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Spinal serotonin enables neuro‐motor recovery (i.e., plasticity) in patients with debilitating paralysis. While there exists time of day fluctuations in serotonin‐dependent spinal plasticity, it is unknown, in humans, whether this is due to dynamic changes in spinal serotonin levels or downstream signaling processes. The primary objective of this study was to determine if time of day variations in spinal serotonin levels exists in humans. To assess this, intrathecal drains were placed in seven adults with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at diurnal (05:00 to 07:00) and nocturnal (17:00 to 19:00) intervals. High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify CSF serotonin levels with comparisons being made using univariate analysis. From the 7 adult patients, 21 distinct CSF samples were collected: 9 during the diurnal interval and 12 during nocturnal. Diurnal CSF samples demonstrated an average serotonin level of 216.6 ±$ \pm $ 67.7 nM. Nocturnal CSF samples demonstrated an average serotonin level of 206.7 ±$ \pm $ 75.8 nM. There was no significant difference between diurnal and nocturnal CSF serotonin levels (p =.762). Within this small cohort of spine healthy adults, there were no differences in diurnal versus nocturnal spinal serotonin levels. These observations exclude spinal serotonin levels as the etiology for time of day fluctuations in serotonin‐dependent spinal plasticity expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The good development of the national criminal legislation and the adaptation to the European Union acquis must be understood on the basis of thorough knowledge of the crimes and the practical tendencies of their commission. Criminal approach perspective of a crime is completed through the lens of legal-criminal analysis, focused on the idea of deciphering and interpreting the objective and subjective signs described by the legislator in the criminal law. The object of study of this article is the crime of robbery criminalized in art. 188 of the Republic of Moldova, in which the author mainly investigates the capacity of the incriminating frame by reporting the factual situations that accompany the tangible element of the robbery. Being animated by the prospect of perfecting the national criminal norms to the national and international practical realities, which mark the seriousness of the criminal acts, the author founded the idea of the "night time" provision as circumstance to aggravate the criminal liability for the crime incriminated in the art. 188 CC of the Republic of Moldova.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess effects on milk yield (MY), rumen temperature, and panting score when lactating dairy cows were cooled during the day only or during the day and night. The study was conducted over 106 d during using 120 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows assigned to 2 treatments (60 cows/treatment; 2 pens/treatment): (1) day cooling (DC): overhead sprinklers (large droplet) and fans while in the dairy holding yard only, shade and fans at the feedpad, and a shaded loafing area; and (2) enhanced day+night cooling (EDN): overhead sprinklers (large droplet) and fans in dairy holding yard, ducted air blowing onto cows during milking, plus thorough wetting (shower array) on exit from dairy; shade and fans at feedpad (turned off at night); and shaded loafing area + ducted fan-forced air blowing onto cows at night. The ducted air at night was manually activated at 2030 h when the maximum daily temperature-humidity index exceeded 75 and remained on until 0430 h the next day. The cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum, and feed intake was determined on a pen basis. Rumen temperature and cow activity were obtained from each cow at 10-min intervals via rumen boluses. Panting scores were obtained by direct observation 4 times a day at approximately 0430, 0930, 1530, and 2030 h. Cows were milked twice daily: 0500 to 0600 h and 1600 to 1700 h. Individual MY were obtained at each milking and combined to give individual daily totals. The EDN cows had greater daily MY (+2.05 kg/cow per day) over the duration of the study compared with DC cows. Rumen temperature during the third heat wave was lower for EDN (39.51 ± 0.01°C) than for DC (39.66 ± 0.01°C) cows. During the most severe heat wave (heat wave 3), MY for the 2 groups was similar, but over the 6 d following the heat wave, EDN cows had greater daily MY (+3.61 kg/cow per day). Rumen temperature was lower for EDN (39.58 ± 0.01°C) than for DC (40.10 ± 0.01°C) cows.

