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Nanoemulsions can be tuned toward enhanced gastro-intestinal retention time by incorporating thiolated surfactants into their surface. Tailoring the chemical reactivity of the thiol headgroup has major influence on mucoadhesive features of the nanoemulsion. Two generations of thiolated surfactants were synthetically derived from PEG-40-stearate featuring either a free thiol group or an S-protected thiol group. The surfactants were characterized regarding critical micelle concentration (CMC), hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they were incorporated into nanoemulsions and the resulting nanoemulsions were characterized regarding particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and time-dependent stability. Afterward, mucosal interactions as well as mucoadhesion on porcine intestinal mucosa were investigated. Successful synthesis of Cysteine-PEG-40-stearate (CYS-PEG-40-stearate) and MNA-Cysteine-PEG-40-stearate (MNA-CYS-PEG-40-stearate) was confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Both chemical modifications led to slightly elevated CMC values while preserving low cytotoxicity and hemotoxicity. Incorporation into nanoemulsions had minor influence on overall physical particle characteristics, while interactions with mucus and mucoadhesiveness of the nanoemulsions were drastically improved resulting in the rank order PEG-40-stearate < CYS-PEG-40-stearate < MNA-CYS-PEG-40-stearate. Accordingly, thiolated surfactants, especially S-protected derivatives, are versatile tools to generate highly mucoadhesive nanoemulsions.

Purpose: To compare the 3-year postoperative anterior (ACO) and posterior (PCO) capsule opacification and the level of anterior capsule retraction after implantation of 2 single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) models., Setting: Hospital of St. John of God, Vienna, Austria., Design: Comparative randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial., Methods: Eyes with bilateral cataract were evaluated. Each patient had an Acrysof SA60AT (interrupted optic edge) IOL implanted in 1 eye (Group A) and a Tecnis ZCB00 (continuous optic edge) IOL implanted in the fellow eye (Group B). One and 3 years postoperatively, PCO was evaluated using Evaluation of Posterior Capsule Opacification software and the ACO level and capsule-retraction level were evaluated and graded subjectively., Results: The study evaluated 100 eyes of 50 patients ranging from 61 to 80 years. Postoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences in PCO between Group A and Group B at 1 year (0.06 ± 0.12 [SD] and 0.07 ± 0.13, respectively; P = 4.35) or 3 years (0.23 ± 0.36 and 0.22 ± 0.32, respectively; P = .66). In Group A and Group B, ACO was present in 18.0% of eyes and 2.7% of eyes, respectively, at 1 year (P = .03) and in 92.0% and 24.0%, respectively, at 3 years (P < .01). Capsule phimosis (18.0% at 1 year; 30.0% at 3 years) and glistenings (66.0% at 1 year; 86.0% at 3 years) were observed in Group A only., Conclusion: Both IOLs had similarly low PCO rates 3 years postoperatively, although more ACO and capsule retraction were observed in eyes with the interrupted optic edge IOL., (Copyright © 2015 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the 1-year postoperative levels of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) as well as the level of anterior capsule retraction and opacification (ACO) after implantation of two single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) models., Methods: Randomised, controlled, prospective and double-blind study including 148 eyes of 74 patients (age range, 61-80 years) with bilateral senile cataract. Each patient underwent surgery with implantation of an AcrySof SA60AT (Group A) in one eye and Tecnis ZCB00 (Group B) in the fellow eye by the same experienced surgeon. Lens allocation to the first or second operated eye followed a randomisation process. At 12 months postoperatively, the PCO level was evaluated with the Evaluation of Posterior Capsule Opacification software, whereas the level of ACO and capsule retraction was evaluated and graded subjectively., Results: All surgeries were uneventful. The mean PCO scores were 0.10 ± 0.17 and 0.21 ± 0.89 in Groups A and B, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between the groups (p=0.47). No significant correlation was found between the PCO scores in Groups A and B (r=0.16, p=0.17). Regarding ACO, it was present in 15 eyes (20.3%) and two eyes (2.7%) in Groups A and B, respectively (p=0.37). Capsular phimosis (13 eyes, 17.6%) was only observed in Group A., Conclusions: Both IOLs had a similar low rate of PCO 1 year after surgery. However, there seems to be a difference in the anterior capsule behaviour between both IOL models.

This is a consensus of the Austrian working group of IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases) of the ÖGGH on nutrition in IBD. Malnutrition should be assessed in case of IBD (in 20 - 70 % of Crohn's patients) and weight loss(> 5 % within 3 months) or nutritional deficiencies or after extensive bowel resection and afterwards also treated. Malnutrition should be treated with medical therapy of IBD and also adequate - as far as possible - with oral nutritional therapy particularly because of reduced life quality, risk of opportunistic infections, osteopenia/osteoporosis, longer hospitalisations and higher mortality. Iron homeostasis, serum levels of Vitamin B12- and folic acid, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and zinc should be checked. Therapy with enteral liquid diets is only indicated as therapy of first choice in children and adolescents, but only in rare situations in adults with IBD. There is - up to now - no proven oral diet for maintenance of remission in IBD. Probiotics as E. coli Nissle could be used as alternative to mesalazine for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. A specific dietary counselling is mandatory in patients with ileostoma or short bowel syndrome. Malnutrition of short bowel patients is particularly dependent on the function and length of the remaining bowel, therefore the most effective medical therapy should be administered., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)