, is less well understood. We show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxf2 is specifically expressed in pericytes of the brain and that Foxf2(-/-) embryos develop intracranial hemorrhage, perivascular edema, thinning of the vascular basal lamina, an increase of luminal endothelial caveolae, and a leaky BBB. Foxf2(-/-) brain pericytes were more numerous, proliferated faster, and expressed significantly less Pdgfrβ. Tgfβ-Smad2/3 signaling was attenuated, whereas phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and p38 were enhanced. Tgfβ pathway components, including Tgfβ2, Tgfβr2, Alk5, and integrins αVβ8, were reduced. Foxf2 inactivation in adults resulted in BBB breakdown, endothelial thickening, and increased trans-endothelial vesicular transport. On the basis of these results, FOXF2 emerges as an interesting candidate locus for stroke susceptibility in humans., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLr) is highly upregulated during hypoxia in mouse cardiomyocytes and in human and mouse ischemic hearts causing a detrimental lipid accumulation. To know how the gene is regulated is important for future studies. In this study, we have thoroughly mapped the 5'-flanking region of the mouse VLDLr promoter and show that the hypoxia-mediated increase in VLDLr expression is dependent on Hif-1α binding to a hypoxia responsive element (HRE) located at -162 to -158bp 5'of translation start. We show that classical HRE sites and the previously described PPARγ and Sp1 binding are not involved in the hypoxia-induced regulation of the VLDLr promoter. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we show that Hif-1α specifically binds and activates the mouse VLDLr promoter at the previously described non-classical HRE in HL-1 cells. We also show that the same HRE is present and active in response to hypoxia in human cardiomyocytes, however at a different location (-812bp from translation start). These results conclude that in the hypoxic hearts of mice and men, the VLDLr gene is regulated by a direct binding of Hif-1α to the VLDLr promoter., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Current protocols for separating adult intestinal epithelial cells from the underlying muscular and mesenchymal tissues typically involve extended incubations, harsh mechanical treatment, and exposure to either proteases or chelating agents. The drawbacks of these approaches include fragmentation, contamination with other cell types, reduced viability, and under-representation of crypt cells. Here we describe a gentle procedure that allows harvesting of pure, fully viable sheets of murine intestinal epithelium, with intact crypts and villi, without enzymes or EDTA. The mesenchyme retains intact villus core projections, is virtually free from epithelial cells, and can be cultured in vitro.

Background & Aims: The stem cell niche at the base of the intestinal crypts, as well as stemness and high clonogenicity in colon cancer cells, depend on Wnt signaling to β-catenin. Fibroblasts modulate the Wnt pathway in normal and neoplastic epithelial cells via unclear mechanisms. We investigated how in intestinal fibroblasts the forkhead transcription factor Foxf2 controls Wnt signaling to affect numbers of stem cells and formation and growth of adenomas in mice., Methods: We created mice with different copy numbers of Foxf2 by generating Foxf2(-/+) mice and a transgenic strain, Tg(FOXF2). Adenoma formation was investigated in Apc(Min/+) mice, stem cells were counted in mice with the Lgr5-enhanced green fluorescent protein knock-in allele, proliferation was measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine, Foxf2 and Sfrp1 were localized by immunohistochemistry, and signaling pathways were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot assays., Results: Epithelial β-catenin was stabilized in Foxf2(-/+) mice, resulting in increased number and size of adenomas. Tg(FOXF2) mice, however, were partially resistant to intestinal neoplasia and developed fewer and smaller adenomas; Foxf2(-/+) mice developed 24-fold more tumors than Tg(FOXF2) mice. Epithelial cells of Foxf2(-/+) mice also had higher numbers of Lgr5(+) stem cells