The aim of this study was to introduce a patient with mucinous nonneoplastic cyst (MNNC) at an unusual age. MNNCs of the pancreas are uncommon primary tumors, which affect middle-aged women in their fifth decade of life and have significant malignant potential. Therefore, it is important to accurately diagnose and remove them. This case is a 28-year-old woman patient who presented with a pain in the right and upper abdomen from 3 months ago and worsened at night. A cystic lesion was observed near the upper bridge of the left kidney in abdominal ultrasonography. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan showed a cystic lesion in the trunk and umbilical cord of the pancreas. The patient underwent surgery and the mass was removed and the MNNC was diagnosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess effects on milk yield (MY), rumen temperature, and panting score when lactating dairy cows were cooled during the day only or during the day and night. The study was conducted over 106 d during using 120 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows assigned to 2 treatments (60 cows/treatment; 2 pens/treatment): (1) day cooling (DC): overhead sprinklers (large droplet) and fans while in the dairy holding yard only, shade and fans at the feedpad, and a shaded loafing area; and (2) enhanced day+night cooling (EDN): overhead sprinklers (large droplet) and fans in dairy holding yard, ducted air blowing onto cows during milking, plus thorough wetting (shower array) on exit from dairy; shade and fans at feedpad (turned off at night); and shaded loafing area + ducted fan-forced air blowing onto cows at night. The ducted air at night was manually activated at 2030 h when the maximum daily temperature-humidity index exceeded 75 and remained on until 0430 h the next day. The cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum, and feed intake was determined on a pen basis. Rumen temperature and cow activity were obtained from each cow at 10-min intervals via rumen boluses. Panting scores were obtained by direct observation 4 times a day at approximately 0430, 0930, 1530, and 2030 h. Cows were milked twice daily: 0500 to 0600 h and 1600 to 1700 h. Individual MY were obtained at each milking and combined to give individual daily totals. The EDN cows had greater daily MY (+2.05 kg/cow per day) over the duration of the study compared with DC cows. Rumen temperature during the third heat wave was lower for EDN (39.51 ± 0.01°C) than for DC (39.66 ± 0.01°C) cows. During the most severe heat wave (heat wave 3), MY for the 2 groups was similar, but over the 6 d following the heat wave, EDN cows had greater daily MY (+3.61 kg/cow per day). Rumen temperature was lower for EDN (39.58 ± 0.01°C) than for DC (40.10 ± 0.01°C) cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot spring bathing is practiced to help manage hypertension. We retrospectively investigated the effects of hot spring bathing on hypertension with the aim of identifying a novel approach to prevent and manage hypertension. The study cohort comprised 99 patients aged ≥65 years admitted to Kyushu University Beppu Hospital between 1 December 2021 and 30 November 2022 who could walk by themselves and who used hot springs for ≥3 days during their hospital stay. The changes in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in the night-time bathing group (n = 21) compared with the noontime (n = 26) and afternoon (n = 52) groups. Night-time hot spring bathing was significantly associated with reduced systolic blood pressure the next morning in older adults. Although prospective randomized controlled trials on night-time hot spring bathing as a hypertension treatment are warranted to investigate whether the practice can prevent hypertension among adults aged ≥65 years, we have initiated a single-center, phase II study on the relationship between sleep quality and quality of life in hypertensive patients after night-time hot spring bathing.

Night time vehicle detection and tracking using traditional visible light cameras is a challenging task due to the limited visibility. The current state-of-the-art systems treat the vehicles at night time as paired vehicle headlights or taillights, with no ability to determine the contour of the vehicle or its spatial occupancy. Therefore, this paper proposes the first night time framework that combines the vehicle headlights and taillights to localize the vehicle contours. This new framework includes a novel multi-camera vehicle representation that groups and reconstructs vehicle headlights and taillights following mutual geometric distances between different vehicle components. This novel vehicle contour representation successfully removes duplicated vehicle lights and also compensates for the missing vehicle lights in the detection process. Eventually, vehicle headlight alignment and contour adjustment are used to further refine the vehicle contours. The proposed multi-camera system considers typical four-wheel vehicles, e.g., cars and SUVs, in the monitoring and might not be able to handle large trucks, e.g., 18-wheelers. The experiments are conducted on night time traffic videos under various scenarios and the proposed system attains an average of 0.896 in Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) and an average of 0.904 in Jaccard Coefficient (JC), which indicates 19.2% and 15.9% increases over the baseline system. The night time traffic datasets used in this paper are available at https://github.com/JustMeZXX/Intelligent-Night-Time-Traffic-Surveillance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social workers who are based in hospitals regularly participate in on-call services whereby they respond to crisis or emergency presentations outside of usual working hours. A social work research team across four metropolitan hospitals in a Local Heath District in Sydney, Australia, investigated the experience of participating in an on-call service and the impact this had on the wellbeing of the social workers involved. By utilising a Participatory Action Research methodology that included in-depth interviews and reflective co-analysis, the findings showed evidence of risk for on-call social workers, as well as two key protective factors that mitigate the anxiety associated with night time and crisis work. These factors are preparation for participation in an on-call service, and timely and effective support whilst working outside of normal working hours. This research offers suggested strategies for translation into other hospital social work departments who undertake on-call services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vietnam in general and in Da Nang city in particular, many experts believe that there is no official study to determine the scale and impact of the "night-time economic" or "night tourism" to economic activity in general. Most of Da Nang's tourism products are now mainly concentrated from 07 am to 05 pm, in the tourism industry called "hard products". However, the product that can make the most money is between 06 pm and 06 am the next day, which has not been developed so far. In order to pave the way for the night-time economic in Da Nang city to develop, the study of the current situation, development policies, and night economic activities in some cities around the world, thereby proposing some measures to help develop the night-time economic in Da Nang city more sustainably and effectively. Leading in the development of the night-time economic in the world, there are very effective and innovative development models of cities such as Beijing (China), London (UK), Sydney (Australia), Bali (Indonesia), Toronto (Canada), New York (USA)... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting an intruder that is trespassing a prohibited area is a critical task of intelligent surveillance systems. This task requires a change detector to segment an intruder (foreground object) from the background. The task suffers the inherent drawbacks of change detectors due to the dual-camera sensor (color/IR), illumination changes, night time, static, and camouflaged foreground objects. This article proposes an enhanced unsupervised change detector to compensate for the aforementioned challenges for industrial sterile zone monitoring. The camera switch detection based on skewness patterns detects a switch between the dual-camera sensors (color/IR). The optimal color space selection based on the mean squared error will select tolerant color space (RGB/YCbCr) to illumination changes for modeling the background. In addition, the IR camera frames are contrast-enhanced to tackle the camouflaged intruders during the night. The incoming frames are split into respective channels before modeling the background. The background is modeled by Gaussian mixture models. The adaptive background model update scheme is proposed to tackle the various challenges posed by environment and object such as a static foreground object. The comparison is performed on three databases with top-ranked unsupervised change detection algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lighting has received increased attention from urban scholars and geographers in recent years. It is celebrated for its experimental aesthetics and experiential qualities and critiqued for its adverse effects on biological life and the environment. Yet scholars and practitioners unite in their disapproval of uniform and homogenous lighting that follows from standardised lighting technologies and design principles. Absent from debates in urban scholarship and geography, however, is any serious consideration of how lighting designers respond to such standardised measures and regulations. In this article, I address this lack of academic attention by exploring how designers overturn the restrictive challenges posed by the standards and regulations of the design and planning process. Drawing on interviews with designers involved in the lighting design of a mixed-use redevelopment project in Canning Town, East London, I demonstrate how the interpretation and translation of lighting standards and regulations resist the tendency to predetermine design aesthetics and functions. By drawing attention away from the technical specifications and numerical values that are prescribed in standards and regulations, and towards lighting's experiential and performative effects, the article argues that lighting designers can play an important role in challenging how standards and regulations are measured, defined and maintained. Calling on urban scholars to play a more prominent role in foregrounding this process of translation, I suggest that standards and regulations can provide frameworks within which luminous differentiation and preservation of darkness can be achieved, playing a potentially crucial role in ensuring a socially and environmentally sustainable transition to energy efficient lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Severe maternal morbidity is an indicator for quality of maternal care. Recently, there has been growing interest in identifying which provision factors affect the quality of maternity care. The extent to off-hour delivery on SMM rates contributes to individual or provision factor in Korea has not been studied. This study aimed to determine the relationship between off-hour delivery and SMM during childbirth hospitalization. Methods This is a population-based retrospective cohort study. Data were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort for 90 072 cases of delivery in Korea between 2003 and 2013. The main outcome was SMM which was determined using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's algorithm. A generalized estimating equation model with log link was performed for the relationship with SMM and day/time of delivery adjusted covariates. Results Of the 90 072 delivery cases, 2085 (2.31%) had SMM. Women who were on weekdays at night time or on weekend delivery had a higher risk of SMM compared with those who were on weekdays at daytime (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.10–1.46, and RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.30–1.93, respectively). Conclusion Weekday at night time or weekend delivery was related to the risk of SMM. Policymakers should provide financial support and systematically allocate adequate human resources and labour facilities in vulnerable areas, as well as during weekends and night times to improve the quality of intrapartum and postpartum maternity care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To accurately describe compliance in headgear wearing time by using a temperature- and force-sensitive device over an 8 month period of use in a prospective clinical manner. Materials and methods Twenty children with Class II malocclusion aged 8–12 years were randomly selected for treatment with cervical headgear. The headgears were equipped with an electronic module, which measured temperature and force, and patients were instructed to wear the headgear 12 hours daily. The recorded values were analysed to determine the number of days the headgear was used, the number of hours per day it was worn, and the percentage of compliance (100 per cent corresponding to 12 hours daily). Results The average treatment period was 8.4 months with 5.8 months of effective use. When effectively used, headgear was worn 8.7 hours a day (compliance of 73 per cent). Including days where it was not worn, compliance was 6.4 hours (54 per cent). The appliance was used on average 0.5 hours during the day (8 am–8 pm) and 5.9 hours during the night (8 pm–8 am). Very low compliance was recorded during July and August. Conclusion The average compliance with cervical headgear use was 54 per cent of the 12 hour prescription. The headgear was effectively used only 5.8 months over the study period, with