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Introduction: The most common complaint of women visiting hospital in the gynaecological outpatient department is abnormal uterine bleeding. Our aim is to do a retrospective study and analyze the histopathological specimen of patients undergoing hysterectomy with complaint of vaginal bleeding. Material and Methods: All hysterectomy specimens fixed in 10% formalin received in the department of pathology were examined and studied for histopathological diagnosis. Specimens were grossed, paraffin embedded tissue sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Results: A total of 55 hysterectomies specimen were received in the Department of pathology in a study period of 1 year. Out of 55 patients 2 patients underwent unilateral salpingo-oopherctomy and 12 patients underwent bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy. Most common findings after histopathological study were chronic cervicitis in 48(87.3%) followed by leiomyoma in 20(36.4%), adenomyosis in 12 (21.8%) and endometrial hyperplasia in 2 (3.6%) women. Cervical malignancies were observed in 2 cases. Patients undergoing salpingo-oopherectomy showed cystic changes in 7 ovaries with corpus luteal cyst in 3 cases and 3 follicular cyst in cases. Fallopian tube were pathologically unremarkable in most cases with paratubal cyst in 1 case. Ovarian neoplasm were reported in 1 patient.

Implant-associated infections (IAI) are a common cause for implant failure, increased medical costs, and critical for patient healthcare. Infections are a result of bacterial colonization, which leads to biofilm formation on the implant surface. Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to have the potential to inhibit bacterial adhesion mainly due to antibacterial efficacy of their unique surface nanotopography. The change in topography affects the physicochemical properties of their surface such as surface chemistry, morphology, wettability, surface charge, and even electric field which influences the biological response. In this study, a conventional and cost-effective hydrothermal method was used to fabricate nanoscale protrusions of various dimensions on the surface of Ti, Ti$_6$Al$_4$V, and NiTi materials, commonly used in biomedical applications. The morphology, surface chemistry, and wettability were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and water contact angle analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized nanostructures was analyzed by the use of Escherichia coli bacterial strain. XPS analysis revealed that the concentration of oxygen and titanium increased on Ti and Ti$_6$Al$_4$V, which indicates that TiO$_2$ is formed on the surface. The concentration of oxygen and titanium however decreased on the NiTi surface after hydrothermal treatment, and also a small amount of Ni was detected. SEM analysis showed that by hydrothermal treatment alterations in the surface topography of the TiO$_2$ layer could be achieved. The oxide layer on the NiTi prepared by the hydrothermal method contains a low amount of Ni (2.8 atom %), which is especially important for implantable materials. The results revealed that nanostructured surfaces significantly reduced bacterial adhesion on the Ti, Ti$_6$Al$_4$V, and NiTi surface compared to the untreated surfaces used as a control. Furthermore, two sterilization techniques were also studied to evaluate the stability of the nanostructure and its influence on the antibacterial activity. Sterilization with UV light seems to more efficiently inhibit bacterial growth on the hydrothermally modified Ti$_6$Al$_4$V surface, which was further reduced for hydrothermally treated Ti and NiTi. The developed nanostructured surfaces of Ti and its alloys can pave a way for the fabrication of antibacterial surfaces that reduce the likelihood of IAI.

Implant-associated infections (IAI) are a common cause for implant failure, increased medical costs, and critical for patient healthcare. Infections are a result of bacterial colonization, which leads to biofilm formation on the implant surface. Nanostructured surfaces have been shown to have the potential to inhibit bacterial adhesion mainly due to antibacterial efficacy of their unique surface nanotopography. The change in topography affects the physicochemical properties of their surface such as surface chemistry, morphology, wettability, surface charge, and even electric field which influences the biological response. In this study, a conventional and cost-effective hydrothermal method was used to fabricate nanoscale protrusions of various dimensions on the surface of Ti, Ti

To understand both writing processes and writing interventions, as well as writing interventions themselves, it is sometimes necessary to assess text quality. However, the idea of 'text quality' is commonly misunderstood or misunderstood. A more precise understanding and explanation of what it means to be a good writer is the purpose of this book, according to the editors. Chapters in the book are broken down into the following categories: definitions of writing skill, rater effects, and automated essay scoring, to name a few.

Highly ordered and uniform titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) with different morphologies (15 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm in diameter) were prepared by the electrochemical anodization of Ti substrates. The TiO2 NTs’ surface properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elastic modulus (E) and the Vickers hardness (HV) of the Ti foil and of the different-morphology TiO2 NTs were evaluated with the nano-indentation technique. E and HV increase with the decreasing length/diameter of the NTs, meaning that NTs with smaller diameters are more resistant to mechanical wear. The elastic modulus of the TiO2 NTs with 15-nm and 50-nm diameters is similar to that of the human bone.

This study looked at students' thoughts on writing and how they regarded themselves as writers. The Writing Process Questionnaire was used to gather students' views on academic writing. The connection between PhD students' mental health and their writing ideas was also of interest. A survey of 669 PhD students from a big Finnish institution was used in the research. Scales for assessing blockages, procrastination, perfectionism, intrinsic talent, knowledge transformation, and productivity were created using 26 questions. The six-dimensional construct was confirmed using CFA. It was revealed that emotional weariness was associated to a greater risk of procrastination as well as a decreased rate of output. LISREL research verified the six-factor structure of the writing scale. For the study of academic writing and its emotional components, the questionnaire appears to be a useful and reliable tool.