and greater amounts of crypt cell proliferation and expression of Myc (a target of Wnt signaling) than Tg(FOXF2) mice. Expression of Sfrp1, which encodes an extracellular inhibitor of Wnt, in fibroblasts increased with copy number of Foxf2., Conclusions: Foxf2 is a fibroblast factor that inhibits paracrine Wnt signaling and restricts the crypt stem cell niche in intestines of mice. Loss of Foxf2 promotes adenoma formation and growth., (Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) is a congenital malformation that leads to severe pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure. It has been associated with deletion of, or mutation in, FOXF1 on 16q24.1, a gene encoding a forkhead transcription factor expressed in the mesenchyme of the developing lung. Here we report on the identification of a pericentric inversion on chromosome 16 (p11.2q24.1) in a case of lethal ACDMPV with atrioventricular septal defect and duodenal atresia. Array-CGH indicated that the inversion is balanced, and FISH showed that the q-arm breakpoint occurs 134 ± 10 kb upstream (5'; centromeric) of FOXF1. This is suggestive of cis-regulatory elements located more than 130 kb 5' of FOXF1, and analysis of genome-wide data sets of chromatin modifications in two different cell types suggested that the FOXF1 regulatory domain covers more than 300 kb, and perhaps up to 433 kb, upstream of the gene, but only 3 kb downstream. The 588 kb gene-free region between FOXF1 and the next gene in the centromeric direction, IRF8, is highly conserved between species and divided into two distinct regulatory domains by an insulator element. Another putative insulator occurs just downstream of FOXF1. Our results further strengthen the association between FOXF1 and a spectrum of malformations that include ACDMPV, atrioventricular septal defects, and gastrointestinal atresia. Furthermore, the presented analysis aids in defining the critical genomic region for this syndrome., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The stability, crystallization, and melting behavior of canola stearin (CaSt) solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions (SLN) and canola oil-in-water emulsions (COE) with 10 wt % Poloxamer 188 (P188) or Tween 20 (T20) with and without 0.1 wt % β-carotene (BC) were investigated. Particles or droplets with diameters in the range of 115 nm were formed and stable for up to 90 days at 4 or 20 °C. Polymorphism was affected by surfactant type; that is, only β versus both β' and β were observed for the P188 and T20 SLN, respectively. According to Cryo-TEM, the emulsions and SLN were spherical versus platelet-like structures, respectively, with differences observed between SLN with P188 or T20. More surfactant was interfacially adsorbed in the SLN versus COE. Incorporation of BC at 0.1 wt % had no impact on SLN or COE size, polymorphism, or melting behavior. Less BC degradation was observed for the SLN versus COE and during storage at 4 versus 20 °C (p < 0.05).

The influence of interfacial structure and lipid physical state on colloidal stability and digestibility of solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions (SLN) and canola oil-in-water emulsions (COE) stabilized with the non-ionic surfactants Poloxamer 188 (P188) and Tween 20 (T20) were examined and the release of encapsulated β-carotene (BC) under simulated gastrointestinal conditions determined. While the SLN and COE were all stable during exposure to gastric conditions (mean diameter ∼115 nm), more destabilization was observed for the COE than SLN during the duodenal phase. ζ-Potential measurements indicated rapid adsorption of bile salts (BS) and phospholipids (PL) to both solid and liquid interfaces, with greater surfactant displacement observed for the COE. Compared to the SLN, significantly more lipolysis and BC transfer to the aqueous phase was observed for both the COE-P188 and COE-T20 (p < 0.05). The properties of the colloidal structures present in the aqueous phase, which are important in terms of the uptake of lipolytic products and lipophilic bioactives, depended on non-ionic surfactant type, the extent of lipid digestion, as well as the presence of BS and PL.