roughly 30 per cent of no use. Headgear was used almost exclusively during evening and night-time. During the summer period, compliance was particularly poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background While hypertension is the leading cause of stroke, early blood pressure (BP) management post event can be a challenge. Adjustment of antihypertensive medications is largely based on daytime ward readings. Abnormal nocturnal BP patterns may go undetected with increased risk to the patients from either extreme of BP. 24-hour ABPM has been shown to provide additional prognostic information over routine clinic measurements. We evaluated stroke patients for abnormal circadian BP profiles early after their event. Methods Patients admitted with a stroke, whose BP had normalised for at least 48 hours, were invited to participate. ABPM was fitted for 24 hours and readings compared with routine ward BP measurements. Daytime BP was calculated between 9am-9pm; nighttime midnight-6am. Additional information was gathered on medical history, cardiovascular risks and neuroimaging. Results Twenty-nine patients were recruited (median 6 days post event) with mean age 70.5, 62% male. The majority (86.2%) had ischaemic stroke or TIA. Seventeen had diagnosed hypertension and were taking median of 2 medications. Mean baseline ward systolic BP was 129mmHg (range 104-148 mmHg). Mean systolic BP on ABPM was 126mmHg (range 92-154 mmHg) and 123mmHg (range 93-181 mmHg) for daytime and nighttime respectively. Patients with a history of atrial fibrillation (N=13) had a higher prevalence of a non-dipping pattern, with an average 10.4 mmHg rise in their nighttime systolic BP compared with a 3mmHg fall in those without atrial fibrillation (p = 0.011). They also exhibited greater BP variability. Conclusion In this pilot study, through the use of early ABPM we found high rates of non-dipping nocturnal BP in patients following stroke, particularly in those with underlying atrial fibrillation. The availability of 24-hour BP might allow for more individualised antihypertensive management particularly at this high-risk acute stage. Furthermore the presence of abnormal circadian patterns might be a marker for conditions such as atrial fibrillation and obstructive sleep apnoea that compound stroke risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Delirium is common among unwell older adults. Despite this the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. We hypothesised that autonomic dysfunction may be associated with the development of delirium. Methods 35 participants completed a case-control study. Delirium was assessed using DSM-IV and DRS-R98. Autonomic function was assessed with Head-Up Tilt testing (HUT), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) testing using Baroreflex Effectiveness Index (BEI), 24-hour blood pressure variability (BPV), nocturnal blood pressure dipping status and 24-hour heart rate variability (HRV). A subgroup analysis of those without pre-existing cognitive impairment (CI) was completed. Results During tilting the delirium group (DG) had a median decrease of 1mmHg (IQR 38.5) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to a median decrease of 17.5mmHg (IQR 20.75) in the control group (CG) (p=0.04). Increased delirium severity correlated with a reduction in the decrease in SBP (rs= -0.42, p=0.03). In those without CI, BRS testing during HUT showed that increases in blood pressure were not followed by an appropriate reduction in heart rate with a mean BEI of 36.87% (SD 22.26) in the DG and 56.03% (SD 23.04) in the CG (p=0.05). Nocturnal dipping differed during subgroup analysis. 58.3% (7) of DG were reverse dippers, 33.3% (4) were non-dippers and 8.3% (1) had a normal dipping pattern. In CG 57.1% (4) were non-dippers, 14.3% (1) had a normal dipping pattern and 28.6% (2) were extreme dippers (p=0.01). BPV was measured by average real variability (ARV). In those without CI mean ARV was 13.81 (SD 5.98) in the CG and 9.69 (SD 2.75) in the DG (p=0.05). No difference was detected in HRV. Conclusion We identified differences in autonomic function between the DG and CG. This is the first study to look at several components of autonomic function in delirium and thus can provide insights into physiological abnormalities present during, or contributing to delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sleep disturbance is common in hospital, potentially resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Frailty is similarly prevalent and associated with multiple adverse events. Despite this, little is known about the interaction between frailty and sleep among older hospital inpatients. Methods Consecutive, non-critically ill patients aged ≥70, admitted medically through a large university hospital emergency department (ED) during the preceding 24 hours, were evaluated with measures assessing overnight sleep quality (Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire/RCSQ), baseline sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index/PSQI) and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index/ISI). Additional variables included medications, frailty (PRISMA-7 scores ≥3 and Clinical Frailty Scale/CFS scores ≥5), functional and cognitive status, and night-time noise levels. Patients were reassessed 48 hours later. Results Over four weeks, 152 patients, mean age 80 (±6.8) years were included; 61% were male (n=92). In all, 43% were frail (mean CFS score 4.23±1.6), median PRISMA-7 score 4±4; a further 24% were pre-frail. The median Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 6±2. The majority, 72% (110/152), reported impaired baseline sleep quality (PSQI ≥5) and 13% (20/152) had clinical insomnia (ISI ≥15). The median time spent in ED was 23±13 hours, median duration asleep was only one hour (range 0-8). After adjusting for possible confounders, frailty status was significantly associated with lower PSQI (p<0.001) but not ISI (p=0.07) and RCSQ (p=0.07) scores. Frail patients were twice as likely to report poor baseline sleep OR 2, (95% CI:1.3-3.2). Baseline and overnight sleep disturbance were not associated with prolonged length of stay (LOS) or 30-day readmission rates. Conclusion The prevalence of sleep disturbance and clinical insomnia among older adults admitted through ED is high and overnight sleep quality low, although these did not impact on LOS or 30-day re-admission rates. Frail patients reported significantly poorer baseline sleep but did not have higher rates of insomnia or experience worse overnight sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Antibiotic stewardship programmes have a pivotal role in ICUs, but the level of implementation of these programmes at the regional or national level is not well known. Objectives The aim of our study was to assess the level of implementation of antibiotic stewardship programmes in French ICUs. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey from January to March 2018 using an online questionnaire sent as an E-mail link to ICU specialists (one questionnaire per ICU). Results Overall, 113 out of 206 (55%) ICUs participated. Access to local epidemiology regarding bacterial resistance and antibiotic consumption data was reported in 84% and 65% of ICUs, respectively. Local guidelines for antibiotic use were available in 54% of ICUs. The duration of empirical antibiotic therapy was limited in 46% of cases, following the recommendation of an external expert in 33%. An antibiotic stewardship programme leader was reported at the hospital level by 94% of respondents, being an infectious disease physician in 80%. His/her role in the ICU was mostly to discuss specific cases (50%) and to provide advice on antibiotic prescriptions (26%). Regarding microbiological diagnosis, blood cultures were not processed at night or during weekends in 57%. Molecular biology and MS techniques were available in 62% and 59% of cases, respectively. Therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactams was available in 46% of cases. Forty-three percent of respondents knew the expression 'antimicrobial/antibiotic stewardship'. Conclusions Antibiotic stewardship programmes are not optimally implemented in French ICUs. Improvement efforts and regular monitoring of the level of implementation are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To evaluate how well people in the night-time economy can assess their own breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), in the context of a change in breath alcohol limits for driving. Methods We conducted a field study of 242 participants over 5 nights in the central business district of a university town in New Zealand. Participants completed a short survey, which included questions on their self-reported level of intoxication and the self-estimated BrAC. At the conclusion of the interview each participant was breath-tested. We compared actual and self-estimated BrAC using a scatter plot and multiple regression methods. Results The average BrAC error was 61.7 μg/l, meaning that on average participants overestimate their BrAC. Participants with a BrAC below 487 μg/l tended to overestimate their BrAC on average, and those with a BrAC above 487 μg/l tended to underestimate their BrAC on average. Regression results supported this observation, but also found that men who are not 'out on a typical night' overestimate their BrAC by more. Conclusions Drinkers in this naturalistic setting have little idea of their level of intoxication, as measured by BrAC. However, this uncertainty may be advantageous to public health outcomes, since if drinkers are uncertain about their level of intoxication relative to the legal limit, this may lead them to avoid drunk driving. Short Summary A field study of drinkers in the night-time economy of a New Zealand university town was conducted to evaluate how well drinkers can assess their breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Drinkers in this setting inaccurately estimate their intoxication, and those with higher BrAC tended to underestimate their BrAC on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating at night time, as is frequent in shift workers, may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through a disruption in usual lipid metabolism, resulting in repeated and sustained hyperlipidemia at night. This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of eating a meal at night compared with the same meal eaten during the day on postprandial lipemia. Six databases were searched: CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, Informit, and SCOPUS. Eligible studies were original research cross-over design with a minimum fasting period of 5 h before testing preceded by a standardized control meal; measured postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) for 5 h or greater; had meal time between 0700 h and 1600 h for day time and between 2000 h and 0400 h for night time; and had within-study test meals (food or drink) that were identical in macronutrient composition and energy. Two authors independently completed eligibility and quality assessment using the American Dietetic Association Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. After removing duplicates, 4,423 articles were screened, yielding 5 studies for qualitative synthesis. All studies identified at least one parameter of the postprandial TAG response that was different as a result of meal time (e.g., the total concentration or the time course kinetics). Two studies reported a greater total TAG concentration (area under curve) at night compared with day, and 3 studies found no difference. Four studies reported that the kinetics of the postprandial time course of TAGs was different at night compared with during the day. Inconsistent reporting in the primary studies was a limitation of the review. Night eating may negatively affect postprandial lipemia and this review shows there is a need to rigorously test this using standardized methods and analysis with larger sample sizes. This is critical for informing strategies to lower CVD risk for shift workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camera-based object detection in low-light/night-time conditions is a fundamental problem because of insufficient lighting. So far, a mid-level fusion of RGB and thermal images is done to complement each other's features. In this work, an attention-based bi-modal fusion network is proposed for a better object detection in the thermal domain by integrating a channel-wise attention module. The experimental results show that the proposed framework improves the mAP by 4.13 points on the FLIR dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot spring bathing is practiced to help manage hypertension. We retrospectively investigated the effects of hot spring bathing on hypertension with the aim of identifying a novel approach to prevent and manage hypertension. The study cohort comprised 99 patients aged ≥65 years admitted to Kyushu University Beppu Hospital between 1 December 2021 and 30 November 2022 who could walk by themselves and who used hot springs for ≥3 days during their hospital stay. The changes in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in the night-time bathing group (n = 21) compared with the noontime (n = 26) and afternoon (n = 52) groups. Night-time hot spring bathing was significantly associated with reduced systolic blood pressure the next morning in older adults. Although prospective randomized controlled trials on night-time hot spring bathing as a hypertension treatment are warranted to investigate whether the practice can prevent hypertension among adults aged ≥65 years, we have initiated a single-center, phase II study on the relationship between sleep quality and quality of life in hypertensive patients after night-time hot spring bathing.

