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Floods are common and inevitable natural disasters. Achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.5 is a critical challenge for coastal cities, especially those in deltaic lowlands such as in the case of Guangzhou, China. Regarding the spatial planning and design of such urban regions, it is crucial to study the impacts of flooding in compact or decentralized spatial development pathways. This reinforces the understanding of the relationship between strategic decisions for spatial planning and flood mitigation. However, the lack of a computer model to assess spatial evolution paths is a significant limitation. The non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) explores the possibility of a compact built-up land layout in 2030. The results showed that, concerning the 2030 decentralized scenario, the 2030 compact scenario presents a large increase in the integrated fitness function value from 0.618 to 0.771 (the increase is equivalent to 0.153 or about 24.75%). In addition, different development scenarios were constructed by setting different target weights. Compared to the decentralized scenario results, the fitness function values of the optimization results of each scenario showed better results at different levels. They could also serve as a reference for other similar coastal areas to achieve SDG 11.5 by 2030., Landscape Architecture

Although there have been numerous studies on the heritage attributes, characteristics, and values of the historic garden as a special category of cultural heritage, the question is why a comprehensive review combining mainstream historic garden conservation with ways of understanding the garden in a landscape context has not been conducted. Landscape is an integrative concept that combines physical features and the diversity of functions with social and ecological processes throughout the scales of time and space. Therefore, this landscape context means applying the landscape approach to explore the organic connection between the scale of evolution and the architectonic elements in relation to each other. To elaborate, instead of viewing the garden as an object in one specific temporal-spatial frame, such an approach focuses on the evolution of the site in order to identify persistent structures and other values. The method used in this study involved paper coding as qualitative analysis combined with bibliometric visualization software. We reviewed 162 studies to explore the interconnections between the historic garden and landscape approach. The result is that there are three correspondences between landscape approaches and different stages of the historic garden’s conservation and development: studies identifying the historic garden’s characteristics using landscape mapping, studies demonstrating historic gardens’ conservation based on landscape planning, and studies exploring the potential of development and reuse through landscape design. Finally, we discuss the research gaps and outline an action framework for the conservation and development of heritage gardens in a landscape context., Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

Historic gardens, regarded as a significant genre of cultural heritage, encapsulate the enduring essence of bygone eras while concurrently transcending temporal boundaries to resonate with the present and future. These gardens provide us vitality and inspiration, holding a collective repository of human memory and serving as a testament to our shared heritage. However, like landscapes, gardens constantly change through natural processes and human interventions. How can we preserve these gardens, though changes are unavoidable? Spatial and visual characteristics are the gardens' essential characteristics, and point-cloud (LiDAR) technologies are powerful tools to reveal and analyze gardens’ spatial-visual relationships and characteristics. Therefore, this paper aims to present a point-cloud-based approach to identifying spatial-visual design principles and making them operational to protect and develop historic gardens. Additionally, several methods have been proposed in this research, including (a) a voxel-based method to transfer points into a solid model for GIS-based computation, (b) a novel method to analyze the field of view (FOV), and (c) a systemic framework to reveal historic gardens’ spatial-visual characteristics based on the voxelized model. Jichang Garden, a historic garden in Wuxi, China, known for its visual design and spatial arrangement, has been selected as a case study to showcase how to apply the methods proposed by this paper. The findings include the design principles for the water body, the arrangement for a route, and the planting strategies of the garden. The conservational strategies have been formed based on the findings, and the appliable potentials and limitations of the methods have also been discussed., Landscape Architecture, Urban Data Science

In the inevitable high-density urbanization process, existing urban green space (UGS) design approaches are ineffective in creating more green areas and combining multidisciplinary design principles to provide balanced sets of ecosystem services (ESs). This paper proposes a systematic framework for UGS design in the context of high-density urban development, results in spatial patterns, a pattern language, that combines specific design principles with a wide range of complementary ESs suitable for high-density environments. Such design approach can create more possibilities for UGS provisioning, deal with the complexity in high-density contexts, and provides consistency at different scale for UGS designs., Urban Design, Landscape Architecture

De bedrijventerreinen in Nederland zijn een belangrijke drijfveer achter onze welvaart en ze vormen de werkomgeving van velen. Momenteel staan deze terreinen vol met ‘grote dozen’ en is er een gebrek aan groen. Hierdoor wordt het er warm, is er sprake van wateroverlast en is de openbare ruimte niet ingericht op verblijf en recreatie. Dit maakt de terreinen onaangenaam voor werknemers, bezoekers en omwonenden. Met het nationale Werklandschappen van de Toekomst programma wordt beoogd om de duizenden bedrijventerreinen in Nederland te transformeren in klimaatadaptieve, gezonde, natuur-inclusieve en multifunctionele bedrijventerreinen. Dit is een belangrijke conditie voor de innovatie van de terreinen en daar gevestigde bedrijven. Het transformeren van bedrijventerreinen is een complexe opgave. Een dergelijke transformatie kan leiden tot een verscheidenheid aan ruimtelijke, ecologische, sociale en economische voordelen zoals een aangenamer microklimaat, ruimte voor multifunctionaliteit, bevordering van de biodiversiteit en van de gezondheid van de werknemers. Door kwalitatieve omgevingen te bouwen versterken we de economie. Om te komen tot deze nieuwe generatie bedrijventerreinen zoeken we naar integrale ruimtelijke oplossingen en handelingsperspectieven. Dit vraagt om landschapsbewuste gebiedsontwikkeling en waar mogelijk met versterking van de economische en innovatieve waarde van bestaande bedrijventerreinen. De terreinen zullen dus hun economische karakter behouden, maar hun kille uitstraling inruilen voor een aantrekkelijk perspectief. Hoe ontwerpen we voor een dergelijke integrale gebiedsontwikkeling? Deze bijdrage pleit voor een co-creatieve aanpak waarbij generieke ruimtelijke patronen worden ontworpen die toepasbaar zijn op de duizenden bedrijventerreinen in Nederland., Landscape Architecture

