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Excessive use of nitrogen has become a threat to human health and the environment due to high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite accumulating in surface and ground waters. Biological dinitrogen fixation (N2) is a very important natural process in world agriculture. Rhizobia is a common name for a certain Gram-negative group of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria that can form nodules on the root and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes as their host plants. Azotobacter spp. is a free-living microorganism that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Field trials were carried out of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Field Crops Department experiment areas during the production season of 2017 and 2019. The study was evaluated the effects on morphological and phenologocial characters of two N doses (0 and 25 kg ha-1 N), four bacteria inoculations (control, Rhizobia, Azotobacter, Rhizobia + Azotobacter) on chickpea cultivars (Azkan, Akca, Cakir, Isik). Experiment arranged in split split plot experimental design with three replications. Nitrogen application positively affected number of days to emergence, number of branches, branch diameter and grain yield. Phenological and morphological properties affected by climate conditions. The high temperature caused the number of days to emergence, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity to be earlier in the second year. Plant height, first pod height and grain yield were higher first year than second year due to high precipitation. While the response of the cultivars was different in terms of phenological properties, Azkan cultivar gave the best results in terms of morphological properties. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation gave the best results in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics except for number of days to maturity. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation can lead to additional income generation of the farming community in Turkey. The use of biofertilizers may reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and we get healthy, pollution-free production for a better future for our increasing populations.

This research was conducted with two years (2012/2013-2014/2015) period at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. Main plots were composed to conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT). Wheat-wheat (WW); wheat-fallow (WF); wheat-chickpea (WC) crop rotations were placed in sub plots, and four nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1) were evaluated as sub-sub plots. All of the traits except for grain yield were significantly affected by years. The reason for differences between years may be ecological conditions, cultural practices and soil conditions. Plant protein ratio, plant N ratio and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) were higher RT than CT but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) were higher CT than RT. Increasing nitrogen doses were not affected the plant protein ratio and plant N ratio as expected. The reason of this, the nitrogen doses were applied to the pre-plant instead of chickpea and the nitrogen might be lost by washing in the long period. NUE and NUpE decreased by increasing nitrogen doses but NUtE increased.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds are a good source of protein and mineral nutrients. However, there is no information regarding harvest timing on yield and mineral composition of chickpea seeds. The effect of harvest timing on seed yield, some yield components and mineral nutritional value of seeds of field grown chickpea plants in two different sites were studied. The mineral composition of chickpea straw depending on harvest timing was also evaluated in order to explain the variations of seed mineral concentrations in sink-source relationship manner. Yield and mineral nutritional value of chickpea were significantly affected by harvest timing. When compared to the seed yield at optimal harvest time, seed yield was 18% and 9% lower in the early harvest and 27% and 31% in the late harvest in Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. Late harvest of chickpea crops resulted in significant pod dropping and shattering. Generally, protein, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)...

The comparative effect of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% Zn levels of zinc chelate (Zn-EDTA; 8% Zn) and zinc sulfate (23% Zn) applied as foliar sprays for assuaging zinc deficiency of chickpea cv. Gökçe was evaluated under field condition. The sprays were applied on the plants before blooming stage during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons and seed yield, yield components like plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and mineral concentrations (nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and iron) in seeds were investigated. Plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, hundred seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were investigated. The results showed that increased zinc doses caused an increase in Zn content of seed, while seed yield was not affected similarly. In general, plant height, pod number and seed number per plant increased by the application of zinc. Lower dose of Zn-EDTA and higher dose of ZnSO4 gave higher yield components. Seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were not significantly influenced by Zn sources and doses; however, mineral concentration of seeds enhanced when Zn doses were increased. It was concluded that foliar application of zinc resulted in an increase in seed mineral contents rather than seed yield of chickpea. The dose of 0.6% with Zn-EDTA was the optimum combination for Zn enrichment in seed of chickpea.

This research was carried out in Central Anatolian Region (Haymana, Turkey) throughout 2 years (2002 and 2003). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different soil tillage methods, weed control and phosphorus fertilizer doses on yield and yield componenets of chickpea. The experimental design was split split plot with three replications. In the research, two different soil tillage methods (moldboard plow and rotary tiller), two weed control methods ( hand weeding and herbicide application) and three phosphorus doses (30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha) were used. According to the results, different soil tillage methods and phosphorus fertilization did not have any effect on yield components. In addition to it, increasing levels of phosphorus had decreased the grains phosphorus content. Weed control methods had effect on dry weed biomass and grain yield. If weed control, by hand is not possible, herbicide application may advice as an alternative solution.

The field experiment was arranged in split plots based on randomised complete block design with three replications. In order to eliminate the contamination, treatments (C:control, BI:bacteria inoculation, N: nitrogen fertilization, BI+N: bacteria inoculation+nitrogen fertilization) were in main plots and cultivars (Isik-05, Yasa-05, Azkan, Hisar) were sub-plots. According to two-year results, N caused significant increases in pod number per plant and seed number per plant, BI caused significantly increases in only pod number per plant. However N+BI had no positive effect over control. Thus, N and BI can not be suggested together. There were no significant differences among the cultivars with respect to seed yield and BI always caused same or higher seed yield. While cultivar Azkan produced similar seed yield in wet year, its performance was better in the dry year. Thus, cultivar Azkan and bacteria inoculation can be suggested together for sustainable chickpea production in central Anatolia and similar ecological conditions.