Background In keeping with the need to protect the safety and health of workers, the EU Working Time Directive stipulates that a worker's average working time for each 7-day period, including overtime, does not exceed 48 h. It has, however, not been settled whether or not the threshold at 48 working hours a week is low enough to protect against excess mortality from long work weeks. The aim of the present study was to examine all-cause mortality in relation to weekly working hours among employees in the general population of Denmark. A special attention was given to mortality rates among employees with moderately long work weeks, 41–48 h. Methods Interview data from cohorts of 20–64 year-old employees were drawn from the Danish Labour Force Survey. The participants (N = 159 933) were followed through national registers from the end of the calendar year of the interview (1999–2013) until the end of 2014. Rate ratios (RRs) for all-cause mortality were estimated as a function of weekly working hours while controlling for age, sex, social class, night-time work and calendar year. Results We found 3374 deaths during an average follow-up time of 7.7 years. With 32–40 working hours a week as reference, the RRs for all-cause mortality were 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66–0.85) for 41–48 and 0.92 (0.80–1.05) for >48 h. Conclusion Mortality rates in Denmark are significantly lower among employees with moderately long work weeks than they are among full-time employees without overtime work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate how well people in the night-time economy can assess their own breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), in the context of a change in breath alcohol limits for driving. Methods: We conducted a field study of 242 participants over 5 nights in the central business district of a university town in New Zealand. Participants completed a short survey, which included questions on their self-reported level of intoxication and the self-estimated BrAC. At the conclusion of the interview each participant was breath-tested. We compared actual and self-estimated BrAC using a scatter plot and multiple regression methods. Results: The average BrAC error was 61.7 µg/l, meaning that on average participants overestimate their BrAC. Participants with a BrAC below 487 µg/l tended to overestimate their BrAC on average, and those with a BrAC above 487 µg/l tended to underestimate their BrAC on average. Regression results supported this observation, but also found that men who are not 'out on a typical night' overestimate their BrAC by more. Conclusions: Drinkers in this naturalistic setting have little idea of their level of intoxication, as measured by BrAC. However, this uncertainty may be advantageous to public health outcomes, since if drinkers are uncertain about their level of intoxication relative to the legal limit, this may lead them to avoid drunk driving. Short Summary: A field study of drinkers in the night-time economy of a New Zealand university town was conducted to evaluate how well drinkers can assess their breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Drinkers in this setting inaccurately estimate their intoxication, and those with higher BrAC tended to underestimate their BrAC on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Home haemodialysis (HHD) has the potential to impact positively on patient outcomes and health resource management. There has been rejuvenated international interest in HHD in recent years. Aim: We aimed to review the activity and outcomes of the Irish HHD Programme since inception (2009-16). Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Patient data were collected using the national electronic Renal Patient database (eMEDRenal version 3.2.1) and individual centre records. All data were recorded in a coded fashion on a Microsoft Excel Spread-sheet and analysed with Stata SE software. Results: One hundred and one patients completed training and commenced HHD; a further fourty-five patients were assessed for HHD suitability but did not ultimately dialyse at home. Twenty patients switched to nocturnal HHD when this resource became available. The switch from conventional in-centre dialysis to HHD led to an increase in the mean weekly hours on haemodialysis (HD) and a reduction in medication burden for the majority of patients. The overall rate of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) as primary vascular access was 62%. Most HHD complications were related to access function or access-related infection. Over the 7-years, 29 HHD patients were transplanted and 9 patients died. No deaths resulted directly from a HHD complication or technical issue. Conclusions: Patient and technique survival rates compared favourably to published international reports. However, we identified several aspects that require attention. A small number of patients were receiving inadequate dialysis and require targeted education. Ongoing efforts to increase AVF and self-needling rates in HD units must continue. Psychosocial support is critical during the transition between dialysis modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims:Patients suspected of having upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) admitted during the weekend tend to have a poor outcome in western countries. However, no Japanese studies have been reported on this matter. We aimed to evaluate differences in the clinical course of patients with UGIB between weekday and weekend admissions in Japan. Methods:Medical records of patients who had undergone emergency endoscopy for UGIB were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of UGIB was evaluated using the Glasgow-Blatchford (GB) and AIMS65 score. Patients in whom UGIB was stopped and showed improved iron deficiency anemia after admission were considered as having a good clinical course. Results:We reviewed 516 consecutive patients and divided them into two groups: Group A (daytime admission on a weekday: 234 patients) and Group B (nighttime or weekend admission: 282 patients). There was no significant difference in GB and AIM65 scores between the Groups. The proportions of patients with good clinical course were not significantly different between groups (A, 67.5% and B, 67.0%;p = .90). However, patients in Group B underwent hemostatic treatments more frequently compared with those in Group A (58.5% vs 47.4%,p = .012). Multivariate analysis showed that taking acid suppressants, no need for blood transfusions, use of hemostatic treatments, and GB score <12 were associated with a good clinical course. Conclusions:There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of patients with UGIB admitted during daytime on weekdays and those admitted at nighttime or weekends partly owing to the sufficient performance of endoscopic hemostatic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study related to coronary artery risk development in young adults. Topics discussed include health behaviors, nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping blood pressure in youth; environmental factors are potent predictors of clinic blood pressure; and predictors of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

The article discusses a research related to agreement between ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring in detecting night-time hypertension and nondipping patterns in the general population. It mentions nocturnal home blood pressure monitoring may be a feasible, reliable alternative to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

The article offers information on circadian variation of sympathetic activity presents a nadir during nighttime sleep and is accompanied by increased vagal tone and a marked reduction in heart rate, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. Nondipping pattern has been associated with cardiac and extra-cardiac hypertension-mediated organ damage and ; and concludes that the study does not necessarily negate the detrimental effects of nondipping in essential hypertension.