Numerous studies show the benefits of wilderness to humans and the environment. Therefore, preserving and developing wilderness areas within urban settings are crucial to combat and mitigate challenges like biodiversity decline resulting from urbanization. According to previous studies, human-wilderness interactions can be contradictory, e.g., relaxing while feeling anxious and insecure. How individuals perceive and comprehend intentional urban wilderness, what dimensions contribute to their perceptions, and how these dimensions influence the visitors’ perceptions remain to be investigated. Selecting Jiangyangfan Ecological Park (Hangzhou, China) as a survey case, this research investigates if and how people perceive intentionally incorporated and designed urban wilderness and how various dimensions of attributes shape their perceptions. This study identified three dimensions that may contribute to visitors’ perceptions of the urban wilderness; namely, cognitive landscape attributes, perceived environmental attributes, and their visitation experience. A mixed-method approach was employed using a questionnaire, mental maps, and environmental behaviour observation as diverse data sources to assess visitors’ urban wilderness perceptions and comprehension from the three dimensions. Results indicate a high propensity to visit the park as an urban wilderness. Our findings also revealed that visitors’ perceptual environmental attributes, e.g., the existence of vegetation and waterbodies and encounters with wild animals, as well as their visit experiences, e.g., their satisfaction with the visit and their motivation for experiencing nature, significantly influence their perceptions. In contrast, prior knowledge and experience-based cognition of urban wilderness attributes showed no significant influence on their perceptions. Moreover, attributes like plant diversity, water visibility, and plant density emerged as critical factors shaping visitors’ perceptions. These finding, Landscape Architecture, Urban Studies

Duurzame verstedelijking, klimaatadaptatie en biodiversiteitsontwikkeling vragen om een ontwerpaanpak die het landschap als uitgangspunt neemt. In een dergelijke aanpak staat het ontwerpen met natuurlijke en sociaalculturele processen centraal. Naast natuur zijn mensen een belangrijk element van een landschappelijke aanpak. Het landschap verbindt mensen, thema’s en schaalniveaus met de natuurlijke context. Het is de drager van de stad en biedt structuur, ecologische samenhang en variatie, maar is ook flexibel en multifunctioneel. L'urbanisation durable, l'adaptation au climat et le développement de la biodiversité nécessitent une approche de conception qui prend le paysage comme point de départ. Dans une telle approche, la conception intégrant des processus naturels et socioculturels est centrale. Outre la nature, l'être humain est un élément important de l'approche paysagère. Le paysage relie les personnes, les thèmes et les niveaux d'échelle au contexte naturel. Il soutient la ville et assure structure, cohérence et variations écologiques, mais il est également flexible et multifonctionnel., In samenwerking met: Belgische Federatie Groenvoorzieners, De Bloeimeesters en Embuild Vlaanderen, Landscape Architecture

Flood resilience has aroused significant interest in coastal areas dealing with a growing frequency of severe rainstorms caused by climate change and urbanisation. At the core of flood resilience is the development of a resilient green-grey-blue infrastructure system that can resist, absorb, and recover from floods in a timely manner. Current flood resilience research, however, is limited to evaluating single infrastructure systems, failing to examine the dynamic process or find ideal spatial infrastructure designs for decision-makers. This research proposes a scenario-based assessment framework for integrated green-grey-blue infrastructure systems to improve flood resilience during urban design decision-making. Rainfall-runoff, drainage networks, and river system models are interlinked to provide quantitative simulation evaluations of water quantity and urban impact in various spatial organisations of infrastructure design. A dynamic, multi-criteria decision-making process is used to reveal the importance of five temporal indicators and rank design alternatives. In Guangzhou, China, the efficiency of this architecture is demonstrated on Pazhou Island, a typical river network area. Given the limited water and green space available, the results demonstrate that submerged areas exert a greater influence during peak rainfall, and blue infrastructure storage becomes an essential factor following rainfall. Furthermore, from a spatial perspective, the looped network of green-blue infrastructure enhances flood resilience, and downstream waterway connections and green space-aligned waterways boost the water storage capacity of green-grey-blue infrastructure. This paradigm can improve flood resilience in the Greater Bay Area in the future, especially in response to heavy rainstorms and river floods., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care. Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

In the heart of the Pearl River Delta, the city of Guangzhou is fast-growing and prone to flooding. In history, people constructed canals based on natural waterways to deal with water problems. The canal system not only served as an important infrastructure but was also as the backbone of urban life. But with the development of the road network in recent decades, the urban canals in the historical inner city have been neglected and are disappearing, losing their identity, and becoming the forgotten side of the city. What can be learned from the historical situation to reactivate the urban canals as carriers of socially and ecologically inclusive urban space? This chapter aims to identify design principles for (historical) urban canal design and examine their potential through design exploration, with Donghao Chong as a typical example. The results showcase how, through the meaningful application of historical knowledge, urban canals can become a water landscape infrastructure that effectively integrates public space by combining design, heritage, water management, and ecology., Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