Background: Cervical cancer is the major cause of cancer deaths among women. Globally, around 5,70,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 3,11,000 deaths occurred in the year 2018. In India, Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer related mortality among women and the number of deaths is 60,000 per year among 97,000 diagnosed patients, especially those from lower socioeconomic group. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) plays a crucial role in causing cervical dysplasia. This is done by upregulating p16INK4A, a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor through interaction with cellular regulatory proteins. Hence p16INK4A can be used as a biomarker, since it is directly related variable for the presence of HPV. This study was conducted to evaluate the expression of p16INK4A in benign, premalignant and malignant cervical lesions and to assess its utility in diagnosing and grading cervical lesions. Methods: A total of 80 cervical specimens categorized histopathologically into nonspecific cervicitis, low grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (LSIL), high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma cervix were included in this prospective study of one-year duration. Immunohistochemical study of p16INK4A were interpreted qualitatively and semi-quantitatively by Allred scoring system (0 to 8 points) which measures the proportion of stained cells and intensity of staining of cells. The collected data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and chi square test. Result: Qualitative method showed absence of p16INK4A expression in all nonspecific cervicitis. 16.7% (2/12) LSIL, 100% (12/12) HSIL and 100% (28/28) squamous cell carcinoma cases showed p16INK4A positivity. Allred scoring of p16INK4A showed 66% (8/12) HSIL and 85.7% (24/28) squamous cell carcinoma cases with score 3 positivity. Hence high-grade lesions showed higher expression of this marker. Conclusion: IHC expression of p16INK4A showed increasing degree of expression from benign to premalignant and malignant lesions suggesting its diagnostic and prognostic value in the cervical cancer management

Background: Metabolic syndrome is constellation of many different disorders. The common conditions associated with metabolic syndrome are obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. These conditions do play some role in developing cardiovascular disease beyond traditional risk. Metabolic syndrome have been commonly seen in patients of many skin diseases including psoriasis, lichen planus, acne inversa and even in skin malignancies. In chroni skin disorder and even in metabolic syndrome chronic inflammation has been shown to play some role in the pathogenesis of disease. The present study is designed with a view to know any association between skin diseases especially psoriasis and metabolic syndrome, as well as expression of C-reactive protein in psoriasis and other skin diseases in this region. Materials and Methods: Present study was conducted on 76 histopathologically confirmed cases of Psoariasis & Lichen Planus and 70 age and sex matched controls with skin lesions other than psoriasis and lichen planus. For metabolic syndrome criteria proposed by National cholesterol education programme (NCEP) ATP III was used. Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, Blood sugar and CRP level was quantitatively determined on serum/plasma of patients. Chi square test and SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among psoriasis patients 18/52 had metabolic syndrome while this figure was low in lichen planus patients 7/24. The incidence of metabolic syndrome with skin disease was high as compared to control population and it was also statistically significant. Cases (psoriasis and lichen planus) with metabolic syndrome had high CRP value 61.1% (11/18) and 57.1% (04/07) respectively as compared to control 12.8% (09/71) and also displayed significant association. Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that metabolic syndrome is an important co-morbidity with psoriasis and lichen planus which requires screening to avoid complications in later life.

In this review, strategies for improving the antimicrobial properties of stainless steel (SS) are presented. The main focus given is to present current strategies for surface modification of SS, which alter surface characteristics in terms of surface chemistry, topography and wettability/surface charge, without influencing the bulk attributes of the material. As SS exhibits excellent mechanical properties and satisfactory biocompatibility, it is one of the most frequently used materials in medical applications. It is widely used as a material for fabricating orthopedic prosthesis, cardiovascular stents/valves and recently also for three dimensional (3D) printing of custom made implants. Despite its good mechanical properties, SS lacks desired biofunctionality, which makes it prone to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Due to increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, it is imperative to achieve antibacterial properties of implants. Thus, many different approaches were proposed and are discussed herein. Emphasis is given on novel approaches based on treatment with highly reactive plasma, which may alter SS topography, chemistry and wettability under appropriate treatment conditions. This review aims to present and critically discuss different approaches and propose novel possibilities for surface modification of SS by using highly reactive gaseous plasma in order to obtain a desired biological response.

In this review paper, we theoretically explain the origin of electrostatic interactions between lipid bilayers and charged solid surfaces using a statistical mechanics approach, where the orientational degree of freedom of lipid head groups and the orientational ordering of the water dipoles are considered. Within the modified Langevin Poisson–Boltzmann model of an electric double layer, we derived an analytical expression for the osmotic pressure between the planar zwitterionic lipid bilayer and charged solid planar surface. We also show that the electrostatic interaction between the zwitterionic lipid head groups of the proximal leaflet and the negatively charged solid surface is accompanied with a more perpendicular average orientation of the lipid head-groups. We further highlight the important role of the surfaces’ nanostructured topography in their interactions with biological material. As an example of nanostructured surfaces, we describe the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubular and octahedral surfaces by using the electrochemical anodization method and hydrothermal method, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of these nanostructured surfaces are described in order to elucidate the influence of the surface topography and other physical properties on the behavior of human cells adhered to TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. In the last part of the paper, we theoretically explain the interplay of elastic and adhesive contributions to the adsorption of lipid vesicles on the solid surfaces. We show the numerically predicted shapes of adhered lipid vesicles corresponding to the minimum of the membrane free energy to describe the influence of the vesicle size, bending modulus, and adhesion strength on the adhesion of lipid vesicles on solid charged surfaces.