This article analyzes the temporal and spatial regimes on early modern Caribbean sugar plantations by examining ways in which slaves spent their leisure hours. Drawing from travel narratives, letters, and historical works, it discusses how slaves engaged in activities of their choice, most of which took place at night and were shaped by conditions peculiar to night time. In discussing slaves' activities during their free time, this study argues that night time on Caribbean plantations created a particular kind of space. First, it created physical spaces that were profoundly different at night than they were by day, which to some extent levelled many of the daytime hierarchies inherent in slave work regimes. Second, time and place on Caribbean plantations merged to create entangled spaces in which the new global order dominated by the Atlantic economy, cultural expressions of that order, and the individual lives of slaves were all present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterized diurnal variations of the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations, dry deposition flux and dry deposition velocity of metallic elements at Taichung Harbor (Harbor), Gong Ming Junior High School (Airport) and Sha lu Farmland (Farmland) sampling sites in central Taiwan between August, 2013 and July, 2014 in this study. The result indicated that: 1) the ambient air particulate concentrations, dry depositions were displayed as Harbor > Farmland > Airport during the day time sampling period. However, dry deposition velocities were shown as Airport > Harbor > Farmland for this study. 2) The ambient air particulate concentrations, dry depositions were displayed as Airport > Harbor > Farmland during the night time sampling period. However, dry deposition velocities were shown as Farmland > Harbor > Airport for this study. 3) The metallic element Zn has the average highest concentrations at Airport, Harbor and Farmland among all the metallic elements during the day time sampling period in this study. 4) There were significant differences for the metallic elements (Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) in dry depositions at these three characteristic sampling sites (HAF) for the night time sampling period. The only exception is metallic element Cd. It displayed that there were no significant differences for the metallic element Cd at the Airport and Farmland sampling sites during the night time sampling period. 5) The average highest values for the metallic element Cu in TSP among the three characteristic sampling sites occurred during the fall and winter seasons for this study. As for the dry depositions, the average highest values in dry deposition among the three characteristic sampling sites occurred during the spring and summer seasons for this study. 6) The average highest values for the metallic element Cd in TSP among the three characteristic sampling sites occurred during the spring and summer seasons for this study. As for the dry depositions, the average highest values in dry deposition among the three characteristic sampling sites occurred during fall and winter for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupation affects bone mineral density (BMD); however, only few studies have been published. This study evaluated the effect of working time during a day on BMD. The cross-sectional study involved 18- to 50-year-old people who reported their working time and were measured for BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009. The time period of work was divided into “daytime” and “other than daytime.” The other-than-daytime group included evening time, nighttime, regular shift time, and irregular shift time. Among 3,005 subjects, 2,378 were daytime workers and 627 were other-than-daytime workers. The mean BMD of the total femur and lumbar spine were significantly lower in other-than-daytime workers compared to daytime workers (femur 0.948 vs. 0.966 g/cm 2, respectively, p = 0.001; lumbar spine 0.976 vs. 0.988 g/cm 2, respectively, p = 0.023). The other-than-daytime group had lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D than the daytime group (16.3 vs. 17.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001). The proportion of osteopenia ( T score < −1.0) was higher in the other-than-daytime than the daytime group (34.3 vs. 29.1 %, p = 0.014). After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, daily intake of calcium, and vitamin D level, the relative risks of osteopenia of regular-shift and irregular-shift workers were significantly higher (1.65, 95 % CI 1.05–2.60; 1.78, 95 % CI 1.09–2.89) than those of daytime workers. These data suggest that other-than-daytime working, especially regular and irregular shift working, is associated with decreased BMD and increased risk for osteopenia in Korean adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industrialized countries with aging populations, heart failure affects 0.3-2% of the general population. The investigation of 24h-ECG recordings revealed the potential of non linear indices of heart rate variability (HRV)foren hance drisk stratification in patients with ischemic heart failure (IHF). However, long-term analyses are time-consuming, expensive, and delay the initial diagnosis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether 30 min short-term HRV analysis is sufficient for comparable risk stratification in IHF incomparison to 24h-HRV analysis. From 256 IHF patients [221 at low risk (IHFLR) and 35 at high risk (IHFHR)] (a) 24h beat-to-beat time series (b) the first 30 min segment(c) the 30 min most stationary day segment and (d) the 30 min most stationary night segment were investigated. We calculated linear (time and frequency domain)and nonlinear HRV analysis indices. Optimal parameter sets for risk stratification in IHF were determined for 24h and for each 30 min segment by applying discriminant analysis on signifiant clinical and