Adaptive urban transformations employ landscape-based regional design as an integrative and multiscale design and planning approach for sustainable urban development. In this approach, natural and urban dynamics as derived from systems analysis set the pace and nature of adaptation. This chapter presents an initial strategy for adaptive urban transformation in the Pearl River Delta to illustrate the potential of landscape-based regional design as form of territorial governance that takes the natural and urban landscape as the basis to steer urban–rural transformative processes through a combination of sector activities towards more coordinated sustainable outcomes. The strategic spatial plan and subsequent implementation by means of pilot projects will focus on the potential of interlinked economic and ecological development at multiple scales. Together with the assessment of urban landscape growth over time and the evaluation of current spatial development projects in the region, several significant factors of future development have been identified, leading to an initial strategic vision and transformation perspectives for the PRD. This vision is based on the idea that the PRD will develop into China's Silicon Valley, with strongly developed and well-connected urban qualities, robust green–blue frameworks, cultural-historical assets connected to the region and water-sensitive socio-ecological inclusive urbanism., Landscape Architecture

Deltaic areas are amidst the most favourable territories around the globe. Their strategic location and superior quality of their soils are core factors supporting both human development and the rise of these regions as global economic hubs. At the same time, deltas are extremely vulnerable to multiple threats from both climate change and the rush to urbanisation. These include an increased flood risk combined with the loss of ecological and social–cultural values. To ensure a more sustainable future for urbanising deltas, spatial strategies are needed to strengthen resilience, i.e. help the systems to cope with their vulnerabilities as well as enhance their capacity to overcome natural and anthropogenic threats. In this chapter, we outline the basic concepts and backgrounds of a joint research project with academic and societal partners called adaptive urban transformation. The objective of this research is to develop and test an integrative and multiscale design and planning approach for the adaptive urban transformation of urbanising deltas, in which the Pearl River Delta serves as a case study. In this approach, landscape-based regional design plays a key role in adaptive urban transformation, as well as innovative participation and visualisation techniques. Applications in urban design, planning, and governance in the PRD are also introduced. This chapter is foundational for the rest of the research presented in the chapters in this volume., Landscape Architecture

Existing studies indicate that a direct view of aquatic elements benefits well-being, and houses with blue views are often associated with higher prices. Therefore, developing analysis and design methods for visibility research of blue spaces are crucial to advance spatial design practice. Especially digital methods for analysing blue visibility and their potential in design still need to be identified and explored. This study explores the application potential of some powerful digital visibility analysis methods for blue space design. Specifically, this research first provides an overview of poten- tial methods for analysing the visibility of water. Next, two practical design-oriented digital methods are briefly elaborated and illustrated by cases in Rotterdam (the Netherlands). Meanwhile, the study explores how the analysis results support spatial design practice. Last, the study discusses the potential of integrating blue visibility analysis methods into the iterative design process and makes prospects for future research., Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

Natuurinclusief bouwen is een actueel en belangrijk thema. Maar hoe doe je dat, natuurinclusief bouwen? We zien steeds meer goede toepassingen op het niveau van gebouwen met groene daken en wanden, nestgelegenheden voor vogels etc. en op het niveau van de openbare ruimte met vaste planten grassen, regentuinen, etc. Maar in hoeverre speelt de landschappelijke context daarbij een rol en wat is de potentie daarvan? Deze bijdrage betoogt dat duurzame verstedelijking, klimaatadaptatie en biodiversiteit vragen om een ontwerpaanpak die het landschap als uitgangspunt nemen. De bestaande landschappelijke logica biedt aanknopingspunten voor planning en ontwerp van een sociaal en ecologisch inclusieve ruimtelijke omgeving door de schalen heen; van stad tot straatprofiel. Het landschap biedt structuur, ecologische samenhang en variatie, maar is ook flexibel en multifunctioneel. Landschap vertegenwoordigd ook ruimtelijk-esthetische waarden als schoonheid en oriëntatie in ruimte en tijd. Het landschap is immers het resultaat van de jarenlange interactie van de mens met zijn natuurlijke omgeving. Maar hoe kunnen we landschaps-gebaseerd ontwerpen aan ruimtelijke opgaven? Deze bijdrage bespreekt een aantal manieren waarop het landschap als basis kan dienen voor natuurinclusief bouwen door de schalen heen., Landscape Architecture

Water, a vital element of human existence, shapes cities and benefits human health through daily exposure. This study delves into advanced digital methods to describe blue space exposure effectively, aiming to optimise spatial accessibility and visibility of water for designing sustainable healthy urban environments. Rotterdam is utilised as a test case, demonstrating the role of these methods in evaluating the performance of blue space exposure in urban environments, specifically in terms of spatial morphology and physical characteristics. Eight distinct methods are discussed, addressing exposure type, scale levels, and design interactions, subsequently offering a novel flowchart for their integration into cross-scale spatial design and policymaking. The findings underscore the need to select appropriate methods to analyse and optimise blue exposure in spatial planning or design assignments. The selection should be based on design intentions and data availability. The biggest potential is found in combining these methods to handle the complexity of urban issues. The research reveals the importance of blue space accessibility and visibility in promoting sustainable healthy urban environments while also emphasising the need to go beyond them, factoring in the quality, function, and usage of blue spaces., Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

This chapter draws on three different design studios that focus on the Pearl River Delta to discuss what kind of knowledge has been generated within them, and how they can be used systematically as a method to address the region’s complex challenges. The three studios differ in their objectives, duration and structure, but are linked by a research-through-design approach. A selection of some illustrative outcomes is presented and structured around three types of knowledge—project based, form based and idea based—which is typically produced in the design process. This knowledge refers to four main aspects through which it is possible to describe the complexity of the urban landscape, namely time, space, causality and materiality and can be either contextual or generic. Nonetheless, within a design studio, it can be systematically employed to support research activities, speeding up the development of research programmes dealing with complex issues, such as adaptation of fast urbanising deltas., Landscape Architecture