Scope: Solubilization of lipophilic bioactives in gastrointestinal fluids contributes to their bioavailability, but a better understanding of the transfer processes involved and the impact of molecular structure is required., Methods and Results: The transfer of β-carotene (BC), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamin D3 (VitD3), and phytosterols (PSs) from soy protein isolate-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions to the aqueous phase during in vitro digestion was investigated. In the absence of lipolysis, transfer was mainly governed by molecular structure and partitioning within the oil droplets. Less than 3% BC and CoQ10, versus 30.4 ± 0.3% PSs and 24.7 ± 0.4% VitD3, were transferred in this case. However, with lipolysis, PSs and VitD3 rapidly partitioned into the aqueous phase, while lag phases and slower transfer rates were observed for BC and CoQ10. Positive and linear correlations between lipolysis and transfer were observed for all systems. After 2 h exposure to simulated duodenal conditions, there were no differences between percent micellization, except for BC which was proportionally lower. VitD3 and PSs mutually enhanced each other's transfer, while no interactions were observed between VitD3 and BC., Conclusion: Bioactive molecular structure and co-administration influenced the transfer behaviour, with implications for foods designed to optimize health benefits., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Agricultural waste, such as sago waste (SW), is one of the sources of pollution to streams and rivers in Sarawak, particularly those situated near sago processing plants. In addition, unbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers can cause soil and water pollution. Humic substances can be used as organic fertilizers, which reduce pollution. The objectives of this study were to produce K- and ammonium-based organic fertilizer from composted SW and to determine the efficiency of the organic-based fertilizer produced. Humic substances were isolated using standard procedures. Liquid fertilizers were formulated except for T2 (NPK fertilizer), which was in solid form. There were six treatments with three replications. Organic fertilizers were applied to soil in pots on the 10th day after sowing (DAS), but on the 28th DAS, only plants of T2 were fertilized. The plant samples were harvested on the 57th DAS during the tassel stage. The dry matter of plant parts (leaves, stems, and roots) were determined and analyzed for N, P, and K using standard procedures. Soil of every treatment was also analyzed for exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and Na, organic matter, organic carbon, available P, pH, total N, P, nitrate and ammonium contents using standard procedures. Treatments with humin (T5 and T6) showed remarkable results on dry matter production; N, P, and K contents; their uptake; as well as their use efficiency by maize. The inclusion of humin might have loosened the soil and increased the soil porosity, hence the better growth of the plants. Humin plus inorganic fertilizer provided additional nutrients for the plants. The addition of inorganic fertilizer into compost is a combination of quick and slow release sources, which supplies N throughout the crop growth period. Common fertilization by surface application of T2 without any additives (acidic and high CEC materials) causes N and K to be easily lost. High Ca in the soil may have reacted with phosphate from fertilizer to form Ca phosphate, an insoluble compound of phosphate that is generally not available to plants, especially roots. Mixing soil with humin produced from composted SW before application of fertilizers (T5 and T6) significantly increased maize dry matter production and nutrient use efficiency. Additionally, this practice does not only improve N, P, and K use efficiency, but it also helps to reduce the use of N-, P-, and K-based fertilizers by 50%.

An in vitro digestion model mimicking the gastric phase of the human gastrointestinal tract coupled with SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy was employed to study the hydrolysis profiles of whey proteins in solution and adsorbed at the oil-water interface. The objective of this work was to understand the differences in hydrolysis behaviour of whey protein isolates once adsorbed at the interface, and comparisons were carried out with pure beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin fractions. In solution, while beta-lactoglobulin appeared to be resistant to enzymatic treatment, alpha-lactalbumin was fully degraded. Adsorption of both proteins at the oil-water interface affected their conformational structure and susceptibility to peptic hydrolysis. Adsorbed beta-lactoglobulin was hydrolyzed into small polypeptides and in contrast, the resistance of alpha-lactalbumin to pepsin increased upon adsorption at the interface. In addition, changes in the particle size distribution of the droplets during pepsin hydrolysis mainly depended on the original protein concentration. The results suggested that exchanges occur at the interface between adsorbed and non-adsorbed protein, that is to say that either some protein desorb from the interface and does not fully recover its structure in solution, or that hydrolysis of the protein at the interface induces further adsorption and hydrolysis of the protein in solution. These mechanisms have important implications in the digestibility of the proteins., (2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)