non-clinical indices. Long-and short-term HRV indices from frequency domain and particularly from nonlinear dynamics revealed high univariate significances (p<0.01) discriminating between IHFLR and IHFHR. For multivariate risk stratification, optimal mixed parameter sets consisting of 5 indices (clinical and nonlinear) achieved 80.4% AUC (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics) from 24h HRV analysis, 84.3% AUC from first 30 min, 82.2% AUC from day time 30 min and 81.7% AUC from nighttime 30 min. The optimal parameter set obtained from the first 30 min showed nearly the same classification power when compared to the optimal 24 h-parameter set. As results from stationary daytime and nighttime, 30 min segments indicate that short-term analyses of 30 min may provide at least a comparable risk stratification power in IHF in comparison to a 24h analysis period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have documented the merits and problems of nighttime work for highway construction. Most of these studies have examined the safety of the construction site for workers or the traveling public. Illumination standards, sign requirements, and crash rate data have been studied to determine whether crash rates increase during nighttime hours, and the reasons for these crashes. Few studies have addressed either the effects on cost or productivity that nighttime construction has on a project. This study used hard bid unit prices to focus on the effect that performing certain construction activities at night has on cost and productivity. Specifically, the study assumes that a contractor's bid amount reflects expected relative project productivity and answers the question, 'What impact, if any, does night work have on construction productivity and therefore bid price?' This is the first paper to answer both questions as related. Among the results was the fact that for the most part, the owner would have saved millions of dollars by allowing the contractor the option of working at night or during the day, though some items were bid lowest if the contract allowed for night work only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Hypertension continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the situation is worse in Blacks. Treatment has proved to be beneficial, but control has remained abysmal. Night-time chronotherapy is producing better control and outcome, but has only largely been tried in the West. This work attempts to see what benefits would emerge with night-time chronotherapy as compared with the current recommended morning intake of antihypertensives in an entirely African cohort.Methods: Ambulant grade 1 and 2 hypertensives attending our outpatient service were randomized after a washout period into morning or night-time ingestion groups. Drugs were tailored towards each patient’s cardiovascular disease profile and reviewed to ensure control. They were comprehensively evaluated on enrolment and 12 weeks later.Results: Both groups were similar on all scores at baseline. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), left ventricular posterior diameter (LVPWD) and left ventricular mass (LVM) were greater, to a statistically significant extent in the night-time group. The difference in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and interventricular septum diameter (IVSD) tended to be greater in the same group but did not differ between the groups to a statistically significant extent.Conclusion: Chronotherapeutic studies in the West recorded greater success with night-time ingestion which produced better control and a day-long profile. Generalization to other races was cautioned against until such observations could be replicated. We have shown that patients using their once-daily antihypertensives at night after 12 weeks recorded better reductions in SBP, DBP, MAP, LVPWD, IVSD and LVM. Since blood pressure problems run a worse course in Blacks, we recommend encouragement of night-time intake in those preferring it and suggest that in those requiring two or more drugs one should be taken at night. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To reduce traffic congestion in the United States, roadway maintenance and construction operations are widely performed during nighttime hours. This makes visibility a critical issue as workers need to be visible to oncoming traffic and heavy equipment operators in order to ensure their safety. A variety of high-visibility safety garments are available to increase the visibility of workers at night. The study presented in this paper assesses some of these garments from the perspective of drivers. The approach adopted includes the design of a field test setup in which eight safety garment assemblies were displayed in a replicated maintenance work zone. A video was created for each safety garment assembly being worn by workers to capture the approaching view of a driver entering the work zone. The videos were shown to drivers, who evaluated the visibility of the garments in pairwise comparisons. Two random effects binary probit models were estimated. One model was used to understand the characteristics that would make it more likely that the subject could detect a difference between a high-visibility vest used by the Indiana Department of Transportation workers and a competing assembly. The amount of background and retroreflective material, the driver’s age, and the speed at they which they traveled through the work zone were found to be significant in this model. A second model was a conditional one: given that a difference in garments could be detected, was the competing garment assembly more or less visible than the current safety garment used by the Indiana Department of Transportation? In this case, the mean and variance of the retroreflective material of the garment and the lighting in the work environment were found to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]