This paper focuses on GIS-based visibility analysis to explore landscape architecture com-positions as a means to understand visual-spatial characteristics and identify related design principles. More specifically, the paper elaborates a practical method to employ high-resolution data acquired by terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) for this pur-pose. Though LiDAR provides a powerful means to digitally capture the real-world, methods like GIS-based visual landscape research that utilize viewshed analysis ideally require a continuous Digital Landscape Model conduct visibility computation. Therefore, one of the obstacles before the visual analysis is to process the points into surface or solid models. Voxel-based algorithms are powerful means to process LiDAR data. There are many applications known of voxel-based visibility analysis but requires often specialist software that is hard to handle or unavailable to landscape architects in practice. This paper showcases an attempt to use standard software for voxel-based visibility analysis. It presents a practical method for applications in landscape architecture analysis. Jichang Garden (Wuxi, China) is used as an example. The historical garden is an evocative example of a landscape architecture compo-sition that displays skilful applications of spatial-visual design principles and therefore worthy of ana-lyse., Landscape Architecture, Urban Data Science

Final report of the research project KaDEr, Heritage & Design, Heritage & Technology, Landscape Architecture

How can we transform urban environments to encourage durability and mediate the social price of myriad risks and vulnerability? Our work here is to build a bridge from archaeology to mainstream architectural and design theory. The study of places, landscapes, and regions links the two fields. Architecture can be shaped and enhanced by the long-term cultural and geographic perspective afforded by archaeology; architecture can offer archaeology a ride into the future. The bridge unites three domains: material, social, and aesthetic. We look to the past to find material technologies—new engineering and conceptual solutions to an array of problems—and the past obliges with many examples., Landscape Architecture

Sustainable urbanisation requires planning and design strategies and principles that take the (natural) landscape as the basis for working with natural processes for the benefit of socially and ecologically inclusive and thriving urban landscapes. Such an approach takes the landscape first and considers the biosphere the context for social and economic development. In this chapter, the concept of landscape-based urbanism is introduced, taking the physical landscape structure, and associated natural processes as a foundation to generate favourable conditions for future development and to guide and shape spatial transformation. Therefore, this approach offers a multiscale and integrative model for urban development and transformation, the preservation of biodiversity, water resource management, improved leisure facilities, community building, stronger cultural identity and economic development while taking the landscape as the basis. Landscape-based urbanism identifies and guides urban development towards the most advantageous places, functions, scales and inter-relationships through the development of robust landscape structures. Design explorations utilise knowledge of the natural and social context and are used as a systematic search for possible solutions to a spatial problem. At the same time, the design explorations make clear which landscape structures and elements, for example from an ecological or cultural-historical point of view, should be preserved., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

Sustainable urbanisation, climate adaptation and biodiversity require a design approach that takes the landscape as its starting point. The existing landscape logic provides starting points for planning and designing a socially and ecologically inclusive spatial environment across scales, from city to street profile. The landscape offers structure, ecological coherence and variety, but is also flexible and multi-functional. Landscape also represents spatial-aesthetic values such as beauty and orientation in space and time. After all, the landscape is the result of man’s long-standing interaction with his natural environment. But how can we design spatial projects in a landscape-conscious way?, Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

In the heart of the Pearl River Delta, the city of Guangzhou is fast-growing and prone to flooding. In history, people constructed canals based on natural waterways to deal with water problems. The canal system not only served as an important infrastructure but was also as the backbone of urban life. The city was built around its canals; they were the lifeline of Guangzhou. But with the development of the road network in recent decades, the urban canals in the historical inner city have been neglected and are disappearing, losing their identity, and becoming the forgotten side of the city. Also, canal restoration projects often only address the historical canals as water infrastructure, without effectively addressing them as public spaces. They are no longer designed as socially inclusive urban spaces and so play no significant role in public life anymore. Restoration projects are not really concerned with the canals or their surrounding urban tissue as a system, neither do they connect the lives of local people to the water. Therefore, the newly designed public spaces in these projects often function poorly, if at all. What can be learned from the historical situation to re-activate the urban canals as carriers of socially and ecologically inclusive urban space?, Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

Water is a critical element of human existence and has shaped cities for centuries. In urban environments, water provides multiple ecosystem services and is an important element in the design of urban environments. Next to the many qualities and services provided by water, recent research indicates that exposure to freshwater blue space also enhances human health and wellbeing. However, health benefits are often not or implicitly taken into account in the design perspective. This research aims to provide a systematic overview of the available body of knowledge regarding the relationship between freshwater blue space, health, and design. This study first proposes a bi-directional conceptual framework connecting health evidence with design practice. And then, scientometric analysis is employed to review 1338 research articles on freshwater blue-health research. The results show that the number of articles in this area is increasing yearly, attracting more and more disciplines and stimulating interdisciplinary collaboration. Freshwater blue-health research is broadening to emphasize usage and experience, psychological advantages, and particular demographics, which provides a solid basis for future design research. At the same time, it becomes clear that there is a strong demand to develop adaptive design knowledge that integrates the available health evidence and operationalizes it in healthy freshwater blue space design. This paper could help researchers understand the current research progress and future research directions, as well as facilitate multiple applications of health evidence by practitioners., Landscape Architecture, Spatial Planning and Strategy

This paper focuses on GIS-based visibility analysis to explore landscape architecture com-positions as a means to understand visual-spatial characteristics and identify related design principles. More specifically, the paper elaborates a practical method to employ high-resolution data acquired by terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) for this pur-pose. Though LiDAR provides a powerful means to digitally capture the real-world, methods like GIS-based visual landscape research that utilize viewshed analysis ideally require a continuous Digital Landscape Model conduct visibility computation. Therefore, one of the obstacles before the visual analysis is to process the points into surface or solid models. Voxel-based algorithms are powerful means to process LiDAR data. There are many applications known of voxel-based visibility analysis but requires often specialist software that is hard to handle or unavailable to landscape architects in practice. This paper showcases an attempt to use standard software for voxel-based visibility analysis. It presents a practical method for applications in landscape architecture analysis. Jichang Garden (Wuxi, China) is used as an example. The historical garden is an evocative example of a landscape architecture compo-sition that displays skilful applications of spatial-visual design principles and therefore worthy of ana-lyse., Landscape Architecture, Urban Data Science

How can we transform urban environments to encourage durability and mediate the social price of myriad risks and vulnerability? Our work here is to build a bridge from archaeology to mainstream architectural and design theory. The study of places, landscapes, and regions links the two fields. Architecture can be shaped and enhanced by the long-term cultural and geographic perspective afforded by archaeology; architecture can offer archaeology a ride into the future. The bridge unites three domains: material, social, and aesthetic. We look to the past to find material technologies—new engineering and conceptual solutions to an array of problems—and the past obliges with many examples., Landscape Architecture

Final report of the research project KaDEr, Heritage & Design, Heritage & Technology, Landscape Architecture

Spatial-visual landscape design vocabulary is important for landscape architects to understand, design, and communicate about landscape spaces. Despite the importance, there is no comprehensive overview available. This article aims to fill this gap by reviewing and categorising the spatial-visual design vocabulary for the field of landscape architecture and to provide a systematic framework for understanding landscape spaces inter-subjectively. Based on the analysis of the vocabulary used in the extensive body of literature available in landscape architecture and related disciplines, four dominant categories are selected in describing spatial and visual organisation. The categories identified and discussed are sequence, orientation, continuity, and complexity. In addition, a landscape design syntax is developed to understand and to describe the visual manifestation of landscape spaces, how space is organised, and what ordering principles play a role from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives., Landscape Architecture

Landscape Architecture

Klimaatverandering en verstedelijking hebben grote gevolgen voor het beheer en de bescherming van cultuurhistorische landschappen. Vooral in historische buitenplaatslandschappen – landschappen waarvan het karakter wordt bepaald door verschillende historische kastelen, buitenplaatsen (inclusief hun tuinen en parken) en landgoederen – vormt klimaatadaptatie een belangrijke opgave. Daarbij gaat het om de overvloed en het tekort aan water en de veranderingen in de vegetatie als gevolg van de temperatuurstijging. Tegelijkertijd neemt door de toenemende verstedelijking en de daarmee samenhangende recreatiebehoeften de druk toe. Ook hebben deze landschappen te maken met ruimtelijke versnippering als gevolg van verstedelijking, verandering van eigenaar, verandering van functie enzovoort. Dergelijke opgaven vragen om een toekomstgerichte ontwerpbenadering waarbij zorgvuldig met historisch waardevolle landschappelijke karakteristieken wordt omgesprongen. Het gaat om het waarborgen van de ruimtelijke kwaliteit van buitenplaatslandschappen, waarbij een nieuwe balans moet worden gevonden tussen de gebruikswaarde (economische benutting), belevingswaarde (identiteit en herkenbaarheid) en toekomstwaarde (ecologische duurzaamheid). Tegelijkertijd vraagt de complexiteit van de opgaven om een regionaal perspectief om de samenhang en de systemische relaties tussen de buitenplaatsen te begrijpen en een gemeenschappelijke basis voor samenwerking te vinden. Deze bijdrage introduceert een op het landschap gebaseerde regionale ontwerpbenadering voor het begrijpen en ontwerpen van toekomstbestendige buitenplaatslandschappen. Er wordt een behoud-door-ontwikkelingsbenadering uitgewerkt die ruimtelijke ontwikkeling met historische landschapsstructuren als basis neemt in een proces van betekenisvolle betrokkenheid van belanghebbenden. In dit proces draait het om samenwerking en co-creatie met eigenaren, experts, beleidsmedewerkers en anderen. Ontwerpend onderzoek wordt ingezet als een methode om, Landscape Architecture

Deze publicatie is een weerslag van de uitkomsten van het KaDEr-project (Karakteristiek Duurzaam Erfgoed) dat de TU Delft in opdracht van en in samenwerking met de Provincie Gelderland heeft uitgevoerd. De lezer wordt meegenomen in de zoektocht om invulling te geven aan de relatie wetenschap, praktijk en beleid rondom duurzaam erfgoed op verschillende schaalniveaus. Aan de hand van acht bijdragen wordt gereflecteerd op het proces en de uitkomsten. De auteurs gaan in op een thema dat gedurende de afgelopen vier jaar aan de orde is geweest. Ook nemen zij stelling in met betrekking tot het debat dat naar aanleiding van dit thema gevoerd is en in veel gevallen nog verder gevoerd kan worden. Daarnaast hebben we een aantal meer zijdelings betrokkenen gevraagd om stelling te nemen met een uitspraak naar aanleiding van hun ervaringen tijdens het project. Het KaDEr-project omvatte na een intensieve voorbereiding vier kalenderjaren. We denken dat op het onderdelen nog een vervolg behoeft. KaDEr staat dus voor Karakteristiek Duurzaam Erfgoed en in het project is gewerkt aan energetische duurzaamheid, financieel gezond perspectief, functioneel gebruik en het borgen kennis op lange termijn. Het project zelf werd opgebouwd rond vier Living Labs om theorie en praktijk aan elkaar te koppelen:  Living Lab XL-Stad: Zutphen, Winterswijk en Elburg. Daarbij droegen we vanuit KaDEr bij aan een onderzoek naar Kerkenvisies en de Energietransitie voor diverse gemeenten;  Living Lab L-Stad: Landgoederen, waar het Baaksebeek-gebied en Gelders Arcadië centraal stonden en het onderzoek resulteerde in de betreffende Ontwerpatlas;  Living Lab M-Typologie: Kerken. Nationaal en regionaal een opgave die veel aandacht kreeg de afgelopen vier jaar. Specifiek keken wij vanuit KaDEr naar het functioneren van Energiescans en de Financiële Duurzaamheid aan de hand van de Eusebiuskerk in Arnhem en de Stevenskerk in Nijmegen;  Living Lab S-Gebouw: Reuversweerd. Een (bouw)loca, Heritage & Design, Landscape Architecture, Heritage & Technology, Real Estate Management, Climate Design and Sustainability

Spatial design is at the core of landscape architecture. Mapping spatial–visual characteristics is of significance for landscape architects to interpret and talk about space. Advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis (i.e., mapping techniques describing landscape architectonic compositions from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives) offer great potential to increase knowledge of spatial organization and reveal design principles. Despite the availability and wide range of possibilities, the application of advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis is still not common in landscape architecture. The main reasons include the lack of awareness and prejudice. In order to get a more detailed understanding of the problem, this study presents the outcome of semi-structured open-ended interviews with 11 practitioners with a design background in landscape architecture. The paper discusses the relevance of advanced mapping methods and tools with practitioners in order to gain a better understanding about what methods landscape practitioners use to describe and experience space in their daily work. Findings demonstrate the critical bottlenecks of implementing advanced mapping methods in daily practices and how the practitioners think about the implementation of advanced mapping methods in the future of landscape practices., Landscape Architecture

De ontwerpatlas buitenplaatslandschappen Gelderland draagt bij aan inzicht ten behoeve van duurzame instandhouding en ontwikkeling van kastelen, buitenplaatsen en landgoederen. Met de atlas brengen we de landschappelijke structuur door de tijd heen in beeld en koppelen dat aan ontwerpend onderzoek op verschillende schaal. Kennis van de historische landschapsstructuur vormt zo een basis voor de toekomstige ruimtelijke ontwikkeling. Het maken van een ontwerpatlas is ook een proces waarbij betrokkenheid en gezamenlijk leren van eigenaren en overheden centraal staat., Landscape Architecture

The Netherlands has a strong design tradition in planning for the built environment. After a period of neglect, attention for the role of design studios has resurged, particularly for addressing complex spatial projects. These area-based projects have impacts that cut across local to regional scales, so setting up a design process that addresses these scales and engages a wide range of relevant parties proves helpful for formulating design briefs and identifying potential spatial outcomes. This paper discusses the role of the design studio in the Dutch practice, exploring to what extent it helps in identifying the integrated outcomes desired., Practice Chair Urban Area Development, Landscape Architecture, Urban Development Management

Visual perception is crucial in landscape experience. Therefore, visual landscape research is an important field of inquiry that needs further development and applications (NIJHUIS 2011), and visibility analysis is the basis for further research. There are many methods and applications of landscape visibility analysis that have been developed and applied in the past decades. The pioneering work of Llobera explores the concept of “visual exposure”. He defined the visual exposure (V-E) as a measure of the visible portion of whatever is the focus of the investigation, which is about the surface area covered on the retina (LLOBERA 2003). In this research, a newly developed V-E computation algorithm for complex environments has been developed, which enables the analysis of views from multiple viewpoints. The West-Lake, a UNESCO world heritage site in Hangzhou (China), is used as a case study to compute the V-Es’ value for viewpoints on routes beside and around the lake. Finally, the method’s accuracy and the algorithm’s adoption potential have been evaluated., Landscape Architecture

Sandy shores worldwide suffer from coastal erosion due to a lack of sediment input and sea-level rise. In response, coastal sand nourishments are executed using ‘Building with Nature’ techniques (BwN), in which the sand balance is amplified and natural dynamics are instrumental in the redistribution of sand, cross- and alongshore. These nourishments contribute to the growth of beaches and dunes, serving various design objectives (such as flood safety, nature, and recreation). Nevertheless, human interference (such as buildings and traffic) along urbanized sandy shores may have significant, yet poorly understood, effects on beach and dune development. Better insight is required into the interplay of morphological, ecological and urban processes to support Aeolian BwN processes for dune formation and contribute to the sustainable design of urbanized coastal zones. This paper aims to bridge the gap between coastal engineering and urban design by formulating design principles for BwN along urbanized sandy shores, combining nourishments, natural dune formation and urban development on a local scale to strengthen the coastal buffer. The first part of the paper analyses sedimentation processes in the (built) sea-land interface and identifies spatial mechanisms that relate coastal occupation to dune formation. Hence a preliminary set of design principles is derived by manipulating wind-driven sediment transport for BwN dune formation after nourishment. In the second part of the paper, these principles are applied and contextualized in two case-studies to compare their capability for BwN in different coastal profiles: the vast, rural, geomorphologically high dynamic profile of a mega-nourishment (Sand Motor); versus the compact, highly urbanized, profile(s) of a coastal resort (Noordwijk). Conclusions reflect on the applicability of BwN design principles within different coastal settings (dynamics, urbanity) and spatial arrangements facilitating BwN dune formation., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Optical and Laser Remote Sensing

This publication offers an overview of the latest cross-disciplinary developments in the field of Building with Nature (BwN) for the protection of coastal regions. The key philosophy of BwN is the employment of natural processes to serve societal goals, such as flood safety. The starting point is a systems-based approach, making interventions that employ the shaping forces of the natural system to perform measures by self-regulation. Initial pilots of this innovative approach originate from coastal engineering, with the Sand Motor along the coast of South Holland as one of the prime examples. From here, the BwN approach has evolved into a new generation of nature-based hydraulic solutions, such as mangrove forests, coastal reefs, and green dikes., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Projects, Integral Design and Management

The incentive for this publication was to expand the realm of enquiry around the topic of Building with Nature (BwN), for two main reasons. First to gain an interdisciplinary, and therefore deeper, understanding of BwN as an object of study. Secondly, but no less important, is an understanding of how different forms of knowledge contribute to our learning regarding BwN. When we understand the contribution of several academic disciplines and knowledge from practice, we may eventually get to the point where we can identify how they can collaborate successfully to contribute to BwN as an interdisciplinary field., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Projects, Integral Design and Management

Landscape Architecture

Klimaatverandering en verstedelijking hebben grote gevolgen voor het beheer en de bescherming van cultuurhistorische landschappen. Vooral in historische buitenplaatslandschappen vormt klimaatadaptatie een belangrijke opgave. Daarbij gaat het om de overvloed of juist het tekort aan water en de bedreiging van de ooit nauwkeurig gekozen vegetatie als gevolg van de temperatuurstijging. Tegelijkertijd neemt door de toenemende verstedelijking en de daarmee samenhangende recreatiebehoeften de druk toe. Ook hebben deze landschappen als samenhangende ruimtelijke eenheden te maken met versnippering als gevolg van verstedelijking, verandering van eigenaar, verandering van functie enzovoort. Dergelijke opgaven vragen om een ontwerpbenadering waarbinnen zorgvuldig met historisch waardevolle landschappelijke karakteristieken wordt omgesprongen. Bij het waarborgen van de ruimtelijke kwaliteit van buitenplaatslandschappen dient een nieuwe balans te worden gevonden tussen de gebruikswaarde (economische benutting), belevingswaarde (identiteit en herkenbaarheid) en toekomstwaarde (ecologische duurzaamheid).1 Tegelijkertijd vraagt de complexiteit van de opgaven om een regionaal perspectief om de samenhang en de systemische relaties tussen de buitenplaatsen te begrijpen en een gemeenschappelijke basis voor samenwerking te vinden. Deze bijdrage introduceert een dergelijke regionale ontwerpbenadering voor toekomstbestendige buitenplaatslandschappen. Op basis van het principe ‘behoud door ontwikkeling’ worden de bestaande historische landschapsstructuren en de beoogde ruimtelijke ontwikkeling ingebracht in een participatief proces van samenwerking en co-creatie met eigenaren, experts, beleidsmedewerkers en anderen. Daarbij wordt ruimtelijk ontwerp op verschillende schaalniveaus ingezet als middel om ontwikkelingsstrategieen te ontdekken voor landschapsvorming in een specifieke context. Tevens helpt het ontwerp om oplossingen in beeld te brengen die historische buitenplaatslandscha, Landscape Architecture

Deze publicatie is een weerslag van de uitkomsten van het KaDEr-project (Karakteristiek Duurzaam Erfgoed) dat de TU Delft in opdracht van en in samenwerking met de Provincie Gelderland heeft uitgevoerd. De lezer wordt meegenomen in de zoektocht om invulling te geven aan de relatie wetenschap, praktijk en beleid rondom duurzaam erfgoed op verschillende schaalniveaus. Aan de hand van acht bijdragen wordt gereflecteerd op het proces en de uitkomsten. De auteurs gaan in op een thema dat gedurende de afgelopen vier jaar aan de orde is geweest. Ook nemen zij stelling in met betrekking tot het debat dat naar aanleiding van dit thema gevoerd is en in veel gevallen nog verder gevoerd kan worden. Daarnaast hebben we een aantal meer zijdelings betrokkenen gevraagd om stelling te nemen met een uitspraak naar aanleiding van hun ervaringen tijdens het project. Het KaDEr-project omvatte na een intensieve voorbereiding vier kalenderjaren. We denken dat op het onderdelen nog een vervolg behoeft. KaDEr staat dus voor Karakteristiek Duurzaam Erfgoed en in het project is gewerkt aan energetische duurzaamheid, financieel gezond perspectief, functioneel gebruik en het borgen kennis op lange termijn. Het project zelf werd opgebouwd rond vier Living Labs om theorie en praktijk aan elkaar te koppelen:  Living Lab XL-Stad: Zutphen, Winterswijk en Elburg. Daarbij droegen we vanuit KaDEr bij aan een onderzoek naar Kerkenvisies en de Energietransitie voor diverse gemeenten;  Living Lab L-Stad: Landgoederen, waar het Baaksebeek-gebied en Gelders Arcadië centraal stonden en het onderzoek resulteerde in de betreffende Ontwerpatlas;  Living Lab M-Typologie: Kerken. Nationaal en regionaal een opgave die veel aandacht kreeg de afgelopen vier jaar. Specifiek keken wij vanuit KaDEr naar het functioneren van Energiescans en de Financiële Duurzaamheid aan de hand van de Eusebiuskerk in Arnhem en de Stevenskerk in Nijmegen;  Living Lab S-Gebouw: Reuversweerd. Een (bouw)loca, Heritage & Design, Landscape Architecture, Heritage & Technology, Real Estate Management, Climate Design and Sustainability

De ontwerpatlas buitenplaatslandschappen Gelderland draagt bij aan inzicht ten behoeve van duurzame instandhouding en ontwikkeling van kastelen, buitenplaatsen en landgoederen. Met de atlas brengen we de landschappelijke structuur door de tijd heen in beeld en koppelen dat aan ontwerpend onderzoek op verschillende schaal. Kennis van de historische landschapsstructuur vormt zo een basis voor de toekomstige ruimtelijke ontwikkeling. Het maken van een ontwerpatlas is ook een proces waarbij betrokkenheid en gezamenlijk leren van eigenaren en overheden centraal staat., Landscape Architecture

Spatial design is at the core of landscape architecture. Mapping spatial–visual characteristics is of significance for landscape architects to interpret and talk about space. Advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis (i.e., mapping techniques describing landscape architectonic compositions from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives) offer great potential to increase knowledge of spatial organization and reveal design principles. Despite the availability and wide range of possibilities, the application of advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis is still not common in landscape architecture. The main reasons include the lack of awareness and prejudice. In order to get a more detailed understanding of the problem, this study presents the outcome of semi-structured open-ended interviews with 11 practitioners with a design background in landscape architecture. The paper discusses the relevance of advanced mapping methods and tools with practitioners in order to gain a better understanding about what methods landscape practitioners use to describe and experience space in their daily work. Findings demonstrate the critical bottlenecks of implementing advanced mapping methods in daily practices and how the practitioners think about the implementation of advanced mapping methods in the future of landscape practices., Landscape Architecture

The Netherlands has a strong design tradition in planning for the built environment. After a period of neglect, attention for the role of design studios has resurged, particularly for addressing complex spatial projects. These area-based projects have impacts that cut across local to regional scales, so setting up a design process that addresses these scales and engages a wide range of relevant parties proves helpful for formulating design briefs and identifying potential spatial outcomes. This paper discusses the role of the design studio in the Dutch practice, exploring to what extent it helps in identifying the integrated outcomes desired., Practice Chair Urban Area Development, Landscape Architecture, Urban Development Management

Visual perception is crucial in landscape experience. Therefore, visual landscape research is an important field of inquiry that needs further development and applications (NIJHUIS 2011), and visibility analysis is the basis for further research. There are many methods and applications of landscape visibility analysis that have been developed and applied in the past decades. The pioneering work of Llobera explores the concept of “visual exposure”. He defined the visual exposure (V-E) as a measure of the visible portion of whatever is the focus of the investigation, which is about the surface area covered on the retina (LLOBERA 2003). In this research, a newly developed V-E computation algorithm for complex environments has been developed, which enables the analysis of views from multiple viewpoints. The West-Lake, a UNESCO world heritage site in Hangzhou (China), is used as a case study to compute the V-Es’ value for viewpoints on routes beside and around the lake. Finally, the method’s accuracy and the algorithm’s adoption potential have been evaluated., Landscape Architecture

Sandy shores worldwide suffer from coastal erosion due to a lack of sediment input and sea-level rise. In response, coastal sand nourishments are executed using ‘Building with Nature’ techniques (BwN), in which the sand balance is amplified and natural dynamics are instrumental in the redistribution of sand, cross- and alongshore. These nourishments contribute to the growth of beaches and dunes, serving various design objectives (such as flood safety, nature, and recreation). Nevertheless, human interference (such as buildings and traffic) along urbanized sandy shores may have significant, yet poorly understood, effects on beach and dune development. Better insight is required into the interplay of morphological, ecological and urban processes to support Aeolian BwN processes for dune formation and contribute to the sustainable design of urbanized coastal zones. This paper aims to bridge the gap between coastal engineering and urban design by formulating design principles for BwN along urbanized sandy shores, combining nourishments, natural dune formation and urban development on a local scale to strengthen the coastal buffer. The first part of the paper analyses sedimentation processes in the (built) sea-land interface and identifies spatial mechanisms that relate coastal occupation to dune formation. Hence a preliminary set of design principles is derived by manipulating wind-driven sediment transport for BwN dune formation after nourishment. In the second part of the paper, these principles are applied and contextualized in two case-studies to compare their capability for BwN in different coastal profiles: the vast, rural, geomorphologically high dynamic profile of a mega-nourishment (Sand Motor); versus the compact, highly urbanized, profile(s) of a coastal resort (Noordwijk). Conclusions reflect on the applicability of BwN design principles within different coastal settings (dynamics, urbanity) and spatial arrangements facilitating BwN dune formation., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Optical and Laser Remote Sensing

The incentive for this publication was to expand the realm of enquiry around the topic of Building with Nature (BwN), for two main reasons. First to gain an interdisciplinary, and therefore deeper, understanding of BwN as an object of study. Secondly, but no less important, is an understanding of how different forms of knowledge contribute to our learning regarding BwN. When we understand the contribution of several academic disciplines and knowledge from practice, we may eventually get to the point where we can identify how they can collaborate successfully to contribute to BwN as an interdisciplinary field., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Projects, Integral Design & Management

This publication offers an overview of the latest cross-disciplinary developments in the field of Building with Nature (BwN) for the protection of coastal regions. The key philosophy of BwN is the employment of natural processes to serve societal goals, such as flood safety. The starting point is a systems-based approach, making interventions that employ the shaping forces of the natural system to perform measures by self-regulation. Initial pilots of this innovative approach originate from coastal engineering, with the Sand Motor along the coast of South Holland as one of the prime examples. From here, the BwN approach has evolved into a new generation of nature-based hydraulic solutions, such as mangrove forests, coastal reefs, and green dikes., Vol. 7 (2021): Building with Nature perspectives: Cross-disciplinary BwN approaches in coastal regions. ISBN 978-94-6366-379-3, Landscape Architecture, Projects, Integral Design & Management

Landscape Architecture